Journal of Polymer Research最新文献

{"title":"Sustainable CNT-reinforced triple hybrid nanocoatings derived from epoxidized tung oil and recycled PET for enhanced corrosion protection","authors":"Fatih Eyduran,&nbsp;Mihrican Muti,&nbsp;Samer Obaid Hasan Hasan,&nbsp;İlke Demirkaya,&nbsp;İlknur Babahan-Bircan","doi":"10.1007/s10965-026-05142-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-026-05142-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of sustainable high-performance coatings has become increasingly important because of environmental concerns associated with conventional petroleum-based polymers. In this study, a sustainable triple-hybrid nanocoating system was developed by integrating epoxidized tung oil, glycolyzed recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and carbon nanotube (CNT) nanofillers. Recycled PET was glycolyzed using triethanolamine and incorporated into the epoxy network, while CNTs were added at a low loading level of 0.1 wt% to improve the barrier performance of the coatings. The synthesized bio-based epoxide resin and hybrid coating systems were characterized using spectroscopic, thermal, and electrochemical techniques. FTIR and NMR analyses confirmed the formation of a crosslinked epoxy network containing PET-derived aromatic segments. The DSC results showed that the cured epoxide systems exhibited glass transition temperatures (Tg) in the range of 109–196 °C, indicating the formation of a thermally stable and structurally constrained polymer network. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements performed in 3.0 wt% NaCl solution demonstrated a distinct electrochemical differentiation among the formulations. Before NaCl exposure, the charge-transfer resistance (R_ct) increased from 76 Ω for ED-600 to 252 Ω for CNT-modified ED-600, and reached a peak value of 5.794 kΩ for PET-CNT-ED-600, demonstrating an exceptional early-stage barrier mechanism. After 7 days of NaCl exposure, the PET-CNT-modified coating maintained a stable and genuine polymer barrier resistance of approximately 2.0 kΩ. In contrast, the reference ED-600 exhibited an artificial rise in Rct to 2.021 kΩ driven by under-film corrosion product accumulation (sealing effect), while the standalone CNT-ED-600 dropped to 975 Ω due to the activation of conductive pathways surpassing the percolation threshold. Equivalent circuit fitting further revealed that the initial PET-CNT-ED-600 coating exhibited the highest coating-film resistance (R_f) of 13368.8 Ω.cm², compared with 1370 Ω.cm² for ED-600 and 233.6 Ω.cm² for CNT-ED-600. The PET-CNT- modified coating also showed the lowest coating capacitance (CPE_f) of 8.5 × 10^− 5 F.cm², mathematically validating reduced water uptake and a denser structure. These results demonstrate that while CNT networks introduce electrical pathways, their synergistic stabilization with recycled PET segments offers a viable approach for tailoring sustainable multifunctional coatings with balanced mechanical and electrochemical characteristics.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"33 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and characterization of high-toughness biodegradable PLA/PBSA blends","authors":"Arif Enes Karaca,&nbsp;Massimiliano Barletta","doi":"10.1007/s10965-026-05146-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-026-05146-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The inherent brittleness of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) limits its use. This study demonstrates that blending with poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) in combination with a chain extender (J-4468) overcomes this limitation. A transition in mechanical behavior is observed, with optimal toughness achieved in PBSA-rich blends. A full series of compatibilized PLA/PBSA blends was prepared and characterized. The results show a substantial improvement in toughness. The PLA50 blend exhibits a fundamental transition to a ductile state, with a notable increase in notched impact strength. The PLA20 blend achieves an optimal balance of properties, combining improved notched impact strength with elongation at break of 225.7%. Both blends show a several-fold increase in tear strength. Although tensile strength and modulus decrease, the heat deflection temperature remains stable near 53 °C. Rheological analysis confirms tunable processability, and morphological analysis confirms the transition from brittle to ductile fracture behavior. The integrated dataset provides a clear structure-property relationship, establishing a formulation strategy for high-toughness, biodegradable PLA-based materials. The observed property combinations suggest potential for flexible packaging applications, pending further validation of barriers and end-use performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10965-026-05146-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Well-defined copolymers of benzyl methacrylate with maleic anhydride: synthesis via RAFT, modification, formation of Langmuir monolayers and application as diesel fuel additives","authors":"Marina Pavlovskaya,&nbsp;Olga Zamyshlyayeva,&nbsp;Maxim Morozov,&nbsp;Maxim Baten′kin,&nbsp;Alexey Belikov,&nbsp;Ivan Grishin,&nbsp;Dmitriy Grishin","doi":"10.1007/s10965-026-05143-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-026-05143-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The peculiarities of copolymerization of benzyl methacrylate with maleic anhydride via Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) mechanism in the presence of dibenzyl trithiocarbonate and 2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate were investigated. The synthesized copolymers were modified with 1-octanol, 