{"title":"Key mechanism of enzymatic dehairing technology for leather-making: permeation behaviors of protease into animal hide and the mechanism of charge regulation","authors":"Mengchu Gao, Jinzhi Song, Xu Zhang, Chunxiao Zhang, Biyu Peng, Sadaqat Ali Chattha","doi":"10.1186/s42825-023-00117-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-023-00117-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Enzymes have been widely used as alternatives to conventional chemicals in cleaner leather processes due to their advantages of meeting increasing environmental demands. Especially, enzymatic unhairing based on protease has been applied to leather-making for a long time, however, it still has the key problem of slow permeation in the animal hide, resulting in slow unhairing rate, poor hair removal effect, excessive proteolysis of hide collagen, and decreased leather quality. Aiming at the key problem of bio-unhairing technology, fluorescent labeling technique and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to investigate the protease permeation behaviors into the animal hide based on well-prepared labeled proteases, as well as the quantitative analysis of the protease amount in different hide layers. The results show that the protease mainly permeates the bovine hide through transfollicular routes from the hair side, and although the intercellular-interfibrillar pathway also exists, it does not play an important role. Additionally, the protease permeation behaviors into the hide are greatly impacted by the charge states of the hide and protease proteins, depending on the isoelectric points (pI) of the proteins and solution pH values. When the solution pH is not between the pI values of the two proteins, the similarly charged protease can quickly and deeply penetrate the hide because of the electrostatic repulsion. The established mechanism provides a theoretical basis for developing an efficient enzymatic unhairing technology for leather-making, and this can also be applied to other processes involving the enzyme permeation into the hide or leather.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://JLSE.SpringerOpen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42825-023-00117-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4654713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jize Liu, Federica Recupido, Giuseppe Cesare Lama, Maria Oliviero, Letizia Verdolotti, Marino Lavorgna
{"title":"Recent advances concerning polyurethane in leather applications: an overview of conventional and greener solutions","authors":"Jize Liu, Federica Recupido, Giuseppe Cesare Lama, Maria Oliviero, Letizia Verdolotti, Marino Lavorgna","doi":"10.1186/s42825-023-00116-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-023-00116-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Leather is one of the most popular products across globe and holds a significant place in the economy, while the pollution, associated to traditional leather industry, is far away on the “green chemistry” principles. In this sense, polyurethanes, which exhibit tunable chemical structures by selecting suitable precursors, can fit specific requirements, and the developments of green strategies make them important candidates for leather industry. This mini review briefly outlines the recent development of conventional (petrol-based) and sustainable polyurethanes in the leather industry, including their design and properties, in applications such as synthetic leather and surface-finishing (coatings/binders). Finally, outlooks of the future tendency, including more environmental-friendly strategies, bio-sourced/recycled materials and development of high-value multifunctional leather materials, are also here proposed.\u0000</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://JLSE.SpringerOpen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42825-023-00116-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4395482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xu Peng, Li Li, Jiaqi Xing, Can Cheng, Mengyue Hu, Yihao Luo, Shubin Shi, Yan Liu, Zhihui Cui, Xixun Yu
{"title":"Cross-linking porcine peritoneum by oxidized konjac glucomannan: a novel method to improve the properties of cardiovascular substitute material","authors":"Xu Peng, Li Li, Jiaqi Xing, Can Cheng, Mengyue Hu, Yihao Luo, Shubin Shi, Yan Liu, Zhihui Cui, Xixun Yu","doi":"10.1186/s42825-023-00114-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-023-00114-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of natural polysaccharide crosslinkers for decellularized matrices is an effective approach to prepare cardiovascular substitute materials. In this research, NaIO<sub>4</sub> was applied to oxidize konjac glucomannan to prepare the polysaccharide crosslinker oxidized konjac glucomannan (OKGM). The as-prepared crosslinker was then used to stabilize collagen-rich decellularized porcine peritoneum (DPP) to construct