Journal of Polymer Research最新文献

{"title":"Biopolymer-grafted hydrogel composites based on activated carbon: structural properties, adsorption mechanism, and RSM-BBD optimization","authors":"Aseel M. Aljeboree,&nbsp;Uday Abdul-Reda Hussein,&nbsp;Ayad F. Alkaim,&nbsp;Shaima Abd,&nbsp;Forat H. Alsultany,&nbsp;Usama S. Altimari","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04575-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04575-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a novel hydrogel composite synthesized by grafting guar gum with itaconic acid and N-isopropylacrylamide, combined with bio-derived activated carbon. While these components have been individually explored, their unique integration imparts dual pH and temperature-responsive behaviour, significantly enhancing adsorption capacity and regeneration performance compared to conventional hydrogels. Comprehensive characterization through FESEM-EDX, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and BET confirmed the composite’s structural and morphological features conducive to efficient dye adsorption. The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) was systematically evaluated under varying conditions and optimized via response surface methodology (RSM). The hydrogel exhibited a high swelling capacity (SP% = 1100%) and gel content (Gc% = 90%), with adsorption kinetics fitting the pseudo-first-order model and equilibrium data aligning with the Freundlich isotherm, indicating multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous sites. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. Notably, the composite maintained substantial adsorption efficiency after six regeneration cycles, demonstrating excellent reusability. The novelty of this research lies in the strategic design of a dual-responsive natural polymer network functionalized with sustainable activated carbon, yielding a highly effective, reusable adsorbent for dye removal. This composite material offers a promising, eco-friendly approach for treating industrial wastewater contaminated with cationic dyes such as MB dye.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PVA-Incorporated chitosan-aminated starch films with shape memory effect for tissue engineering applications","authors":"Amritha Radhakrishnan,&nbsp;Unnikrishnan G. Panicker","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04610-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04610-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The structural integrity and biocompatibility of polymeric scaffolds are of paramount importance in advanced tissue-regeneration applications. Biopolymers offer biocompatibility, but lack sufficient structural integrity required by tissues. This study presents the design of biopolymer films composed of chitosan and aminated starch incorporated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), fabricated via a casting route to achieve high mechanical robustness and biocompatibility. Structural, morphological, mechanical, biocompatibility, and thermal analyses were conducted to determine the functional competence of the films. Mechanical testing using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) revealed the high tensile strength and flexibility of the PVA-chitosan-aminated starch (PCAS) films, while <i>in-vitro</i> biocompatibility analysis confirmed the cell viability, as well as efficient attachment and proliferation. The surface morphology examination highlighted a homogeneous surface, whereas the X-ray diffraction studies indicated the crystalline nature of the films. Thermogravimetry revealed an enhancement in high-temperature resilience with an increase in the polyvinyl alcohol composition of the films. In vitro investigation demonstrated good hemocompatibility and cell viability of 92%, making the developed system suitable for biomedical applications. A shape fixation coefficient of 98.2% and shape recovery of 88.8% for the PCAS films could significantly improve tissue implantation. Additionally, the stable degradation profiles and swelling capacity suggest its potential for sustained functionality, while addressing the different key challenges in tissue engineering.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-Friendly polyester vitrimer: enhanced stretchability, self-healing, and reprocessability through dynamic covalent crosslinks via melt-polycondensation","authors":"Pranabesh Sahu,&nbsp;Saiprasanna Neerukonda,&nbsp;Ram K. Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04569-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04569-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dynamic covalent polymer networks offer new possibilities for designing sustainable polyester vitrimers owing to their excellent reprocessability and malleability; however, maintaining the high performance of the adaptable network with amazing healing properties remains a challenge. Therefore, the proposed approach considers the one-pot synthetic strategy to fabricate highly stretchable polyester vitrimer networks <i>via</i> condensation polymerization of different aliphatic diacids such as glutaric acid, pimelic acid, azelaic acid with 1,4-butanediol in the presence of glycerol and dithiodicarboxylic acids as the curing agent and dynamic covalent crosslinkers. The synthesized polyester network with simultaneous disulfide metathesis and carboxylate transesterification exhibited vitrimeric behavior which can alter the topologies through the reversible