Journal of Leather Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Soil burial evaluation of finished leather biodegradability: microbial community dynamics and biogeochemical cycles","authors":"Xia Li,&nbsp;Yuxin Zhang,&nbsp;Yue Yu,&nbsp;Yunhang Zeng,&nbsp;Bi Shi,&nbsp;Ya-nan Wang","doi":"10.1186/s42825-026-00268-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-026-00268-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biodegradability of finished leather is crucial for the sustainable development of the leather industry. Herein, the biodegradability evaluation system of finished leather was engineered using soil burial degradation, microbial community dynamics, and biogeochemical cycles. The protein content of chrome grain leather (CGL), chrome-free grain leather (FGL) and chrome-free suede leather (FSL) exceeded 60%, indicating their inherent biodegradation potential during soil burial. After 6 months of soil burial, the biodegradation rate of FGL was around 2.16-fold that of CGL, demonstrating higher biodegradability of chrome-free finished leather. Besides, total nitrogen contents in FSL and CGL soils at 9 months were 2.45- and 1.07- fold those in the initial soil, respectively. These results suggested that organic matter from the finished leathers, particularly chrome-free finished leathers, was gradually released during soil burial degradation. Metagenome sequencing revealed that the diversity of the soil microbial community was considerably enhanced by the soil burial degradation of finished leather. Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, and Chloroflexota are the dominant bacteria phyla driving the soil burial biodegradation of finished leather. Accordingly, the degradation of finished leather can change the relative abundance of genes encoding enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism. The degradation of finished leather may continuously release nitrogen-containing substrates, supporting key nitrogen cycling processes including organic nitrogen metabolism, nitrification, assimilation, and nitrate reduction. These results diversify the evaluation systems for finished leather biodegradability, and demonstrate that chrome-free finished leather holds significant promise for the sustainable development of the leather industry.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42825-026-00268-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in collagen-based materials for tissue-engineered meniscus","authors":"Yang Sun,&nbsp;Jiaxing Li,&nbsp;Xinyue Zhang,&nbsp;Xue Zhan,&nbsp;Yizhe Wen,&nbsp;Xuran Li,&nbsp;Jie Liang,&nbsp;Yafang Chen,&nbsp;Yujiang Fan,&nbsp;Xingdong Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s42825-026-00253-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-026-00253-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Meniscus possesses weak self-repairability once getting hurt due to heterogeneity, particularly “white region” of avascular parts. However, the effect of conventional therapies in restoring structure and function of the meniscus isn’t ideal. Collagen, a key part of the extracellular matrix, is quite promising. Its excellent biocompatibility and biological activity enable collagen-based tissue-engineered meniscus scaffolds to be safely implanted in the body, effectively improving the pathological and physiological state of cells at the meniscus injury site and the surrounding microenvironment. This review describes the application of different implantable medical collagen-based materials used for meniscal regeneration and repair. Firstly, the structure and physiological function of meniscus are described briefly. Then, different collagen-based materials for meniscal repair are introduced emphatically. Last but not least, some current challenges and issues regarding collagen-based strategies on meniscus repair are analyzed so as to provide strategies for future studies.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42825-026-00253-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive fish-derived collagen peptides enhance cutaneous repair by reprogramming the wound microenvironment toward antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and pro-remodeling status","authors":"Marie Salon,&nbsp;Mouna Rahabi,&nbsp;Christelle Bonnet,&nbsp;Mélanie Gadelorge,&nbsp;Mathilde Lavernhe,&nbsp;Maylis Farno,&nbsp;Clément Blot,&nbsp;Mélissa Parny,&nbsp;Hélène Authier,&nbsp;Charlotte Peyrot,&nbsp;Isabelle Raymond-Letron,&nbsp;Pascale Jolimaitre,&nbsp;Lise Lefèvre,&nbsp;Agnès Coste","doi":"10.1186/s42825-026-00260-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-026-00260-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chronic wounds are marked by persistent inflammation that disrupts normal tissue repair. Growing attention is being directed toward dietary supplements as non-pharmacological strategies to support wound healing. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of a specific formulation of bioactive fish-derived collagen peptides, Naticol^®, in promoting cutaneous repair. The results demonstrated that oral supplementation with Naticol^® accelerated excisional wound closure in type 2 diabetic mice by restoring essential histological features of healthy skin and enhancing collagen production. This effect is achieved through the establishment of an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory wound microenvironment, the enhancement of scavenger-dependent efferocytosis, and the modulation of MMP9/TIMP1 ratio in favor of tissue remodeling. Notably, Naticol^® drove transcriptional reprogramming of human dermal fibroblasts and monocytes toward antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-repair phenotypes. In human keratinocytes, Naticol^® increased migratory capacity, further contributing to tissue regeneration. Consistent with in vivo findings, Naticol^® treatment improved wound healing in human skin explants by reinforcing an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-reparative microenvironment. These results highlight Naticol^®, a fish-derived bioactive collagen peptide preparation, as a promising functional food component, providing an innovative complementary approach for the management of chronic wounds.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42825-026-00260-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, identification, and multi-target anti-photoaging mechanisms of bioactive collagen peptides","authors":"Zhenyu Liu,&nbsp;Yanli Yang,&nbsp;Yuanlong Chi,&nbsp;Zhenghong Xu","doi":"10.1186/s42825-026-00249-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-026-00249-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to identify anti-photoaging peptides in porcine skin and to elucidate their bioactive mechanisms using physicochemical property prediction, molecular docking, cell experiments, and network pharmacology. Four collagen peptides were identified from porcine skin hydrolysates via ultrafiltration, gel chromatography, and multi-pathway molecular docking. Among them, FGPYGF and GPPSGGFG exhibited superior photoprotective efficacy which increased the viability of UVB-damaged HaCaT cells to 72.15% and 66.36% at 400 µM, respectively, while effectively suppressing cellular senescence at 200 µM. Molecular docking revealed that synergetic and stronger binding was mediated by hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, and π-π stacking in forming complexes between both bioactive peptides and four target enzymes (MMP-1, MMP-9, NF-κB, and IL-1β), with binding energies ranging from − 8.34 to -18.37 kcal/mol. FGPYGF inhibited MMP-1 expression and promoted type I collagen synthesis, while GPPSGGFG significantly reduced ROS levels. FGPYGF blocked inflammation and matrix degradation by targeting the TNF signaling pathway and collagen catabolic processes (IL1B/MMP9/2), while GPPSGGFG delayed cell cycle progression and enhanced antioxidant capacity via the FoxO/PI3K-Akt pathway (CCND1/SIRT1). This study confirms that multi-target intervention through cross-pathway modulation significantly enhances photoprotection, providing a theoretical basis for the rational design and precision application of anti-photoaging peptides.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42825-026-00249-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From waste to 3D printing material: upcycling leather shavings in thermoplastic polyurethane and determining the filament fabrication threshold","authors":"R. Mascolo,&nbsp;G. Calvanese,&nbsp;M. U. Nazir,&nbsp;E. Bilotti,&nbsp;L. Giorleo","doi":"10.1186/s42825-026-00255-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-026-00255-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores the potential of upcycling wet-white leather shavings as a filler in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites for fused filament fabrication (FFF). Leather waste was chemically analyzed to ensure compliance with environmental and safety regulations before being incorporated into TPU at varying concentrations (10 wt% to 40 wt%). Morphological, thermal, rheological, and mechanical characterizations were performed to assess the feasibility of composites for filament production and 3D printing. Results indicated that composites containing up to 30 wt% leather waste maintained good printability, with a speed of 50 mm/s at 220–225 °C identified as optimal printing parameters. Higher filler concentrations (40 wt%) caused severe embrittlement due to material breakage during spool preparation for printing and during filament handling in the FFF feeding system, rendering the material unusable. Despite these limitations, the material demonstrated a promising potential for sustainable additive manufacturing applications in fashion, automotive interiors, and design, offering an eco-friendly alternative for repurposing industrial leather waste.