Iranian Polymer Journal最新文献

{"title":"Epoxy/aminopropyl isobutyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites: preparation and studying the mechanical, thermal, and corrosion properties of the systems","authors":"Soheil Ghafoori Totmaj,&nbsp;Ardeshir Saeidi,&nbsp;Morteza Ehsani","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01452-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01452-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles are materials which consist of both inorganic and organic parts. An example of such materials is epoxy/POSS nanocomposites. POSS’s organic part and weight percentage in the epoxy matrix can affect the nanocomposite’s dispersion, interaction, and final properties. Epoxy/aminopropyl isobutyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (AI-POSS) nanocomposites were formulated with 0.5, 1, 3, and 5% (by wt) of AI-POSS nanoparticles. The AI-POSS acted as pendant groups to the epoxy chains due to the presence of one reactive agent. Therefore, it was possible to form agglomerations. Still, their dispersion and consistency increased in the epoxy matrix by performing the pre-reaction with an excess epoxy resin, which was observed in the SEM and EDX images. The corrosion properties of the scratched samples were reduced after 100 days, due to the weak resistance of these coatings against scratches in the salt spray, which were also observed in the cross-cut. However, excellent corrosion resistance was observed in the samples without scratches after 100 days. These nanocomposites were degraded at higher temperatures than pure epoxy in the TGA. Epoxy/aminopropyl isobutyl-POSS with 3% (by wt) AI-POSS (EAP 3) and neat epoxy or epoxy/aminopropyl isobutyl-POSS without nanoparticles (EAP 0) samples exhibited 90% weight loss at 594 and 505 °C, respectively. The variance was attributed to the presence of inorganic groups in nanoparticles. Storage modulus, glass transition temperature, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and toughness increased by increasing AI-POSS nanoparticles as high as 3% (by wt) in DMTA and tensile analysis. Therefore, the most optimal state for these nanocomposites was achieved when 3% (by wt) of AI-POSS nanoparticles were used in the epoxy matrix.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 10","pages":"1525 - 1543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-high flux electrospun PAN/MWCNTs/SiO2 membranes for oil–water separation: development and characterization","authors":"Xiaolong Zhao,&nbsp;Haibing Zhang,&nbsp;Jian Wang","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01448-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01448-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oily wastewater is inevitably generated during the development and production of oil fields. This type of wastewater contains a significant amount of toxic and harmful pollutants. If not effectively treated and properly discharged, it can cause severe environmental pollution. Oil–water separation is a critical prerequisite for the effective treatment of oily wastewater; however, developing separation materials with high throughput and excellent mechanical properties remains a significant challenge. In this study, MWCNTs/SiO₂ membranes were prepared using nano-SiO₂ and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as matrices via electrospinning technology. Here, we show that when the mass ratio of SiO₂ to MWCNTs is 1:0.8, the MWCNTs/SiO₂ membrane exhibits optimal oil–water separation performance, with an oil retention rate exceeding 98%, and stable filtration performance over more than 10 cycles. This performance enhancement is attributed to the dual synergistic hydrophilic effect of acid-modified CNTs and silica, which significantly improves water permeability. Additionally, the innovative design of the secondary electrostatic spraying process enhances the structural strength of the film. The mechanical stability and high-temperature resistance of MWCNTs/SiO₂ membrane prepared in this study greatly surpass those of commercial PAN fiber membranes, demonstrating its potential for oil–water separation applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 9","pages":"1321 - 1330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimuli-responsive polymeric film based on hydrogen-bonded organic framework designing as a smart wound dressing","authors":"Alieh Moeinipour,&nbsp;Abbas Afkhami,&nbsp;Tayyebeh Madrakian","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01443-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01443-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, multifunctional polymeric film for wound dressing was prepared. The polymeric film was composed of polyvinyl alcohol, tannic acid, and a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) incorporating metronidazole. Metronidazole was encapsulated within the HOF for the first time, acting as a guest molecule and creating a new structure named MET.HOF. By leveraging the temperature and pH sensitivity of the hydrogen-bonded structures, metronidazole was released in a controlled manner at the wound site, adapting to the specific conditions of the wound. To investigate the controlled drug release, the responsiveness of the synthetic polymeric film was investigated at different temperatures (i.e., 37 °C and 40 °C) and pH levels (i.e., 5.5, 7.4, and 9) mimicking wound conditions. The results demonstrated that the polymeric film exhibited precise responsiveness to temperature (˃ 37 °C) and pH (alkaline pH ˃ acidic pH), enabling tailored drug release according to the specific wound type and severity. The average contact angle of the polymeric film was measured to be 67.5° ± 3.5. The degree of swelling calculated was 200% ± 50; additionally, the material exhibited antibacterial properties, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1000 µg mL⁻¹ and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 2000 µg mL⁻¹. These results highlighted the potential of this synthetic polymeric film as an advanced wound dressing material, capable of delivering drugs in a controlled manner based on the unique characteristics of the wound environment.