bond exchange, displaying high elasticity, reprocessability, and self-healable properties. Gel fraction experiments, rheological studies, and self-welding ability demonstrated the dynamicity of the polyester network. Thermomechanical characteristics and vitrimeric features were analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis, showing that stress relaxes very rapidly and has relaxation times ranging from 32 s to 210 s (at 170 °C) and 870 s to 2772 s (at 100 °C), while 100% self-healing efficiency was achieved when thermally triggered at 50^°C within 5 h. Moreover, the developed polyester vitrimer demonstrates extensive elongation (up to 2000%) properties depending on the dithiocrosslinker chain length, crosslink density, and excellent reprocessability. Even after reprocessing, the reprocessed vitrimers maintained almost the same mechanical characteristics and good reconfigurability, leveraging the dual bond-exchange mechanism. Briefly, the simplicity of the polycondensation process, application, and processing of this vitrimer can help direct the development of a new covalently adaptive elastomer with enhanced sustainability and performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size-dependent and spatial variations in the structural properties of spin-coated poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) films","authors":"Peemases Sukjit,&nbsp;Pimpaporn Munpiriyakul,&nbsp;Adisorn Tuantranont,&nbsp;Tanom Lomas,&nbsp;Pawantree Borthai,&nbsp;Kamol Wasapinyokul","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04553-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04553-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The uniformity of structural properties in large spin-coated poly(vinylidene fluoride), or PVDF, films is crucial due to their widespread applications and thus requires careful investigations. In this study, variations in structural properties across PVDF films of different sizes and positions were examined. Thin PVDF films were fabricated by the spin-coating method onto rectangular substrates with lengths varying from 10 mm to 40 mm while maintaining a constant width of 10 mm. Three key characteristics – thickness, phase, and crystallinity – were characterized and analyzed. Two effects were investigated – the size-dependent effects, i.e., the property variations at a specific position due to the increasing film length, and the spatial effects, i.e., the property variations along distances from the film center within a film of a specific size. The average thickness of the fabricated film was in the range of 5.00 μm to 6.00 μm, while the crystalline size was in the range of 1.00 nm to 3.00 nm. For the size-dependent effects, at a specific position on the film, increasing the film length did not significantly affect the thickness; however, the phase of PVDF shifted toward a more chain-like β phase, while the crystalline size decreased. At the film center, the crystalline size decreased by 60.7% when the film size increased from the smallest to the largest. These changes resulted from four combined mechanisms: centripetal force, viscosity, evaporation rate, and shear force. For the spatial effects, in a film with a specific size, when the distance from the center increased, the thickness decreased, the phase remained β, and the crystalline size was smaller. For the largest 40 × 10 mm² film, the thickness and crystalline size decreased by 16.7% and 3.6%, respectively, from the center to the edge of the film. These trends were attributed to the three combined mechanisms: centripetal force, viscosity, and evaporation rate. The findings of this study provide critical insights into a deeper understanding of property variations in spin-coated PVDF films among both different film sizes and different positions on a film, which is essential for optimizing their applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of antibacterial effective PBS/TPU/Ag NP hollow electrospun wound dressing","authors":"Hatice Bilge Isgen,&nbsp;Sema Samatya Yilmaz,&nbsp;Hüseyin Uzuner,&nbsp;Ayse Aytac","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04548-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04548-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, hollow Polybutylene succinate/Thermoplastic polyurethane/Silver Nanoparticles (PBS/TPU/AgNP) nanofibers were produced by adding silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in different ratios (2 wt%, 4 wt%, 6 wt% and 8 wt%) to the PBS/TPU (60/40, w/w) mixture using the coaxial electrospinning method. Petroleum-derived TPU, which is frequently preferred in biomedical applications, was mixed with Bio-PBS to develop nanomaterials that have a partially biodegradable structure and combine the superior properties of the two polymers. In addition, the production of liquid absorbent nanofibers was achieved by emptying the interior of the hydrophobic PBS/TPU nanofibers. While the physical interaction of the PBS/TPU/AgNP mixtures was evaluated with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, it was also proven that the PVP structure was completely removed from the core of the nanofibers, thus the interior of the nanofibers was empty. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) surface images showed that the 6% Ag NP doped nanomaterial had the thinnest fibrous with a value of 279 nm. In comparison, the smoothest hollow nanofiber was the 8% Ag NP-added electrospinning mat. It was observed that the tensile strength and elongation of nanofibers increased as the Ag NP additive amount increased. While pure PBS/TPU hollow electrospun membrane showed 260% liquid absorption capacity, it was reported that the liquid absorption capacity of Ag NP doped nanofibers decreased due to the presence of liquid-repellent metal nanoparticles. All AgNP-added nanofibers exhibited 100% antibacterial activity against both <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> bacteria for 48 h. Cytotoxicity test results observed that the 2% Ag NP doped nanofiber could be used as an antibacterial effective modern wound dressing owing to the fibroblast cell viability of over 70% at both 24 and 48 h. This study contributes to developing nanofibers with environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and biodegradable properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green vulcanization of brominated Butyl rubber via primary amine cross-linking without ZnO or sulfur","authors":"Chenglong Du,&nbsp;Zhibo Huang,&nbsp;Xiaohui Wu,&nbsp;Shuailin Jing,&nbsp;Feifei Wang,&nbsp;Xiao Liu,&nbsp;Yan Shi,&nbsp;Liqun Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04583-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04583-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing demand for brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) has intensified the use of conventional ZnO/sulfur-based curing systems, raising significant environmental concerns. Herein, we present a sustainable, ZnO- and sulfur-free cross-linking strategy enabled by a primary amine, octadecylamine (ODA), which serves as an efficient cross-linker for BIIR. Upon thermal activation at 160 °C, ODA reacts with the benzylic bromide groups of BIIR via dual nucleophilic substitution, forming stable covalent networks. The cross-link density and resultant mechanical properties exhibit a positive correlation with ODA loading, reaching an optimum at 3 phr. In contrast, octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB) and diethylamine hydrochloride—lacking N–H protons—show negligible reactivity, highlighting the essential role of the primary amine functionality in the cross-linking mechanism. This work establishes a quantitative structure–efficiency relationship for amine-based cross-linkers, providing both experimental validation and mechanistic insight for the rational design of environmentally benign vulcanization processes in halogenated elastomers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling structural evolution of crumb rubber derived from end-of-life tires in supercritical fluid environments","authors":"Jin Li,&nbsp;Jiayu Wang,&nbsp;Mohsen Alae,&nbsp;Feipeng Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04595-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04595-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The crumb rubber (CR) derived from end-of-life tires (ELTs) is widely used in paving asphalt modification, while pretreatments are generally necessary to improve the CR-asphalt compatibility. This study explores the structural changes in CR under various pretreatment scenarios, with an emphasis on mechanisms in supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO₂) reaction environments. Two supercritical pretreatments were designed, including supercritical de-crosslinking (SCD) and supercritical swelling (SCS). Two other pretreatments were also considered for comparison: high-pressure de-crosslinking (HPD) and unpretreated (UPT). The results show that SCS causes slight random scission of rubber crosslinking structure, while SCD achieves uniform and thorough de-crosslinking of CR. However, high temperatures also unavoidably cause some structural damage during both supercritical pretreatments. Quantitatively, sol fraction increased from 3.8% (UPT) to 10.6% (HPD), 5.2% (SCS) and 21.1% (SCD), while the measured crosslink densities show a corresponding reduction after pretreatments from 13.1 mol/cm³ (UPT) to 4.5 mol/cm³ (SCD). Thermal analysis reveals that SCS induces minor “sol” content increase, while HPD and SCD greatly increase “sol,” with SCD further improving thermal stability of CR. Microstructural observations show distinct morphology changes, ranging from increased porosity with SCS to complete structural disruption under SCD. The supercritical pretreatment processes involve ScCO₂-induced swelling, enabling efficient and uniform de-crosslinking, accompanied by filler release under high temperatures. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying CR pretreatment in ScCO₂ environments and demonstrate their practical implications such as improved CR-asphalt compatibility and environmental benefits of using ScCO₂ processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of polymer composites reinforced with sugarcane Bagasse fibers and their impact on mechanical properties","authors":"Mandeep Kumar,&nbsp;Ratnesh Kumar Raj Singh,&nbsp;Sachin Rathore,&nbsp;Manish Singh,&nbsp;Shivinder Singh,&nbsp;Kamaljit Singh","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04580-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04580-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nowadays, sustainable development mainly aims at recycling and decreasing pollution levels in the environment. Many specialists are thinking about developing a novel composite technology using recycled materials. The physical and mechanical characteristics of a composite made of chemically treated sugarcane bagasse fibre are examined in this study. Within the HDPE-PP