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42825-026-00255-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzymolysis behavior and safe collagenase management of porcine collagen fillers","authors":"Hang Wang,&nbsp;Rui Zhao,&nbsp;Chihchieh Lo,&nbsp;Donglei Yu,&nbsp;Hsien-Li Peter Peng,&nbsp;Jing Wang,&nbsp;He Qiu","doi":"10.1186/s42825-026-00244-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-026-00244-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Collagen-based fillers are increasingly recognized as versatile biomaterials for soft-tissue augmentation, yet evidence guiding the enzymatic management of collagen-associated complications remains limited. Here, we performed a systematic characterization of two National Medical Products Administration-approved porcine type I collagen fillers (PCFs), glutaraldehyde cross-linked PCF (CL-PCF) and uncross-linked PCF (UCL-PCF), using hyaluronic acid (HA) filler as a clinical benchmark. CL-PCF exhibited superior mechanical robustness and markedly enhanced resistance to collagenase degradation relative to UCL-PCF. In a rabbit ear embolization model, both PCFs induced significantly milder vascular ischemic manifestations than HA. In vivo enzymolysis assessment in SD rats demonstrated that collagenase concentrations ≤ 300 IU/mL effectively facilitated the controlled degradation of PCFs without inducing notable tissue injury, whereas higher concentrations resulted in extensive matrix loss, hemorrhage, and focal skeletal muscle lysis with inflammatory infiltration. This study provides the first integrated mechanistic and safety-oriented framework for understanding the enzymolysis of collagen fillers and optimizing collagenase-based interventions. These findings offer clinical guidance for complication management and inform evidence-based decision-making in collagen filler applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42825-026-00244-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controllable fabrication of a tannin-lignin-phenolic carbon foam with excellent smoke suppression and preferable mechanical properties","authors":"Qingmiao Jiang,&nbsp;Yuxin Zhou,&nbsp;Minghua Liu,&nbsp;Yuancai Lv,&nbsp;Hong Guo,&nbsp;Yifan Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Ye,&nbsp;Yongqian Shi","doi":"10.1186/s42825-026-00247-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-026-00247-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the depletion of petroleum resources, biomass has been widely applied as an alternative to petroleum-based feedstocks. In this work, a lightweight tannin-lignin-phenolic carbon foam (TLCF_5−ME) with excellent smoke suppression was developed. The foam precursor was prepared by substituting 30 wt% of phenol with modified lignin, and tannin was used as a framework filler to reinforce the samples. The effects of lignin, tannin type, including myrica extract (ME), wattle extract (WE), and tannic acid (TA), and addition amount of tannin on the mechanical behavior and smoke suppression of carbon foam were determined, and the mechanism was illustrated. Surprisingly, it was found that the total smoke release of TLCF_5−ME was only 0.39 m²/m², which was 97.62% lower than that of pure phenolic carbon foam (CF), and the compressive strength of TLCF_5−ME was 0.32 MPa, which was 33.33% higher than that of CF. In summary, adding modified lignin and ME not only reduced the use of phenol, but also increased the number of aromatic rings and improved the graphitization degree of carbon foam, thereby promoting the formation of compact char layers under combustion, and further effectively inhibiting the smoke production of samples.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42825-026-00247-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collagen-derived electronic skins: from biomimetic principles to multifunctional sensing and applications","authors":"Mengtao Zhao,&nbsp;Yuchong Ren,&nbsp;Yixiang Mao,&nbsp;Wanhong Wu,&nbsp;Xiaoyao Tan,&nbsp;Ling Bai,&nbsp;Yan Xu,&nbsp;Hao Yuan,&nbsp;Yanxia Wei,&nbsp;Guiqiang He,&nbsp;Aixia Lu,&nbsp;Jie Yu,&nbsp;Zhongxue Bai,&nbsp;Mengchen Huang,&nbsp;Jian Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s42825-026-00251-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-026-00251-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electronic skin (e-skin) holds significant potential for applications in health monitoring and human-machine interaction. However, conventional materials are often limited by poor biocompatibility and mechanical mismatch with biological tissues. Collagen and its derivatives, as naturally derived biopolymers, have emerged as an ideal matrix for constructing high-performance e-skin due to their exceptional biocompatibility, tunable biodegradability, mechanical properties that closely match human skin, and bioactivity endowed by abundant cell-recognition motifs. This review systematically presents the