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 9","pages":"1387 - 1397"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper nanoparticles incorporated membranes for comprehensive treatment of surface water: synthesis and characterization","authors":"Bhoga Arundhathi,&nbsp;Manideep Pabba,&nbsp;Nivedita Sahu,&nbsp;Swayampakula Kalyani,&nbsp;Sundergopal Sridhar","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01447-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01447-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Incorporating copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) in polymeric membranes has garnered significant attention for enhancing water treatment efficiency and mitigating biofouling. Copper boasts several desirable attributes, including excellent antimicrobial properties, abundant availability, cost-effectiveness, and various economically viable synthesis methods to produce materials with tunable features. This study investigates the antibacterial properties of copper (Cu) and copper oxide (Cu₂O) nanoparticles, synthesized using a chemical reduction method. These nanoparticles were integrated into 20% (by wt) polyethersulphone (PES) membranes at concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.75 g, resulting in membranes labeled M1 to M4, tailored for ultrafiltration of surface water. The synthesized nanoparticles and nanocomposite membranes (NCMs) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were analyzed for feed, permeate, and reject water samples. Among the membranes, M3, containing 0.5 g Cu-NPs, exhibited outstanding performance with a pure water flux of 175 L/m²/h, 100% bacterial filtration efficiency, 62.96% colour rejection, and 88.46% turbidity rejection, besides achieving complete removal of <i>E. coli</i> and common bacteria. All membranes demonstrated over 95% bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection, with the M3 membrane achieving a 74.6% and the plain membrane 45.5% flux recovery ratio (FRR), indicating strong antifouling properties after the addition of NPs. These findings suggest that the developed NCMs hold significant potential for producing high-quality potable water through effective clarification and disinfection.</p>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 9","pages":"1345 - 1361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and optimization of thermosensitive injectable alginate-based hydrogels: potential for loading therapeutic compounds","authors":"Farkhonde Hasannejad,&nbsp;Samaneh Arab,&nbsp;Leila Farahmand,&nbsp;Behrad Darvishi,&nbsp;Marjan Bahraminasab","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01427-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01427-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An optimal formulation of thermosensitive and injectable alginate-based hydrogels was prepared for loading therapeutic agents in drug delivery. Four constituents, including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), sodium alginate (SA), beta-glycerol phosphate (β-GP), and calcium chloride (CaCl₂), were used to obtain the optimal formulations. A surface response methodology (RSM), namely Box–Behnken, was employed, and based on the gelation temperature, two optimal hydrogel formulations were identified. Rheology, chemical and functional groups, morphology, biodegradability, swelling, and hydrogel biocompatibility were tested. Furthermore, menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (Mens-exo) were used as a model drug to demonstrate the potential of the optimum hydrogels for carrying and releasing therapeutic agents. Two hydrogel formulations with gelling temperatures of 35 °C (H1) and 37 °C (H2) were selected for the relevant tests. The obtained storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) for gelling temperature, time, strain, and frequency tests showed that H1 hydrogel has more favorable rheological properties. Furthermore, in evaluating degradability at pH 6.5, H1 hydrogel was degraded for a longer time (154 h) and was more stable than H2 (100 h). Cells loaded in hydrogels indicated to superior biocompatibility of H1 hydrogel rather than H2. Moreover, the Mens-exo loading in H1 hydrogel exhibited a sustained release with reasonable degradability of the hydrogel. The optimal hydrogels were thermosensitive and injectable. In particular, the H1 hydrogel (SA = 0.889, HPMC = 2, β-GP = 5 and CaCl₂ = 3.306) showed high potential for loading therapeutic compounds.