a cardiovascular substitute material (OKGM-fixed DPP). The results demonstrated that compared with GA-fixed DPP and GNP-fixed DPP, 3.75% OKGM [1:1.5 (KGM: NaIO<sub>4</sub>)]-fixed DPP demonstrated suitable mechanical properties, as well as good hemocompatibility, excellent anti-calcification capability, and anti-enzymolysis in vitro. Furthermore, 3.75% OKGM [1:1.5 (KGM: NaIO<sub>4</sub>)]-fixed DPP was suitable for vascular endothelial cell adhesion and rapid proliferation, and a single layer of endothelial cells was formed on the fifth day of culture. The in vivo experimental results also showed excellent histocompatibility. The current results demonstrted that OKGM was a novel polysaccharide cross-linking reagent for crosslinking natural tissues featured with rich collagen content, and 3.75% OKGM [1:1.5 (KGM: NaIO<sub>4</sub>)]-fixed DPP was a potential cardiovascular substitute material.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://JLSE.SpringerOpen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42825-023-00114-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4417652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuanzhang Jiang, Harun Venkatesan, Shuo Shi, Cong Wang, Miao Cui, Qiang Zhang, Lin Tan, Jinlian Hu
{"title":"Spider-capture-silk mimicking fibers with high-performance fog collection derived from superhydrophilicity and volume-swelling of gelatin knots","authors":"Yuanzhang Jiang, Harun Venkatesan, Shuo Shi, Cong Wang, Miao Cui, Qiang Zhang, Lin Tan, Jinlian Hu","doi":"10.1186/s42825-023-00112-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-023-00112-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spider-capture-silk (SCS) can directionally capture and transport water from humid air relying on the unique geometrical structure. Although there have been adequate reports on the fabrication of artificial SCSs from petroleum-based materials, it remains a big challenge to innovate bio-based SCS mimicking fibers with high-performance fog collection ability and efficiency simultaneously. Herein, we report an eco-friendly and economical fiber system for water collection by coating gelatin on degummed silk. Compared to the previously reported fibers with the best fog collection ability (~ 13.10 μL), Gelatin on silk fiber 10 (GSF10) can collect larger water droplet (~ 16.70 μL in 330 s) with ~ 98% less mass. Meanwhile, the water collection efficiency of GSF10 demonstrates ~ 72% and ~ 48% enhancement to the existing best water collection polymer coated SCS fibers and spidroin eMaSp2 coated degummed silk respectively in terms of volume-to-TCL (vapor–liquid-solid three-phase contact line) index. The simultaneous function of superhydrophilicity, surface energy gradient, and ~ 65% water-induced volume swelling of the gelatin knots are the key factors in advancing the water collection performance. Abundant availability of feedstocks and ~ 75% improved space utilization guarantee the scalability and practical application of such bio-based fiber.</p><h3>Graphic Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://JLSE.SpringerOpen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42825-023-00112-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4118481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction: Ethics approval and consent to participate","authors":"Journal of Leather Science, Engineering","doi":"10.1186/s42825-023-00111-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-023-00111-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://JLSE.SpringerOpen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42825-023-00111-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4011836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chengkun Zhao, Xing Li, Shaoquan Bian, Weinan Zeng, Alfredo Ronca, Ugo D’Amora, Maria Grazia Raucci, Jie Liang, Yong Sun, Qing Jiang, Yujiang Fan, Luigi Ambrosio, Xingdong Zhang
{"title":"Nanofibrous polypeptide hydrogels with collagen-like structure as biomimetic extracellular matrix","authors":"Chengkun Zhao, Xing Li, Shaoquan Bian, Weinan Zeng, Alfredo Ronca, Ugo D’Amora, Maria Grazia Raucci, Jie Liang, Yong Sun, Qing Jiang, Yujiang Fan, Luigi Ambrosio, Xingdong Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s42825-022-00110-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-022-00110-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Supramolecular peptides exhibit obvious similarities with collagen fibers in terms of self-assembly characteristics, nanofibrous structure, and responsiveness to external stimuli. Here, a series of supramolecular peptides were developed by altering the amino acid sequence, enabling the self-assembly of three types of 4-biphenylacetic acid (BPAA)-tripeptides into fibrous hydrogel through hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking under the influence of ion induction. Transmission electron and scanning electron microscopies revealed that the diameter of the fiber within nanofibrous hydrogels was ~ 10 and ~ 40 nm, respectively, which was similar with the self-assembled collagen fibers. For this reason, these hydrogels could be considered as a biomimetic extracellular substitute. Meanwhile, the gelation concentration induced by ions was even lower than 0.66 wt%, with an elastic modulus of ~ 0.27 kPa, corresponding to a water content of 99.34 wt%. In addition, the three supramolecular hydrogels were found to be good substrates for L929 cell adhesion and MC-3T3 cell proliferation. The overall results implied that BPAA-based hydrogels have a lucrative application potential as cell carriers.