Iranian Polymer Journal最新文献

{"title":"Preparation and properties of novel bio-based phthalonitrile resin derived from syringaldehyde","authors":"Shiyu Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoming Sang,&nbsp;Weihao Yin,&nbsp;Qian Jiang,&nbsp;Minjie Wu,&nbsp;Xinggang Chen","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01651-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01651-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Currently, the predominant raw materials for phthalonitrile resin is petroleum-based polyphenols, which are generally harmful to human health. By utilizing green biomass materials, the syringaldehyde intermediates (SYR-I) were synthesized through nucleophilic substitution with 4-nitro-phthalonitrile. The intermediate was then reacted with 4,4′-diamino-diphenyl ether to produce the bio-based monomer (ODA-SYR). The monomer has a relatively low melting point of 149 °C and a wide processing window of 153 °C, which facilitates the processing of the resin. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the temperature at 5% weight loss of ODA-SYR-PN resin is 393 °C, with a char yield of 68.9% at 800 °C. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that as the curing agent content increased from 2 to 5%, the storage modulus of the ODA-SYR-PN resin reached 3528 MPa. Due to the decomposition of the resin at 350 °C, no glass transition temperature was observed. The bending test demonstrated that the ODA-SYR-PN resin exhibited a flexural strength of 68 MPa and a flexural modulus of 3056 MPa, maintaining mechanical properties comparable to other petroleum-based phthalonitrile resins. This research presents a novel approach for the production of high-temperature-resistant phthalonitrile resin using bio-based raw materials. Utilizing bio-based raw materials helps reduce dependence on petroleum resources and alleviates their environmental and health impacts.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 11","pages":"2319 - 2330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic wound healing via controlled release of cinnamon essential oil from PVA/chitosan hybrid hydrogels","authors":"Saleh Aj,&nbsp;Hassan Adeli,&nbsp;Hamed Salimi-Kenari,&nbsp;Mohammad-Taghi Khorasani,&nbsp;Nahid Salimi","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01623-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01623-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel wound dressing is developed by incorporating cinnamon essential oil (CEO) into polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/Cs) hybrid hydrogels to synergistically enhance antibacterial activity, controlled release, and wound healing properties. Hybrid hydrogels were fabricated using a freeze–thaw method with varying CEO concentrations (2–8% by wt). Characterization with Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed successful CEO incorporation and hydrogen bonding between PVA/Cs, while morphology analysis exhibited the incorporation of CEO into hybrid hydrogel increased the average pore size from 12 to 30 μm. Physically crosslinked PVA/Cs hydrogels had a significant water uptake capacity, ranging from 610% (w/w) to 911% (w/w), with swelling reduced over time by increasing the amount of CEO in the hybrid hydrogels. The hydrogels exhibited biphasic CEO release, with an initial burst (37% within 8 h) followed by sustained release (52% over 72 h), best described by the Higuchi model (R² &gt; 0.99) and non-Fickian diffusion (<i>n</i> &gt; 0.5). The hybrid hydrogels demonstrated no toxicity after incorporating CEO, with cell viability above 70%. It also demonstrated significantly higher efficacy and antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> than <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The CEO-loaded PVA/Cs hydrogels demonstrated optimal swelling, controlled release, and antibacterial properties, making them promising candidates for advanced wound dressings. The synergistic effects of CEO and the hydrogel matrix address key challenges in wound management, including infection control and sustained therapeutic delivery.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 8","pages":"1805 - 1819"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148394884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of electroactive and flexible polyvinylidene fluoride/polypyrrole composite for glucose sensing","authors":"Mevlit Dema,&nbsp;Songul Sen Gursoy,&nbsp;Ayhan Oral","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01640-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01640-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using the most economical sensor system without compromising reliability and accuracy is crucial for determining glucose levels in clinical, biological, and food samples. In the present research, a new nanocomposite-based sensor was developed for glucose determination by using polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibers (PVDF) and polypyrrole (PPy). The prepared sensor system is economical, easy to prepare and responds quickly. The synthesized polymers were further analyzed for physico-chemical properties through characterization methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of the PVDF nanofibers exhibited a relatively similar structure to its powder. In the composite structure, the appearance of the curve resembled that of the PVDF nanofiber and powder, but as the amount of PPy increase, the structure began to decompose at higher temperatures. The working pH of the prepared sensor was determined as 7. When the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) graphs generated at different glucose concentrations using a new electrode each time were superposed, the current values ​​obtained at 0.140 V in the DPV curves decreased as the glucose concentration increased. The maximum value of the linear working range of the designed glucose sensor was found to be 0.625 mM. The linear operating range was between 0.039 and 0.625 mM. The calculated detection limit was 67 µM. It showed high selectivity, stability, and sensitivity (1890 µAmM⁻¹cm^− 2) for glucose identification. The reliability of the sensor was evaluated by the determination of glucose fruit juice sample.