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 9","pages":"1285 - 1303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of azobenzene liquid crystal elastomers with photo-thermo synergistic response and reversible bidirectional shape memory","authors":"Jianfeng Ban,&nbsp;Zilong Yang,&nbsp;Lulu Pan,&nbsp;Junqiu Liao,&nbsp;Bo Shi","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01446-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01446-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work was designed to investigate the complex shape memory phenomena and explore the potential for bidirectional reversibility within polymer matrices, focusing particularly on dual-response capabilities. A series of shape memory azobenzene liquid crystal elastomers (Dp-LCEs) were synthesized with azobenzene-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, polycaprolactone, and hexamethylene diisocyanate as the primary raw materials, and triethanolamine was utilized to establish cross-linking points. The structural and thermal properties of these Dp-LCEs were meticulously characterized through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction techniques. According to the structural and thermal properties test results, they afforded a deep understanding of the material's composition and thermal behavior, essential for optimizing its performance in practical applications. Furthermore, the stretchability, photo-thermal responsiveness, and reversible deformation capabilities of the Dp-LCEs were assessed via stretching tests and by subjecting them to ultraviolet radiation. The findings revealed that the Dp-LCEs demonstrated distinctive photo-thermo-synergy response shape memory features and exhibited outstanding bidirectional reversible shape memory behavior. This research work provided a solid theoretical basis for customization of the advanced multifunctional shape memory materials, potentially paving the way for innovative applications in various fields such as smart textiles, biomedical devices, and adaptive structures. These advancements suggested significant potential for future developments in smart material technologies, particularly in areas requiring precise environmental responsiveness and high-performance adaptability.</p>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 9","pages":"1375 - 1386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalization of surgical mask polypropylene layers with application of natural substances","authors":"Marjana Simonič,&nbsp;Olivija Plohl,&nbsp;Maša Vračevič,&nbsp;Lidija Fras Zemljič","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01444-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01444-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The anti-viral efficacy of face mask was enhanced by applying the protein lactoferrin, the polyphenol catechin individually, and in combination. Individual solutions of protein and polyphenol were meticulously prepared and subsequently sprayed onto the inner surface of face mask layers composed of polypropylene. The functionalized mask layers were subjected to comprehensive characterization through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta-potential measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Goniometry was employed to assess the wettability of the modified surface layer, and air permeability was quantified both before and after the application of potential anti-viral agents. Bioactivity, such as anti-oxidant activity using ABTS assay and anti-viral efficiency against the model virus phi6, was followed as well. Our findings indicate the successful modification of mask with lactoferrin, while functionalization by catechin proved to be unsuccessful. The measured contact angles underscored the hydrophobic nature of the functionalized samples, ensuring reduced wettability in the presence of saliva droplets. Notably, the individual coating layers exhibited enhanced anti-oxidant activity and demonstrated anti-viral properties against the model virus phi6, when the outer layer of the mask was spray-coated. These results suggest promising technology to integrating these functionalized layers into masks for enhanced safety performance.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 9","pages":"1363 - 1373"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13726-024-01444-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biopolymers: a comprehensive review of sustainability, environmental impact, and lifecycle analysis","authors":"Mithilesh Kogje,&nbsp;Ajinkya Satdive,&nbsp;Siddhesh Mestry,&nbsp;S. T. Mhaske","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01449-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01449-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The demand and desire for environmentally conscious alternatives to conventional plastics have intensified after the introduction of biopolymers in our daily lives due to the question mark on the sustainability of the environment. The review is structured around key themes including classification and types of biopolymers, their recycling methodologies, disposal scenarios of biopolymers and their upcycling, life cycle assessment of some common biopolymers, biodegradability and biodegradation of biopolymers, the environmental impact of biopolymers and the influence of government policies in fostering biopolymer adoption. The review points out positive as well as negative factors associated with biopolymers along with greenhouse gas emissions/global warming potential and energy demand associated with bioplastics through life cycle assessments. This review aims for an easier understanding regarding the adoption of biopolymers into daily life considering all positive and negative aspects. The oceanic disposal and increasing land usage put the sustainability of biopolymers into jeopardy. This review aims to provide some clarity regarding the current situation and past actions taken by the world to promote sustainable development and the promotion of biopolymers. Despite all the positives and negatives, biopolymers have shown promise for a sustainable future by aiming to reduce the reliance on conventional fossil fuel-based polymers and non-biodegradable alternatives.