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://JLSE.SpringerOpen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42825-022-00110-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4572562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A sustainable thermochemical conversion of animal biomass to N-heterocycles","authors":"Yang Tang, Xiao Xiao, Chaojun Zhang, Xiaoling Wang, Junling Guo, Xuepin Liao","doi":"10.1186/s42825-022-00109-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-022-00109-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The production of high-valued organonitrogen chemicals, especially N-heterocycles, requires artificial N<sub>2</sub> fixation accompanied by the consumption of fossil resources. To avoid the use of these energy- and resource-intensive processes, we develop a sustainable strategy to convert nitrogen-rich animal biomass into N-heterocycles through a thermochemical conversion process (TCP) under atmospheric pressure. A high percentage of N-heterocycles (87.51%) were obtained after the TCP of bovine skin due to the abundance of nitrogen-containing amino acids (e.g., glycine, proline, and <span>l</span>-hydroxyproline). Animal biomass with more diverse amino acid composition (e.g., muscles) yielded higher concentrations of amines/amides and nitriles after TCP. In addition, by introducing catalysts (KOH for pyrrole and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> for cyclo-Gly–Pro) to TCP, the production quantities of pyrrole and cyclo-Gly–Pro increased to 30.79 mg g<sup>−1</sup> and 38.88 mg g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. This approach can be used to convert the significant animal biomass waste generated annually from animal culls into valued organonitrogen chemicals while circumventing NH<sub>3</sub>-dependent and petrochemical-dependent synthesis routes.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://JLSE.SpringerOpen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42825-022-00109-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4495007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuanhang Xiao, Jiajing Zhou, Chunhua Wang, Jinwei Zhang, Vera D. Radnaeva, Wei Lin
{"title":"Sustainable metal-free leather manufacture via synergistic effects of triazine derivative and vegetable tannins","authors":"Yuanhang Xiao, Jiajing Zhou, Chunhua Wang, Jinwei Zhang, Vera D. Radnaeva, Wei Lin","doi":"10.1186/s42825-022-00108-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-022-00108-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Restrictions on heavy metals, especially chromium, have encouraged alternative tanning systems that can reduce environmental and human health risks from conventional chrome-based tanning. In this work, metal-free combination tanning was developed by using vegetable tannins and a triazine-based syntan containing active chlorine groups (SACC). Specifically, the relationship between leather performance (e.g., hydrothermal stability and organoleptic properties) and technical protocols (e.g., types and dose of tannins) was systematically established. The optimized protocol involving a unique procedure (i.e., 10% SACC pre-tanning, shaving, and 25% wattle tanning) endowed the leather with high shrinkage temperature (~ 92 °C) and met the Chinese standards for shoe upper leather (QB/T 1873-2010). Our method not only produces zero chrome-containing solid wastes, but also uses ~ 75% less tannin for leather manufacture. The excellent leather performance was ascribed to the synergistic effects, where SACC and wattle diffused into collagen fibrils and may bind to collagen via covalent, hydrogen and ionic bonding, locking the hierarchical structure of collagen from microfibrils to fiber bundles. Moreover, we summarized these findings and proposed a diffusion-binding-locking mechanism, providing new insights for current tanning theory. Together with the biodegradable spent tanning liquor, this approach will underpin the development of sustainable leather manufacture.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://JLSE.SpringerOpen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s42825-022-00108-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4545150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}