Analyst最新文献

{"title":"Contact lens microplastics: rapid Py-TOFMS quantification and ocular health risk assessment","authors":"Jingwen Zhang,Haodong Gao,Jiangle Zhang,Yidan Tang,Jiahui Wang,Yu Liu,Hanli Xuan,Hongyao Wang,Ying Zeng","doi":"10.1039/d6an00755d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6an00755d","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics (MPs) released from contact lenses during wear can persistently contact the ocular surface through tear circulation, thereby posing a threat to ocular health. Combining thermal analysis with mass spectrometry enables accurate quantitative detection of low-concentration MPs from contact lenses, supporting exposure risk assessment. In this study, a hyphenated device consisting of a mini-pyrolyzer and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Py-TOFMS) was developed to enable rapid quantitative detection of MPs released from contact lenses. Compared with conventional Py-GC/MS, which typically requires approximately 30 min per sample, the proposed Py-TOFMS method eliminates the GC separation step and completes the analysis in 15 min, thereby simplifying the detection workflow and reducing the risk of sample loss and contamination. Py-TOFMS exhibited good limit of detection (LOD = 0.09 μg) and limit of quantification (LOQ = 0.27 μg), along with good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.98). This study systematically simulated daily use conditions, including soaking, heating, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. All tested contact lenses were found to release MPs, with the most significant release occurring under UV exposure. Furthermore, by combining optical microscopy and infrared spectroscopy to observe the morphological distribution of MPs and the aging effect of contact lenses, a preliminary systematic assessment was conducted on the potential ocular health risks associated with the release of MPs from contact lenses. This study reveals that UV exposure poses the most significant risk of MPs release from contact lenses, underscoring the urgency of assessing the potential health risks associated with ocular exposure to MPs.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149173177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time–temperature degradation of fatty acids in sewer fat, oil, and grease deposits: a framework for sample storage and handling","authors":"Anika Amir Mohana,Felicity Roddick,Biplob Kumar Pramanik","doi":"10.1039/d6an01039c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6an01039c","url":null,"abstract":"Fat, oil, and grease (FOG) deposits present significant challenges in wastewater systems, yet the stability of their fatty acid (FA) components prior to analysis remains poorly defined. Given the lack of a validated sample-handling and preservation method for wastewater FOG, this study quantified the degradation of FAs in synthetic FOG stored at −20 °C, −10 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C over 15 months and established a temperature-specific degradation threshold. FA degradation was modelled using zero- and first-order kinetics and temperature-dependent models, including the Williams–Landel–Ferry, reciprocal polynomial, Power-law, and Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher models. Results showed that FAs degraded under all storage conditions, with cumulative losses exceeding 50% at every temperature after 15 months. After one month, degradation ranged from only 1.9% at −20 °C to 15.1% at 25 °C. Kinetic analysis indicated first-order behaviour at −20 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C, whereas zero-order kinetics were observed at −10 °C, reflecting distinct mechanisms between complete and partial freezing. Temperature-dependent modelling indicated that frozen storage slowed degradation, but FA loss at higher temperatures exceeded model predictions due to concurrent oxidative and hydrolytic reactions. Storage duration at 30% and 50% loss thresholds confirmed that only deep-freezing extended preservation for nearly one year, whereas partial freezing, refrigeration, and ambient storage substantially reduced stability. These findings demonstrate that common storage conditions alter FOG composition prior to analysis and establish a quantitative basis for standardised sample handling and more reliable wastewater research.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149173178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A smartphone-based laser-scanning imaging device and evaluation of colloidal assemblies of quantum dots for fluorescent lateral flow assays","authors":"Christine Traaseth,Kelly Rees,Agnes Szwarczewski,Jasmine Bernal-Escalante,Yihao Wang,Kimihiro Susumu,Jad Kaj,Ghinwa H. Darwish,W. Russ Algar","doi":"10.1039/d6an01037g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6an01037g","url":null,"abstract":"Smartphones are promising platforms for portable molecular diagnostic assays, particularly for non-urban communities and low-resource settings that lack laboratory facilities. Engineering of peripheral components around smartphones, and the adoption of advanced light-emitting materials like semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), have enabled sensitive fluorescence detection with smartphone cameras. Here, we investigated two complementary strategies for enhancing fluorescence signals and signal-to-background ratios with smartphone-based devices: adoption of “supra-QD” and “super-QD” colloidal assemblies of QDs, and a simple and robust implementation of laser-scanning illumination. The latter has been