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 9","pages":"1481 - 1524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wear characteristics of 3D-printed spur gears: material type and design parameters effects","authors":"Oğuz Doğan,&nbsp;Muhammed Safa Kamer","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01442-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01442-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the production of complex geometries, enabling the fabrication of components that are difficult or impossible to achieve with traditional manufacturing methods. This research investigates the wear characteristics of polymer gears produced by AM, mainly focusing on asymmetric gears that present unique challenges in conventional machining. A custom-designed gear wear test rig was developed to experimentally examine the wear performance of gears made from five different polymer materials. Additionally, the effects of drive side pressure angles (DSPAs) of 20°, 25°, 30°, and 35° on PLA gears were analyzed. Before wear testing, surface roughness and hardness measurements were conducted. The experiments were performed at two rotational speeds (500 and 1000 rpm) and torque levels ranging from 0.75 to 1.5 Nm. During testing, input and output torque, speed, and temperature were continuously monitored. Quantitative results indicated that the specific wear rate for CPE was the highest at 8.73 [mm³/{mm²rpm}]10⁷, while PC exhibited the lowest at 1.06, representing an 823.5% difference. Temperature measurements revealed an increase of approximately 25% with higher torque levels. The maximum temperature was measured at 40.5 °C for CPE gears under maximum load and speed conditions. Gear efficiency varied between 0.77 and 0.95, peaking at 0.95 for PC gears under high speed and torque conditions. Furthermore, increasing the DSPA from 20° to 35° resulted in a nearly 60% reduction in specific wear rate. This research addresses limitations in prior studies that often focused on individual materials without systematic analysis of varying DSPA. This study enhances the understanding by providing a comprehensive comparison of wear characteristics of 3D-printed polymer gears, highlighting their potential for lightweight and customizable applications across multiple materials and different DSPAs.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 9","pages":"1399 - 1413"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-based additive on the mechanical performance of polymeric composites","authors":"Thanate Ratanawilai,&nbsp;Jakkrapong Jitjamnong,&nbsp;Parinya Khongprom,&nbsp;Sukritthira Ratanawilai","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01450-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01450-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wood plastic composites (WPCs) have poor mechanical properties due to the incompatibility of hydrophilic wood fibers and hydrophobic thermoplastics, which results in weak adhesion at the interface. It is a significant barrier to the production of WPCs. Glycerol carbonate has the potential to improve the mechanical characteristics of WPCs. In this investigation, WPCs were meticulously developed using rubberwood flour (RWF) and recycled polypropylene (rPP). Bio-based additives, including glycerol, commercial glycerol carbonate, and synthesized glycerol carbonate, were incorporated into the study. The comprehensive analysis encompassed mechanical properties, including tensile and flexural strength, energy absorbed, water resistance, and hardness. The optimal composition was determined through a central composite design (CCD) methodology using Design-Expert software, resulting in a formulation consisting of 33.78% (by weight) RWF, 62.33% (by weight) rPP, and 3.89% (by weight) glycerol carbonate. Furthermore, the effects to modify the glycerol-to-glycerol carbonate ratio were examined, with increments of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% (by weight) of the additive in WPC manufacturing being examined while keeping the additive content constant at 3.89% (by weight). The results were remarkable, as the inclusion of additive substantially enhanced the mechanical properties of WPCs by improving adhesion at the interface. Of particular significance was that 3.89% (by weight) only glycerol as an additive exhibited the highest energy absorbed, and it also exhibited the lowest water absorption levels. Notably, the addition of 3.89% (by weight) only glycerol carbonate led to a 2.3% increase in composite hardness compared to composites without any additives.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 8","pages":"1245 - 1259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}