</p>\u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Graphical abstract\u0000 <div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 10","pages":"2191 - 2204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of modified SBA-15-alginic acid composite for Cr(VI) adsorption","authors":"Tan Mao,&nbsp;Haoyu Si,&nbsp;Liyuan Lin,&nbsp;Junyan Zha,&nbsp;Youliang Cheng,&nbsp;Xueke Luo","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01645-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01645-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effective removal of toxic Cr(VI) from wastewater remains a significant environmental challenge. To address this, a novel composite adsorbent was developed by incorporating amino-functionalized mesoporous silica (NH₂-SBA-15) into a sodium alginate (SA) matrix, with its network density and mechanical strength further enhanced by crosslinking with polyethylenimine (PEI) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The obtained NH₂-SBA-15/SA/CMC composite beads exhibited an exceptional Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of up to 931.25 mg/g and a robust tensile strength of 73.48 kPa, alongside excellent recyclability over five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. Characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the uniform dispersion of NH₂-SBA-15 particles within a highly cross-linked, porous polymer network, which facilitated efficient mass transfer and access to active sites. The adsorption process was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that chemisorption was the rate-controlling step. Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting a monolayer adsorption mechanism. The high adsorption capacity is attributed to a synergistic mechanism involving electrostatic attraction between protonated amine groups and Cr(VI) oxyanions, followed by reduction to less toxic Cr(III). This study demonstrates that the strategic integration of functional mesoporous silica into a reinforced biopolymer hydrogel presents a highly promising and feasible solution for the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated water.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 10","pages":"2181 - 2190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of sodium bicarbonate treatment on tensile properties of jute yarns as potential reinforcement for industrial biocomposites: optimization using RSM","authors":"Sofiane Zerrouki,&nbsp;Hamdi Laouici,&nbsp;Mohamed Elbah,&nbsp;Kada Zemani,&nbsp;Samir Khatir","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01646-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01646-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to evaluate the effect of an eco-friendly and cost-effective surface treatment method based on the use of commercial sodium bicarbonate on the physicochemical, morphological, and tensile properties of jute yarns. Specifically, raw jute yarns were treated with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) solutions of different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) for various treatment durations (1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h) at room temperature. The modifications of jute yarns treated with a 25% concentration at different treatment durations were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and helium pycnometer. The mechanical characterization of untreated and NaHCO₃-treated jute yarns was performed through uniaxial static tensile tests. The results of the tensile properties (tensile strength <i>σ</i>, elastic strain <i>ɛ</i> and Young’s modulus <i>E</i>) of the jute bundles showed significant variability, which is typical for natural fibers. Therefore, a statistical study based on response surface methodology (RSM), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and response optimization using the desirability function approach was employed. The SEM micrographs of the longitudinal topographic surface of the jute yarns after chemical treatment with sodium bicarbonate at various times treatment indicated that the removed the waxy layer and impurities from surface and formed a roughened surface and increase the Crystallinity Index (CrI) and Crystalline Size (CrS) of the jute yarns. In addition, the results indicated that at a NaHCO₃ concentration of 25% and a treatment duration of 12.97 h, the tensile strength, elastic strain, and Young’s modulus reached optimal values of 38.49 MPa, 4.009%, and 1.311 GPa, respectively.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 10","pages":"2289 - 2305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical performance and failure analysis of 3D-printed biodegradable polymer reinforced with carbon fiber in gyroid structures: a compression-tension comparative study","authors":"Izzat bin Mat Samudin,&nbsp;Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan,&nbsp;Abu Bakar bin Sulong,&nbsp;Ahmad Alshwawra","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01642-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01642-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Additive manufacturing (AM) of biodegradable composites incorporating triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures presents significant opportunities for lightweight structural applications. However, their mechanical performance under different loading conditions remained insufficiently explored, limiting a comprehensive understanding of their overall potential. Therefore, this work aimed to experimentally evaluate the performance of gyroid structures made from polylactic acid (PLA) and carbon fibre-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA/CF) containing 15 wt% carbon fibre, fabricated via fused deposition modelling and subjected to quasi-static compression and tensile testing. The evaluation also included material characterizations techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirmed enhanced thermal stability and crystallinity in the composite. The experimental results demonstrated a 57% improvement in the ultimate tensile strength of the composite compared to pure PLA, which could be attributed to efficient stress transfer and crack deflection. Further deformation analysis under tension revealed a delayed fracture response in the composite, with fiber-matrix interactions mitigating crack propagation. These findings highlighted the potential of sustainable composites for lightweight applications, where the integration of biodegradable polymers with architected lattice structures opened opportunities for further development across broader applications. This approach directly aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs) by improving resource efficiency and reducing environmental impacts, while maintaining high structural performance.