1-tetradecanol, and cetylamine to change its hydrophilicity. The structure of the copolymers was confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Self-assembly processes of the copolymers were studied at various interphase boundaries (in Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett films). It was found that micelles form in the monolayers of copolymers modified with cetylamine and 1-tetradecanol. In LB films, a micellar structure was detected only for the benzyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride polymer modified with cetylamine. However, the copolymer modified with 1-tetradecanol forms a homogeneous LB film on various surfaces. These findings were confirmed by AFM and wetting methods. The ability of the obtained copolymers to improve low-temperature properties of diesel fuel was studied. The correlations between behavior of the obtained copolymers at the “water-air” interface and its influence on the low-temperature properties of diesel fuel were provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ternary polyaniline‑graphite‑polyurethane composite electrode: structural design and electrochemical performance","authors":"Dinghao Liu,&nbsp;Zhipeng Gui,&nbsp;Xianglong Wan,&nbsp;Hui Xia,&nbsp;Wennan Shao,&nbsp;Yucheng Bao,&nbsp;Tianyu Lu,&nbsp;Mengting Li","doi":"10.1007/s10965-026-05147-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-026-05147-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The microstructure and chemical composition of electrode materials are key factors determining the electrochemical performance of energy storage devices. In this study, polyaniline (PANI) and graphite (G) were employed as the base electrode materials, with polyurethane (PU) introduced in a stepwise manner to construct a novel ternary composite capacitor electrode. A series of composites were prepared by incorporating either bare graphite or partially PU‑coated graphite into the polyaniline matrix. Their capacitive behavior was systematically characterized, and the corresponding enhancement mechanisms were elucidated. The composite electrode with partially PU‑coated graphite (designated PGP‑1) exhibited a significantly improved specific capacitance of 315.3 F/g at a current density of 3 A/g in 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄ electrolyte. After 500 charge‑discharge cycles, the capacitance retention remained at 82%, with an initial specific capacitance of approximately 200 F/g. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed a reduced charge-transfer resistance for the PGP-1 electrode compared to the PG-1 counterpart. The composite electrode combines excellent electrochemical performance with high cost‑effectiveness, demonstrating substantial potential for application in energy storage devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Structurally modified functional N, P-Based flame-retardant precursors for covalent incorporation into epoxy thermosetting networks”","authors":"Pavan Y. Borse,&nbsp;Athira G K,&nbsp;Shashank T. Mhaske","doi":"10.1007/s10965-026-05137-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-026-05137-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Growing need of halogen free advance coating systems demands novel approach to develop sustainable materials that contain components like phosphorous and nitrogen. The present research study provides a two-step synthesis route to fabricate a newly structured phosphorous containing Schiff-base derivative. Firstly, an imine intermediate (SAEA) was synthesized by condensing salicylaldehyde with ethylenediamine, which was then treated with phosphorous moiety to obtain final product (SAEAP). Structures of intermediate and final product were confirmed by FTIR, NMR and hydroxyl value analysis. The synthesized SAEAP was loaded in epoxy matrix with varying quantities of commercial crosslinker and coated on mild steel panels. XRD analysis showed a decrease in crystallinity and an increase in d-spacing, suggesting formation of a more amorphous and expanded polymer structure. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used for evaluating the thermal behaviour of the cured coatings, and the results showed that the addition of phosphorus improved thermal stability. UL-94 vertical burning tests and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) were used to evaluate flammability performance. The phosphorus-modified epoxy coatings fulfilled the criteria for advanced flame-resistant materials since they demonstrated remarkable flame-retardant characteristics, with LOI reaching 30 at 10% SAEAP loading. Overall, by employing phosphorus-capped Schiff-base derivatives, the study presents a novel halogen-free approach for flame-retardant epoxy coatings. In addition to improving thermal stability and flammability resistance, the novel SAEAP structure shows significant potential for next-generation protective coatings that need higher fire safety requirements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical, thermal, and durability assessment of makana microfiber and garlic peel biocarbon reinforced PLA/PCL hybrid biocomposites","authors":"V. Narasimharaj,&nbsp;R. Soundararajan,&nbsp;K. Kaviyarasan,&nbsp;T. Nithyanandhan","doi":"10.1007/s10965-026-05136-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-026-05136-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the fabrication and performance evaluation of silane treated Makana microfiber and seed-shell-derived biocarbon reinforced PLA/PCL hybrid biocomposites for eco-friendly packaging applications. Hybrid composites were developed by incorporating a constant microfiber content of 30 vol% with varying biocarbon loadings, and their mechanical, thermal, morphological, and