polymer matrix, bagasse fibre is effectively reinforcing. Treatment with an alkali, the kind of fibre used, and the length of the fibre all impact the composite’s mechanical and physical characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy is used to examine the surface morphology of the composite. The inclusion of fibre at 5 weight per cent and 10 weight per cent, respectively, raised the tensile strength of the polymer mix by 16.24% and 5%. With 5% fibre, the maximum flexural strength may be attained is 42.98 MPa. A 5% fibre composite has 53.4% more flexural strength than polypropylene. Adding 5% bagasse increases the hardness from 81 for the polymer mix to 83. The results show that adding bagasse at 5% and 10% by weight increases the impact strength. There is great promise for using a polymer mix to replace conventional natural fibres, as the composite reaches its mechanical characteristics peak at 5% and 10% bagasse fibre. Because of their biodegradability, low thermal conductivity, high specific strength, and biocompatibility, these composite materials have unique properties applicable to various engineering domains, including medical devices and other engineering applications. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of molecular arrangement orientation detection technology for polymers and composites: principles, research, and application","authors":"Changyuan Jia,&nbsp;Baishun Zhao,&nbsp;Kaitian Mei,&nbsp;Wangqing Wu","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04581-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04581-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the molding process of polymers and composites, the application of shear and flow forces induces orientation behaviors in polymer molecular chains and composite fillers, predominantly governed by shear or flow directionality. This alignment leads to anisotropic mechanical, thermal, and optical properties in molded products. Strategic regulation (suppression or enhancement) of molecular orientation is essential to meet application-specific performance requirements. Precise detection and control of orientation are therefore critical for optimizing manufacturing processes and ensuring product quality. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in orientation detection technologies for polymers and composites, with a focus on the fundamental principles of characterization methodologies supported by experimental and computational case studies. A critical evaluation of each technique is provided, emphasizing their advantages, limitations, and applicability across different material systems. Furthermore, this work identifies key challenges in current detection technologies and proposes future research directions integrating artificial intelligence with surface/interface science and multiscale modeling. The insights presented herein aim to inspire innovative approaches for advancing polymer characterization and contribute to intelligent manufacturing paradigms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-component optimization in ENR composites using Taguchi-based statistical study: balancing curing agents, plasticizer, and silica filler","authors":"Praveen Balaji T,&nbsp;Soumyadip Choudhury","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04596-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04596-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The performance of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) composites is significantly influenced by the precise loading of essential components like curing agents, plasticizers, fillers, etc. This study utilizes the Taguchi method, a durable statistical approach to optimize the formulation of ENR composites by systematically adjusting the loadings of aminopropyl terminated polydimethyl siloxane (AP-PDMS), Hydroquinone (HQ), epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), and silica filler. The influence of these additives on the ENR composite’s mechanical and thermal properties was methodically investigated. An L9 (3^4) orthogonal array was designed to assess the impact of these elements on critical performance criteria like crosslinking density, hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, and thermal characteristics. The most influential elements and their ideal values were found using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. The results demonstrate that when compared to the least performing composite, with optimized formulations, AP-PDMS and silica were the dominant factors in improving mechanical properties, achieving up to a ~ 1130% increase in tensile strength, ~ 295% enhancement in tear strength, whereas ESO positively influenced elongation at break and increased it by ~ 36%, highlighting its role in improving flexibility. Hydroquinone, functioning as a co-curing agent, affects crosslinking density, physical properties and thermal stability. The optimized formulation offers high-performance ENR composites for different applications. Unlike previous ENR composite optimizations, which primarily focused on conventional curatives or single-variable designs, this study his work provides a multi-parameter optimization strategy by integrating multiple additives simultaneously under a robust statistical framework, thereby minimizing experimental work. The optimized composite formulations provide a balanced improvement in mechanical integrity and flexibility. </p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}