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 7","pages":"1565 - 1583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive characterization of discarded corn/neem starch with glycerol and fructose plasticizer biofilms for packaging applications","authors":"Sennampatti Muniraj Lakshmiganthan,&nbsp;Vaddi Seshagiri Rao,&nbsp;Sennampatti Muniraj Mullaikodi,&nbsp;Joseph Selvi Binoj","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01644-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01644-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Biopolymers synthesized from renewable biomass resources offer a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics, mitigating environmental concerns associated with petroleum-based polymers and addressing plastic waste management issues. The aim of this study is to manufacture bioplastic films using corn and neem starch and characterize it to know the effect of different plasticizers such as glycerol and fructose on its mechanical and hydrophilic characteristics. The characterization was carried out by tensile test using universal testing machine, film thickness using digital micrometer, density using densimeter, morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using infrared spectrophotometer, moisture content, solubility and absorption in water was done by calculating the change in weight percentage. The results show that the thickness of the plasticized bioplastic films ranged from 0.8 to 1.58 mm and the density ranged from 1.39 to 1.50 g/cm³. The highest tensile strength of 19.12 MPa was noticed for the plasticized bioplastic film with 30 wt% glycerol and fructose plasticizer combination. The SEM and FTIR study revealed the plasticized bioplastic film’s surface morphology and chemical functional groups. In the case of hydrophilic characteristics of the plasticized bioplastic films observations reveal that increasing the plasticizer wt% decreases the hydrophilic characteristics. The observations of the experiment conclude that the plasticized bioplastic film with 30 wt% glycerol and fructose plasticizer combination with thermal stability upto 97 °C holds great potential as a biopolymer for packaging applications.</p>\u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Graphical abstract\u0000 <div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 10","pages":"2117 - 2130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of creep behavior of HDPE pipe using a combined small punch creep test and stepped isostress method","authors":"Chunmei Bai,&nbsp;Sixiong Zeng,&nbsp;Huan Sheng Lai,&nbsp;Rong Lin,&nbsp;Jinquan Guo,&nbsp;Qifei Huang","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01639-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01639-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes exhibit anisotropic creep behavior due to the extrusion manufacturing process. While axial creep behavior can be evaluated using conventional creep tests, assessing circumferential creep behavior is more challenging because of specimen preparation constraints. Conventional creep testing is also time-intensive. In this study, a small punch creep test (SPCT) was conducted at 34 °C in ambient air using miniature specimens extracted from the mid-wall of HDPE pipes in both axial and circumferential orientations. To accelerate testing, the stepped isostress method (SSM) was applied. This combined SPCT–SSM approach enabled efficient investigation of the anisotropic creep behavior of HDPE pipes. Master curves were constructed from the SPCT data using SSM methodology. The results showed that creep life in the axial direction was markedly longer than in the circumferential direction. The findings demonstrate that combining SPCT with SSM provides an effective accelerated creep testing method. Moreover, the results confirm that specimens extracted only in the axial direction are insufficient for accurate long-term creep life assessment of HDPE pipes.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 10","pages":"2131 - 2140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ramie fibre reinforced polymer composites: preparation, properties, and applications","authors":"Seiko Jose,&nbsp;Lata Samant,&nbsp;Pratikhya Badanayak","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01643-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01643-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The ramie fibre is known for its high cellulose content which imparts desirable attributes such as high tensile strength, low density, and excellent thermal stability to the composites. Ramie fibre polymer composites have emerged as a promising solution in the quest for biodegradable, sustainable, and recyclable materials. This comprehensive review examines the recent advancements in ramie fibre reinforced polymer composites, commencing from the fibre extraction and surface modification techniques. The physico-mechanical and chemical properties of the ramie fibre have been compared with those of other natural fibres. Further, composite preparation methods, mechanical behavior, interfacial properties, and diverse applications of ramie-polymer composites have been discussed. The observations of this review indicate that various physical and chemical modifications, including surface treatments, coatings, grafting, nano finishing, etc., facilitate stress transfer and load distribution within the composite, thereby enhancing its tensile properties. The review emphasizes the need for easy fibre extraction and eco-friendly degumming methods. The incorporation of suitable fillers and other natural/synthetic fibres in ramie fibre composites also results in the enhancement of mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, and impact resistance, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, including automobiles, insulations, building and construction, biomedical, and home furnishing.</p>\u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Graphical abstract\u0000 <div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 10","pages":"2269 - 2288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of sol-gel polyurethane composite formulation employing response surface methodology and its application in controlled-release fertilizer","authors":"Chirag N. Gadhiya,&nbsp;Vimalkumar Prajapati,&nbsp;Swati Patel,&nbsp;Bharatkumar Z. Dholakiya","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01625-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01625-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores the effects of sol-gel polyol, isocyanate, and kaolin composition on the composite polymer’s tensile strength and thermal properties. The sol-gel polyurethane composites (SPUCs) were formulated by optimization of various parameters using “response surface methodology” with Central Composite Design. Biodegradable polyurethane was synthesized using cardanol-based sol-gel polyol. RSM optimization indicates that the composition, consisting of sol-gel polyol, isocyanate, and kaolin in a 3:6.5:1.5 ratio, achieves a tensile strength of 3.1053 MPa. Validation through experimental testing shows a tensile strength of 3.1384 MPa, which closely matches the predicted value with the model. Cardanol-based sol-gel polyol was characterized using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The SPUCs were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, and contact angle. Resultant SPUC coatings were applied to urea granules, and their nutrient-release behavior was examined by UV-visible spectroscopy, confirming the release performance. The integration of renewable cardanol chemistry with kaolin reinforcement and statistical optimization produced mechanically robust, thermally stable biodegradable coatings suitable for controlled-release fertilizer applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 9","pages":"1969 - 1979"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}