unexplored to date, with nearly all smartphone-based devices based on conventional epi-illumination for excitation of fluorescence. The laser scanning increased signal-to-background ratios (up to 8-fold) for imaging microwell chips with fluorescent solutions, was suitable for Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensing in this format, and was far superior to epi-illumination for imaging lateral flow membranes (14-fold increase in signal-to-background ratio). Compared to individual QDs, the supra-QD and super-QD assemblies lowered detection limits by orders of magnitude, both in bulk solution and in lateral flow binding assays. The combined benefits of laser scanning and super-QDs is projected to provide nanogram per millilitre or better limits of detection in lateral flow immunochromatographic assays. As a head-to-head comparison that demonstrates and quantifies the potential gains from an atypical illumination approach and emerging ultra-bright materials, this work informs strategies toward realizing globally accessible point-of-care diagnostic technologies based on smartphones.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ESIPT-induced selective tryptophan detection: a multifunctional probe for biomacromolecule binding with theoretical and biocompatibility studies.","authors":"Sylvina Aquinus, Avijit Kumar Das, Hazeena Shinziya, Gouri Karan, Sujata Maiti Choudhury","doi":"10.1039/d6an00847j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6an00847j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A coumarin-based fluorescent ligand, 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2<i>H</i>-chromene-3-carbaldehyde (HCC), was synthesized and evaluated for the selective detection of tryptophan (Trp) among the nine essential amino acids. The probe exhibited remarkable selectivity toward Trp through an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism facilitated by intramolecular hydrogen transfer. Upon interaction with Trp, HCC forms an HCC-Trp complex (HCP), which undergoes a transient tautomeric transformation between enol (E) and keto (K) forms <i>via</i> an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. This results in an approximately 11-fold enhancement in fluorescence intensity at 385 nm, accompanied by a bathochromic shift in both the absorption and emission spectra. The probe HCC exhibited a low detection limit of 1.53 μM and a binding constant of 1.6 × 10⁴ M^-1 towards Trp. The sensing behaviour and binding mechanism were systematically confirmed using UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, ¹H NMR, mass spectrometry, Job's plot analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Additionally, HCC exhibited notable binding affinity toward biomacromolecules such as calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and pig liver esterase (PLE), supported by spectroscopic studies and molecular docking analysis. The binding constant for ct-DNA, BSA and PLE was found to be 5.7 × 10⁴ M^-1, 5.6 × 10⁴ M^-1 and 1.19 × 10⁵ M^-1, respectively. Fluorescence imaging experiments further confirmed the applicability of HCC for detecting Trp in biological samples along with <i>in vitro</i> anticancer studies. Thus, this study demonstrates that a simple coumarin-based small-molecule probe can selectively recognize tryptophan through an ESIPT-driven mechanism. The probe HCC exhibits high sensitivity, strong binding affinity, and compatibility with biological systems, enabling fluorescence-based detection and imaging of Trp. The findings highlight the potential of HCC as a multifunctional probe for biochemical sensing and provide a promising platform for developing small-molecule fluorophores for amino acid recognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitive determination of arsenic in water using fluorescent CdS nanostructures","authors":"Iram Gul,Samra Gillani,Aqsa Khaliq,Asad Ali,Jamal Abdul Nasir,Zahid Ullah Khan,Muhammad Abdullah Khan","doi":"10.1039/d5an00761e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5an00761e","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a simple and sensitive fluorescence-based sensing platform for arsenic (As) detection in water using cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanostructures. Three morphologically distinct CdS nanostructures (nanorods, nanoparticles, and nanocubes) were synthesized via thermal decomposition of cadmium(ii) bis(dibutylcarbamodithioate) and evaluated as fluorescent probes. Among them, CdS nanocubes exhibited the highest fluorescence quenching efficiency (86%), attributed to their high surface energy and enhanced interaction with arsenic species. The sensing system showed a linear response over the concentration range of 0–20 mg L−1, with a limit of detection of 0.012 mg L−1, a limit of quantification of 0.041 mg L−1, and a relative standard deviation of 2.11%, demonstrating excellent sensitivity and precision. Practical applicability was validated using arsenic-spiked water samples, with results in close agreement with those obtained using the commercial QUICK™ arsenic field test kit. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further revealed favorable adsorption of arsenic species on the CdS (001) surface, providing atomic-level insight into the fluorescence quenching mechanism. These findings demonstrate a cost-effective, robust, and mechanistically informed sensing strategy for arsenic monitoring in environmental waters.