Libing Hao, Qinle Li, Xuetao Zhang, Hui Li, Junhua Xiao, Zhifan Huang, Jun Wen, Minjia Wang
{"title":"Modulating fluoropolymer coating corrosion resistance through zinc oxide nanofiller content gradients: experimental validation and molecular dynamics mechanistic analysis","authors":"Libing Hao, Qinle Li, Xuetao Zhang, Hui Li, Junhua Xiao, Zhifan Huang, Jun Wen, Minjia Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11998-025-01222-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11998-025-01222-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Zinc oxide/ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ZnO/ECTFE) nanocomposite coatings were fabricated on carbon steel substrates through electrostatic spraying coupled with thermal curing. Systematic investigation of ZnO content effects (0–1.00 %) on corrosion protection performance was conducted via morphological characterization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with refined ion transport models. Experimental results revealed nonmonotonic relationships between ZnO loading and coating properties: While the 0.50 % ZnO/ECTFE system exhibited suboptimal surface roughness (R<sub>a</sub> = 25.2 nm, second-highest among tested contents), it demonstrated superior electrochemical performance with maximum charge transfer resistance (R<sub>ct,120d</sub> = 1.76 × 10<sup>4</sup> Ω · cm<sup>2</sup>). Immersion tests quantified durability improvements of 67.85 % and 85.11 % for 0.25 % and 0.50 % composites, respectively, compared to 0 % ZnO composite system (pristine ECTFE). MD simulations revealed that the 0.50 % ZnO composite system achieved the lowest diffusion coefficients for water molecules (H<sub>2</sub>O, 6.2952 × 10<sup>−9</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s) and chloride ions (Cl<sup>−</sup>, 5.2881 × 10<sup>−9 </sup>m<sup>2</sup>/s). These findings establish that ZnO incorporation reinforces ECTFE coatings through synergistic physical barrier enhancement and electrochemical modification mechanisms, providing critical theoretical foundations for understanding Cl<sup>−</sup> transport dynamics in protective polymer nanocomposites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Coatings Technology and Research","volume":"23 4","pages":"1909 - 1926"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148519384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design and evaluation of hybrid stimuli-responsive and nanomaterial-based coatings for controlled-release fertilizers: a review","authors":"Babar Azeem","doi":"10.1007/s11998-025-01234-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11998-025-01234-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rising demand for nutrient-efficient and environmentally sustainable fertilizers has driven innovation in advanced controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs). This review comprehensively analyzes hybrid coating systems that combine stimuli-responsive polymers and nanomaterials to enable precise and adaptive nutrient delivery. The discussion covers the underlying mechanisms of nutrient diffusion, polymer degradation, and stimuli-triggered release, supported by insights from laboratory evaluations and modeling approaches. Nanomaterials contribute enhanced barrier strength, structural stability, and sustained release, whereas smart polymers provide environmental responsiveness, enabling synchronization between nutrient release and plant uptake. When integrated, these components yield hybrid coatings with improved mechanical integrity, prolonged release duration, and reduced nutrient loss through leaching and volatilization. The review also evaluates recent progress in synthesis strategies, coating architectures, and field performance, while addressing biodegradability, safety, and regulatory challenges. Finally, it identifies key research gaps and future directions for developing next-generation, eco-efficient CRFs that align with sustainable and precision agriculture goals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Coatings Technology and Research","volume":"23 2","pages":"659 - 689"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147352754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Molecularly engineered bio-benzoxazine: phosphorus–nitrogen integrated cardanol derivative for enhanced fire retardancy in epoxies","authors":"Shekhar Gahane, Siddhesh Mestry, S. T. Mhaske","doi":"10.1007/s11998-025-01204-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11998-025-01204-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent advances in sustainable materials have intensified the development of high-performance thermosetting resins incorporating bio-derived components, particularly those exhibiting superior flame resistance via synergistic phosphorus–nitrogen (P–N) functionality. In this investigation, a novel P–N-rich benzoxazine monomer (Benz) was synthesized from cardanol, phosphoric acid, and paraformaldehyde through a solvent-free Mannich condensation. The molecular architecture of Benz was elucidated through FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, corroborated by amine value determination. Thermal and flame-retardant behaviors of the resulting films were interrogated using TGA, DSC, LOI, and UL-94 protocols. The inclusion of Benz markedly enhanced thermal robustness and char formation, indicating efficient flame-retardant synergy. Benz was subsequently introduced as a co-curing agent substituting 10–50 wt% of a conventional polyetheramine hardener into a commercial epoxy matrix. The resultant poly(Benz-epoxy) hybrid thermosets were subjected to a comprehensive suite of characterization techniques to assess thermal endurance, mechanical integrity, surface topology, and fire resistance. The outcomes reveal that Benz imparts significant enhancements in thermal stability and flame retardancy, underscoring its potential as a multifunctional, bio-derived curing agent for next-generation epoxy systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Coatings Technology and Research","volume":"23 3","pages":"1611 - 1630"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147757202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akash R. Parvate, Akshay R. Wasnik, Himanshu A. Patil, Gufran Ansari, Aarti P. More