water absorption properties were systematically analysed. Mechanical testing revealed a significant enhancement in strength, impact resistance, and hardness with reinforcement addition, where specimen FFB2 exhibited the best overall mechanical performance, achieving a tensile strength of 133 MPa, flexural strength of 148 MPa, impact energy of 3.53 J, and hardness of 82 Shore-D due to optimal biocarbon dispersion and strong interfacial bonding facilitated by silane treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated improved thermal stability with increasing biocarbon content, with specimen FFB3 showing the highest degradation temperature of 308 °C, attributed to the thermally stable carbonaceous structure and enhanced char formation. Water absorption studies indicated a progressive reduction in moisture uptake, with FFB3 exhibiting the lowest water absorption of 1.37%, owing to the hydrophobic nature of biocarbon and reduced microvoids. SEM analysis confirmed improved fiber–matrix and filler–matrix adhesion, particularly in FFB2, correlating well with the enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. Overall, the results highlight the potential of Makana fiber–based hybrid biocomposites as sustainable materials for packaging applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green energy storage films derived from sustainable bio-based materials based on PLA, zein, corn-oil-derived epoxidized fatty acid amide","authors":"Esat Güner Demirbilek,&nbsp;Esra Yiğit,&nbsp;Burcu Oktay,&nbsp;Nilhan Kayaman-Apohan","doi":"10.1007/s10965-026-05140-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-026-05140-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing environmental concerns surrounding petroleum-based polymeric materials have accelerated the development of biodegradable and sustainable alternatives. This study presents the design and characterization of bio-based and biodegradable films, developed using polylactic acid (PLA), modified zein (mZein), and epoxidized fatty acid amides (EFAAC) derived from corn oil. These materials were engineered to incorporate phase change material (PCM) functionalities to improve thermal regulation and enhance product stability under fluctuating temperature conditions. Fatty acid amide derivatives were synthesized through the aminolysis of refined corn oil using diethanolamine (DEA) and subsequently modified via epoxidation. Concurrently, zein was chemically modified with 1-hexadecanol to improve its thermal and structural integration into the polymer matrix. The PCM-functionalized components (EFAAC and mZein) were covalently cross-linked with each other via epoxy-hydroxyl and epoxy-amine reactions and were physically dispersed within the PLA matrix. The resulting product served as the main film forming component ensuring mechanical integrity and structural continuity. Comprehensive characterization of the films was performed using various techniques. The optimized PLA/mZein/EFAAC films exhibited improved thermal energy storage behavior with values in the range of 89–128 J/g. The films also showed enhanced surface properties, and satisfactory thermal stability, while maintaining structural integrity. PLA-mZ maintained high visible-light transparency (&gt; 90% above 400 nm), whereas increasing EFAAC content progressively enhanced UV shielding. The incorporation of EFAAC also markedly altered the surface wettability and enhanced the ductility of selected films, indicating that the film properties could be tuned through the mZein/EFAAC ratio. Overall, the combined incorporation of modified zein and corn-oil-derived EFAAC provided a bio-based PLA film platform in which thermal energy storage, optical transparency, surface characteristics, and mechanical flexibility could be simultaneously tailored by controlling the formulation. This research introduces a novel approach demonstrating that the incorporation of bio-derived phase change components into sustainable polymer systems enable tunable structure-property relationships. The developed films exhibit potential as bio-based functional materials with thermal energy storage capability, offering a sustainable approach for advanced polymer film applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined influence of cellulose and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame resistance and thermal decomposition of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)","authors":"Weijiang Huang,&nbsp;Jiajia Xiao,&nbsp;Jiabao Zhang,&nbsp;Ping Yang,&nbsp;Chunyun Tu,&nbsp;Xin Huang,&nbsp;Anrong Huang,&nbsp;Longfeng Liao,&nbsp;Wei Yan","doi":"10.1007/s10965-026-05139-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-026-05139-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is a multifunctional biodegradable polymer; however, its widespread application remains limited by high flammability, severe melt dripping, and inadequate mechanical properties. In this study, PBAT composites were fabricated with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as the primary flame retardant and synergistic agent, respectively. The mechanisms governing the influences of these additives on flame retardancy, thermal decomposition, mechanical performance, and melt rheology were comprehensively investigated. The incorporation of 15 wt% APP and 3 wt% MCC increased the limiting oxygen index from 22.2% to 27.4%, leading to a UL-94 V-0 rating. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate of the corresponding composite was substantially reduced (by 63.9%), and the total heat release decreased by 21.0%, resulting in the formation of a more continuous and dense char layer. Moreover, a considerable reduction in flammable volatile emissions was observed, suggesting a cooperative flame retardancy mechanism occurring in the condensed and gas phases. Rheological evaluations revealed an enhanced internal network structure that restricted polymer chain migration during combustion. Tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus exhibited a notable overall enhancement. Thus, the APP/MCC combination is an efficient cooperative flame-retardant additive system for PBAT, demonstrating considerable promise for the design of flame-retardant biodegradable polymers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of stacking sequence on mechanical and interlaminar properties of Luffa cylindrica/glass fiber hybrid composites with nanoclay-modified epoxy matrix","authors":"Dang Huu Trung,&nbsp;Nguyen The Huu,&nbsp;Tuan Anh Nguyen,&nbsp;Le Van Long","doi":"10.1007/s10965-026-05141-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-026-05141-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study introduces a novel approach to enhance the interfacial bonding between a hydrophilic <i>Luffa cylindrica</i> (L)/glass (G) fiber hybrid reinforcement and an epoxy matrix by incorporating 2 wt% nanoclay, while systematically investigating the impact of stacking configurations on mechanical, thermal, and hygrothermal properties. A 2 wt% nanoclay-modified epoxy was utilized across six distinct configurations. FTIR and TGA confirmed effective matrix crosslinking and enhanced thermal stability due to the nanoclay barrier effect. All configurations exhibited Fickian moisture diffusion governed by the outermost layers. Under static loading, the G/L/L/G sandwich configuration minimized equilibrium water absorption (2.34%) and maximized tensile (92.57 MPa) and flexural (230.51 MPa) strengths, as the hydrophobic glass outer layers successfully shielded the hydrophilic luffa core. Conversely, under dynamic loading, the alternating G/L/G/L sequence yielded the highest Izod impact strength (55.14 kJ/m²) driven by interface-induced crack bifurcation and energy dissipation. SEM fractography confirmed that fiber pull-out, tortuous delamination, and robust interfacial adhesion were the primary failure mechanisms. These insights demonstrate that strategic stacking sequence design effectively mitigates natural fiber moisture sensitivity within the modified matrix, offering a high-performance structural strategy for sustainable hybrid composites in automotive panels and modular construction applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on the general approaches and electrode material design for high-performance sodium-ion batteries","authors":"Murat Ates","doi":"10.1007/s10965-026-05138-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-026-05138-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nowadays, new types of batteries are being extensively investigated by researchers. Among these, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as promising candidates due to the abundant availability of sodium resources, enhanced safety, sustainability and low-cost. Therefore, SIBs are considered potential alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for future large-scale energy storage applications, particularly in addressing the limited availability and rising cost of lithium. SIBs and LIBs share similar working mechanisms and structural configurations; however, Na⁺ ions possess a larger ionic radius (1.02–1.09 ^oA) compared to Li⁺ ions (0.76 A^o), which adversely affects their electrochemical performance, especially in terms of ion diffusion kinetics and structural stability of electrode materials. Consequently, SIBs often face challenges such as capacity fading and low Coulombic efficiency during both half-cell and full-cell testing. Therefore, this review article aims to summarize the most suitable electroactive materials for both anode and cathode applications in sodium-ion batteries. The anode materials reviewed in this article include carbonaceous materials, organic materials, and metal alloys. The main problems in the anode materials are significant volume expansion and poor ionic conductivity. In particular, natural biopolymers such as chitosan, cellulose, and lignin have been widely utilized as precursors for the synthesis of hard carbon materials via pyrolysis, owing to their high abundance, easy of formation, and sustainable nature. Hard carbons (HCs) synthesized within the temperature range of 800–1000 °C exhibit favorable electrochemical properties, including reversible capacity, excellent cycling stability, and improved initial Coulombic efficiency. In addition, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been widely employed as anode materials due to their large specific surface area, superior electrical conductivity, and excellent electrochemical performance. Their strong compatibility with other active materials also enables the formation of hybrid structures with enhanced sodium-ion storage capabilities. Carbon nanotube-based materials, biomass-derived carbons, transition metal oxides and sulfides, Sn-based compounds, transition metal nitrides, metal alloys, and MXene-type materials have been extensively reported as promising anode materials for SIBs, owing to their diverse sodium storage mechanisms and tunable structural properties. On the other hand, next-generation cathode materials discussed in NASICON-type materials, Na-layered transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, phosphorus-based materials, and Na-metal based systems, and Prussian, blue-based materials (polyanionic compounds), which explains challenges related to ionic conductivity and stability for achieving high-performance SIBs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}