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A stem-engineering strategy for thermally stable aptamer sensors: application to smartphone-based visual detection of berberine.","authors":"Wei Qiu, Zhiming Yi, Xian Wei, Mingwan Luo, Shengli Yang, Xiaoping Wang, Yuanju He, Miqi Wu, Chen Xu, Qian Chen, Shangheng Zou, Xialei Deng, Xingyu Zhang, Ping Cheng, Qian Zhang, Zhiyou Xiao","doi":"10.1039/d6an01077f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6an01077f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prolonged or excessive use of berberine (Ber) can induce drug resistance and adverse reactions, necessitating the development of simple, sensitive, and rapid on-site detection methods. In contrast to conventional sequence truncation, we rationally extended the stem region of the aptamer to elevate its melting temperature, complemented by loop-region base mutagenesis. The obtained aptamer (BBRE7M9) exhibits substantially enhanced thermal stability, which is 6 °C and 10 °C higher than those of BBR38S-3A10C and BBR4S3, respectively. Its dissociation equilibrium constant remained stable at 1.42-1.86 μM across 22-40 °C. Circular dichroism, molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis, and displacement assays collectively indicated that Ber binds within a hydrophobic minor groove constituted by C8, A9, T10, T17, and T18. This confined microenvironment restricts intramolecular motions and suppresses non-radiative transitions, triggering a fluorescence turn-on response. Upon integration with a smartphone-based portable dark-box platform, the sensor exhibited a linear response over 0-800 nM with a detection limit of 53.9 nM and satisfactory selectivity. This stem-elongation approach demonstrates a practical route to enhancing aptamer thermal stability, and the mechanistic elucidation of the key binding sites provides a structural basis for designing berberine-aptamer-based turn-on fluorescent probes. More broadly, this strategy may also serve as a reference for optimizing other aptamer sensors that suffer from similar temperature-induced signal attenuation.</p>","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microphysiological organ-on-a-chip system for anti-doping research: long-term CYP activity characterization and S107 metabolism in a HepaRG™-based 3D liver model","authors":"Insa Peters,Nana Naumann,Christian Görgens,S. Guddat,Mario Thevis","doi":"10.1039/d6an00963h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6an00963h","url":null,"abstract":"Identification of metabolic markers of prohibited and emerging performance-enhancing substances remains a key challenge in anti-doping analysis, where limitations of conventional in vitro models in resembling authentic physiological conditions exist. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) systems combining 3D human liver-cell cultures with microfluidic perfusion offer a predictive alternative for human-like drug metabolism. In this study, a HepaRG™-based liver OoC model incorporating hepatic stellate cells was characterized over a three-week period with a focus on cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism. CYP activity, gene expression, and inducibility were assessed for major hepatic CYP isoforms, complemented by pharmacogenomic profiling. Metabolic performance was further evaluated using S107, a non-approved and prohibited doping agent, with metabolite formation being determined by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) in comparison with published in vitro data. The OoC system maintained stable viability and hepatic functionality throughout the culture period, demonstrating phase-I metabolic competence. Isoform-specific differences in mRNA expression and enzymatic activity highlighted complex regulatory effects within the microphysiological environment, while rifampicin responses confirmed preserved nuclear receptor-mediated inducibility across the system. Functional limitations were observed for CYP2D6 and CYP2B6, which showed absent or restricted activity despite detectable transcriptional signals. For S107, the model generated both phase-I and phase-II metabolites, consistent with literature data from microsomal incubation experiments. Metabolite formation was stable over the three-week period under dynamic perfusion conditions, demonstrating sustained biotransformation capacity. Overall, the HepaRG™ OoC system represents a physiologically relevant in vitro platform for long-term metabolism and demonstrates potential as a predictive tool for anti-doping applications and for elucidating metabolic pathways of emerging performance-enhancing substances.","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149152689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient chemical state imaging of Ni90 cathodes by <i>in situ</i> TXM-XANES white-line peak fitting.","authors":"Yanwei Huang, Haitao Lu, Zhongqin Dai, Ling Zhang, Fen Tao, Jun Wang, Guohao Du, Tiqiao Xiao, Biao Deng","doi":"10.1039/d6an00925e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6an00925e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transmission X-ray microscopy combined with X-ray absorption near-edge structure (TXM-XANES) spectroscopy enables nanoscale chemical state imaging of transition metal oxides, yet the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of single-pixel spectra undermines the reliability of conventional edge-energy (<i>E</i>₀) quantification. Herein, we present an analytical framework based on white-line peak fitting that integrates skewed Gaussian fitting for precise peak extraction, area normalization for spectral standardization, and average spectrum analysis for chemical state referencing. Compared with the <i>E</i>₀ method, our approach reduces