{"title":"Enhancing flame-retardant properties of epoxy resin using micro-encapsulated boric acid and zinc borate in a urea–melamine–formaldehyde shell.","authors":"Akash R. Parvate, Akshay R. Wasnik, Himanshu A. Patil, Gufran Ansari, Aarti P. More","doi":"10.1007/s11998-025-01196-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11998-025-01196-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work studies the development of multifunctional epoxy coatings that are enhanced with zinc borate and micro-encapsulated boric acid to simultaneously improve their anticorrosive and flame-retardant properties. Microcapsules were developed by encapsulating different concentrations of boric acid and zinc borate in a urea–melamine–formaldehyde (UMF) shell and then incorporating them into an epoxy matrix. The encapsulation allowed for a controlled release mechanism that activated in response to mechanical damage or environmental stimuli. Among the five formulations evaluated, Batch 4 (1.5 g boric acid and 0.5 g zinc borate) performed the best overall. Flame retardancy testing revealed higher UL-94 ratings and limiting oxygen index (LOI) values, with Batch 4 earning a V-0 rating and LOI of 28.5%, compared to V-2 and 23.0% for the plain epoxy. In corrosion testing, Batch 4 showed the best protection, delaying rust formation for more than 500 h in a 3.5-wt% NaCl environment. The UMF microcapsules enabled controlled release of active compounds in response to thermal or mechanical stimuli, ensuring long-term protection. These findings focus on the combined functional benefits of boric acid and zinc borate microcapsules in epoxy coatings, making them strong candidates for advanced protective applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Coatings Technology and Research","volume":"23 3","pages":"1507 - 1517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147757210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. B. Jeen Robert, Lenin Anselm Wilson, P. Magudeaswaran, M .Muthuselvi, G. S. Hikku
{"title":"Superwettable surfaces: an effective tool for oil/ water separation","authors":"R. B. Jeen Robert, Lenin Anselm Wilson, P. Magudeaswaran, M .Muthuselvi, G. S. Hikku","doi":"10.1007/s11998-025-01208-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11998-025-01208-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently, the environmental impact of oil spills has intensified the quest for efficient and sustainable methods for oil/water separation. To address this pressing environmental challenge, superwettable surfaces are being studied intensively. Superwettability is a property where the substrate surface exhibits extreme wetting properties, i.e., superhydrophobic or superhydrophilic, achieved by modifying the surface with micro/nano-hierarchical roughness and surface chemistry. Superhydrophobic surfaces, characterized by their extraordinary water-repellent properties, and superhydrophilic surfaces, with excellent oil-repellent behavior, can revolutionize the oil/water separation techniques. This inherent water-repellent or oil-repellent nature makes superwettable surfaces particularly adept at selectively repelling water while attracting and capturing oil-based substances or vice versa. This paper offers an in-depth evaluation of the current landscape of superwettable materials for oil/water separation. Despite the reported data displaying promising results, further intensive research is required to overcome the ethical, environmental, and durability constraints of nanotechnology intervention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Coatings Technology and Research","volume":"23 2","pages":"627 - 641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147352732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Small quantities of micrographene oxide improve the surface resistance of leather","authors":"J. A. Arcibar-Orozco","doi":"10.1007/s11998-025-01210-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11998-025-01210-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Graphene has the potential to improve the properties of finished leather, potentially enhancing its physical characteristics even at low mass additions. The present study analyzes the effects of adding small quantities of micrographene oxide during leather manufacture on its physical resistant features (i.e., grain cracking, tensile strength, tear strength and cracking resistance). Graphene oxide was synthesized using the modified Hummers' method and then sonicated to obtain micrographene oxide, which was later added during the wet finishing before fat-liquoring. Characterization of the micrographene-leather revealed that graphene was incorporated as a protective layer coating over the collagen fibrils, affecting the physical properties of the finished leather. It was found that small quantities of graphene oxide (0.5%) improved the grain cracking resistance, the tear strength and the cracking resistance of leather. It is postulated that low concentrations promote the diffusion of graphene oxide within the leather. In contrast, higher concentrations cause saturation and surface agglomeration, which also prevents the incorporation of fats, thus reducing the physical resistances of the leather. This study postulates that graphene oxide can be used as a beneficial additive to improve leather properties.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Coatings Technology and Research","volume":"23 3","pages":"1647 - 1658"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147757172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing anticorrosive performance of epoxy primers using MBT-modified LDH and zinc phosphate synergy","authors":"Akash R. Parvate, Aarti P. More","doi":"10.1007/s11998-025-01213-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11998-025-01213-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An epoxy-based anticorrosive primer was developed by combining zinc phosphate, a widely used anticorrosive pigment, with the organic corrosion inhibitor 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) intercalated into Zn/Al/Mg layered double hydroxides (LDH). LDH was synthesized using a co-precipitation technique involving zinc, aluminum, and magnesium. To improve its corrosion resistance, MBT was incorporated into LDH, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to confirm the structural changes and chemical interactions. Primer formulations with different ZnP concentrations (2.5, 4, and 5.5%) and 1% LDH or MBT–LDH were created to test their combined corrosion protection. Mechanical testing showed that LDH/MBT–LDH increased the hardness (up to 5H) and scratch resistance while maintaining good impact resistance and flexibility across all formulations. Chemical resistance was maintained by coatings passing acid, alkali, and solvent tests. Salt spray exposure for 500 h showed that MBT–LDH coatings with 5% ZnP had excellent corrosion resistance and low rust growth. The synergy of ZnP and MBT provided active corrosion prevention, while the LDH structure improved the barrier properties and minimized localized corrosion. These data show that LDH and MBT–LDH are effective alternatives to chromate-based inhibitors in epoxy coatings.