biomimetic design principles and advanced fabrication strategies of collagen-derived e-skins (CDE-Skins), including structural biomimicry, diversified manufacturing techniques, and conductive functionalization. It further examines their performance and underlying mechanisms in multimodal sensing, such as tactile, thermal, humidity, and biochemical sensing, elucidating the origins of their high sensitivity and stable signal response. The article also highlights representative applications in personalized telehealth monitoring, wound protection and therapy, and human-machine teleoperation. Concurrently, it outlines current challenges and offers perspectives on future research directions. This work aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation to advance technological innovation and accelerate the practical translation of biocompatible e-skin technologies.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42825-026-00251-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148172301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the elution mechanism and efficiency of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol removal from pickled hide using β-cyclodextrin","authors":"Qinyang Li,&nbsp;Yanni Cao,&nbsp;Liming Zhao,&nbsp;Yuling Tang,&nbsp;Jianfei Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s42825-026-00240-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-026-00240-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The residual issue of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TriCP) affects the leather industry because excessive 2,4,5-TriCP levels are detected in several finished leather products. This study reports the feasibility of using ecofriendly cyclodextrins (CDs) for 2,4,5-TriCP removal from pickled hide via host-guest interactions. Molecular docking, fluorescence spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring results confirmed that β-CD was suitable for 2,4,5-TriCP removal owing to its appropriate cavity structure. Batch elution experiments were performed to evaluate the influence of key parameters on the removal efficiency of β-CD, including time, temperature, sodium chloride (NaCl), β-CD concentrations, and the number of elution cycles. The mentioned optimal elution conditions were identified: 8% (w/v) NaCl, 120 min duration, 5 g·L^− 1 β-CD, 298.15 K, and five elution cycles. 2,4,5-TriCP (40.55–116.39 mg·kg^− 1) was completely removed, meeting the international ecotextile standard limit for chlorophenol (0.05 mg·kg^− 1). Finally, the physical properties of the β-CD eluted pickled hide samples were barely affected compared to the samples treated using the conventional process, confirming that β-CD could be used as a green eluting agent for sustainable leather production.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42825-026-00240-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148172474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triple-helical recombinant humanized type I collagen promotes photodamaged skin repair via ECM remodeling and anti-inflammatory mechanisms","authors":"Nannan Wei,&nbsp;Yuchen Zhang,&nbsp;Wenjie Huang,&nbsp;Xinyu Tian,&nbsp;Linyan Yao,&nbsp;Jianxi Xiao","doi":"10.1186/s42825-026-00245-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42825-026-00245-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a major cause of photoaging, driving oxidative stress, inflammation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Collagen is central to dermal integrity, yet animal-derived sources pose immunogenic and pathogen risks, while recombinant collagens reported to date often lack the stable triple-helical architecture required for bioactivity. Here, we present a triple-helical recombinant humanized type I collagen (THRCI) that combines native-like conformation with excellent biosafety and regenerative efficacy. THRCI supported fibroblast adhesion, proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis, while suppressing intracellular reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In zebrafish, THRCI reduced oxidative stress and alleviated UV-induced caudal fin atrophy. In a murine model of acute UV photodamage, topical THRCI accelerated epidermal recovery, restored hydration and barrier function, increased dermal density, and promoted collagen fiber remodeling, while downregulating <i>IL-6</i>, <i>IL-1β</i>, <i>MMP-1</i>, and <i>MMP-9</i>. Collectively, these findings indicate that THRCI exhibits effective photodamage-repair properties in our established models and represents a promising animal-free collagen biomaterial for skin regeneration.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":640,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Leather Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42825-026-00245-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148172473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}