the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the energy distribution to one-third (0.28 eV <i>versus</i> 0.83 eV) and achieves an average coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²) of 0.997 across the entire particle, confirming superior accuracy under low-SNR conditions. Using a high-nickel Ni90 cathode as a model system, we establish a linear correlation between white-line peak energy and cell voltage. In battery cycling, 45 nm chemical-state mapping reveals interparticle reaction heterogeneity, improved uniformity after the first activation cycle, and a non-radial reaction pattern with spatially random heterogeneity originating from intragranular defects rather than Li⁺ diffusion limitations. These observations are consistent with a kinetically trapped state model in which some regions remain inactive during the first charge, gradually overcome the activation barrier, and homogenize, though the activation is not fully reversible. This strategy enhances the quantitative fidelity and throughput of nanoscale chemical-state imaging and offers an efficient analytical route for <i>operando</i> studies of battery materials and heterogeneous systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with SERS by bubbling into colloidal nanoparticles.","authors":"Amy Colleran, Nigel Gotts, Stephanie Murray, Royston Goodacre","doi":"10.1039/d6an00673f","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6an00673f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enables real-time analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other gaseous molecules using portable Raman devices, offering faster measurements compared to GC-MS. To facilitate this, numerous solid SERS substrates have been developed and applied across multiple fields. However, they often require complex fabrication due to poor adsorption of gases onto solid surfaces leading to high production costs and inconsistencies in sensitivity and reproducibility. In contrast, colloidal nanoparticles are less expensive to produce and established facile synthesis methods help their broader implementation. In this study a simple approach has been conceptualised whereby gaseous analytes are bubbled directly into colloidal nanoparticles. This was achieved by pumping air into a flask containing the volatile analyte, which in turn was bubbled into a vial containing colloidal nanoparticles and measured with a portable Raman spectrometer. Initially, 3-mercapto-hexanol (3MH) was successfully measured using this method. 3MH was chosen due to the method originally being developed to measure thiols associated to underarm odour. Subsequently, 3MH was used to optimize the air flow rate by testing at eight different flow rates. The results demonstrated that flow rate influenced the timing of analyte spectral appearance as seen by the rate of change in peak height at 634 cm^-1 for 3MH, with the most reproducible results observed at 50 mL min^-1. The technique was further evaluated with two other analytes: 2-methyl-3-mercapto-pentanol (2M3MP) and indole. The latter needed the addition of an aggregating agent (NaCl) to the nanoparticles. These findings indicate that this approach offers a promising alternative for detecting gaseous analytes using colloidal nanoparticles.</p>","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":" ","pages":"5900-5910"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13479307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148756739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evanescent field techniques for nano-biosensing.","authors":"Soumyadipta Chakraborty, Indrayani Patra, Soumen Mandal, Jayeta Banerjee, Puspendu Barik, Manik Pradhan","doi":"10.1039/d6an00845c","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6an00845c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relentless pursuit of rapid, ultrasensitive, and real-time analytical tools has positioned evanescent wave-based biosensors at the forefront of modern diagnostics. These platforms, which exploit the surface-confined electromagnetic field generated during total internal reflection, enable label-free, highly sensitive detection of biomolecular interactions. This review critically examines the recent advances in evanescent-wave-based analytical approaches for nanobiosensing, providing a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape and future perspectives. We delve into the predominant analytical platforms, including Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR), and various optical waveguide and fiber-optic configurations. A central focus is placed on the synergistic integration of nanomaterials, such as metallic nanoparticles, graphene and other 2D materials, and quantum dots, to enhance analytical performance through signal amplification and novel surface functionalities. Furthermore, we highlight current trends shaping the field's trajectory, including convergence with microfluidics to create Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems for point-of-care (POC) applications, the deployment of machine learning for advanced data interpretation, and the development of portable, smartphone-integrated readers. Finally, the review addresses the persistent analytical challenges, including matrix effects, nonspecific binding, and manufacturing scalability, and provides a forward-looking perspective on the emerging materials and technologies poised to overcome these hurdles and redefine the future of bioanalytical science.</p>","PeriodicalId":63,"journal":{"name":"Analyst","volume":" ","pages":"5911-5951"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}