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Coatings Technology and Research","volume":"23 3","pages":"1671 - 1681"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147757214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sustainable solutions for active ingredient release: a comprehensive review of release models and mechanisms","authors":"Hassan Seddighi, Keivan Shayesteh, Niayesh Shayesteh, Navid Omrani","doi":"10.1007/s11998-025-01205-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11998-025-01205-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The complex drug and fertilizer release processes may take much work to understand and fully predict. Many empirical, semiempirical, and mathematical models have been developed to address the issue. Among the well-known models are Higuchi, power law, Hixson–Crowell, and Baker and Lonsdale. The primary factors influencing the release process include the release environment and the interaction between the active ingredients of medications and fertilizers, as described by Fick’s first law. Thus, choosing the best model is essential to accomplishing efficient drug release. Furthermore, it is crucial to comprehend the release processes, including osmotic pumping, erosion, diffusion through polymers, and diffusion via water-filled pores. Selecting the appropriate release mechanism is also necessary as it may help preserve the environment and save significant money. By thoroughly examining these models and mechanisms, it is possible to optimize active ingredient delivery, reduce expenses, and minimize pollution. This article explores drug and fertilizer release models and mechanisms to help achieve these goals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Coatings Technology and Research","volume":"23 2","pages":"609 - 626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147352642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mathematical analysis of flow gradient-induced flake alignment in coatings during deposition","authors":"Troy Larimer","doi":"10.1007/s11998-025-01202-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11998-025-01202-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The orientation of flake-shaped pigments in a finished coating is of critical importance to customers, coating researchers, manufacturers, and formulators due to its effect on appearance, especially perceived color travel. Alignment of flake with the underlying surface is primarily caused by the flow during the spreading of depositing paint droplets. It has been shown that, in contrast to conventional knowledge, the uniform orientation of flake observed in liquid coatings cannot be induced by uniform flow in depositing droplets, nor does uniform flow occur. This article investigates the effects of observed and relevant non-uniform Couette-like flow gradients in a flowing paint droplet on flake orientation. The increased flow of a depositing coating droplet along the top of a flake induces a torque and an acceleration toward the horizontal plane of the underlying substrate. The flake then rotates along with the depositing viscous material after a short initial acceleration and quickly reaches a horizontal configuration. The contained mathematical analysis explains correctly the complete alignment of flake with the plane of the underlying surface observed in typical paint application.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Coatings Technology and Research","volume":"23 3","pages":"1601 - 1609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147757175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fuzhuang Jia, Chenwei Lin, Yingmin Yuan, Yanhong Du, Baolian Zhang
{"title":"Preparation of melamine resin isocyanate self-healing microcapsules and their application in self-healing coatings","authors":"Fuzhuang Jia, Chenwei Lin, Yingmin Yuan, Yanhong Du, Baolian Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11998-025-01215-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11998-025-01215-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Traditional anticorrosion coatings often fail due to localized damage that degrades their protective performance. To address this challenge, a self-healing microcapsule system was developed using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as the core material and melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin as the shell material. By optimizing process parameters—specifically using 6 g of methoxylated melamine formaldehyde resin prepolymer (MMF) and 9 g of IPDI, with a TEPA/D230 mass ratio of 1:1.5 and an SMA/TO-8 mass ratio of 3:1—the core material encapsulation efficiency was increased to 64.85%. Application tests showed that incorporating microcapsules at 1–10% by mass in the coating significantly inhibited rust formation in damaged areas, demonstrating excellent self-healing capabilities. These results indicate that this microcapsule system effectively enhances localized damage repair in coatings, offering a novel approach for developing self-healing anticorrosion technologies. This work establishes a scalable strategy for next-generation protective coatings, bridging the gap between high core retention and industrial process compatibility.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Coatings Technology and Research","volume":"23 3","pages":"1683 - 1694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147757188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}