Iranian Polymer Journal最新文献

{"title":"Mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of polypropylene/montmorillonite polymer composite foam","authors":"Elif Ulutas,&nbsp;Munir Tasdemir,&nbsp;Nurefsan Kuvvet,&nbsp;Omer Faruk Korkmaz,&nbsp;Muhammed Cuma Duran","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01395-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01395-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The escalating utilization of plastic materials, coupled with advancements in technology, has propelled the plastics industry into a state of continual evolution. However, the rapid technological progress has also exacerbated issues such as environmental pollution and global warming, primarily due to the excessive consumption of raw materials. These environmental challenges have increasingly constrained the growth of the manufacturing sector. In the polymer world, polymer foams, characterized by a high percentage of pores within their structure, have emerged as a new-generation solution for reducing raw material consumption. This study aimed to develop nanoparticle-filled polypropylene (PP)-based polymer composite foams. The original contribution of this study lies in the production and characterization processes of polymer composite foams developed using PP as the matrix material and MMT nano clay as the additive. Optimizing these processes aims to contribute to environmental sustainability goals by reducing raw material consumption. PP/Montmorillonite (MMT) foams were synthesized through melt blending, employing a chemical blowing agent (CBA) and conventional twin-screw extrusion techniques. The resulting composite foams were evaluated for various properties, including density, cell characteristics (such as cell size and cell density), stiffness, thermal properties, and mechanical strength. The presence of microcells within the polymer matrix positively influenced the density of the PP/MMT composite foams. It was observed that tensile properties diminished with increasing content of the blowing agent. The lowest foam density achieved in this study was 0.83 g/cm³. Among the samples, the 3PP/MMT polymer foam exhibited the smallest average cell size (approximately 2 μm) and the highest density (0,87 g/cm³). Nano clay addition generally enhances modulus and strength, while CBA incorporation tends to decrease them. Moreover, elongation at break decreases significantly with increasing CBA and MMT content.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"111 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and multi-scale modeling research on the dynamic tensile properties of open-hole CFRP laminates subjected to strain rates of low to medium","authors":"Guangshuo Feng,&nbsp;Yiben Zhang,&nbsp;Bo Liu","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01385-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01385-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In practical applications, carbon fiber-reinforced composite (CFRP) laminates are perforated and subjected to external dynamic loads. In this study, the tensile properties of open-hole CFRP laminates are analyzed by low to medium strain rate experiments and multi-scale modeling approaches. The tests consider four strain rates (1, 10, 100, and 200 s⁻¹) and two stacking sequences ([−45/45]_2 s, [0/45/90/−45]_s). A 3D progressive damage model based on the maximum stress criterion, 3D Hashin criterion, and cohesive zone model is proposed to predict the fiber damage, matrix damage and interface damage of CFRP laminates. The input modulus and strength parameters are determined by the microscale representative volume elements (RVEs) of the composite ply under different loading conditions. The results showed that the tensile strength of open-hole CFRP laminates increases with increasing strain rate and that angle-ply laminates exhibit a higher strain rate sensitivity than quasi-isotropic laminates. The proposed failure criterion and multi-scale modeling approach are sufficient to reveal the effect of perforation on the stress distribution and to describe the progressive damage process of open-hole CFRP laminates. The relative errors between the experimental and simulation results were 1.20%, 3.26%, 2.05% and 7.04% at strain rates of 1, 10, 100 and 200 s⁻¹, respectively. The results can serve as a reference for the design of composite structures.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"287 - 298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143109790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epoxy/cashew nut shell liquid hybrid polymer composite reinforced with sisal fiber mat and stainless steel wire mesh: mechanical and thermal behavior study","authors":"Mohana Priya G,&nbsp;Dhavamani C","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01388-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01388-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Attentions are focused on developing a special type of hybrid polymer matrix consisting of a combination of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and epoxy polymer composites with sisal fiber mat and stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM) as reinforcements. The present research addresses two different issues such as focusing on developing sustainable materials and also, renewable and cost-effective alternatives to synthetic counterparts. The composite materials were fabricated using compression molding and their performance was assessed by examining mechanical and thermal behavior. Hybrid polymer composites (HP) have comparatively lower flexural performance than plain epoxy polymer composites (EP), i.e., a decrease from 42 to 38.5 MPa. However, when the SSWM along with sisal fiber mat was incorporated into the hybrid polymer, the flexural performance increased almost equivalent to that of the sisal fiber-reinforced epoxy polymer composites, i.e., 98.2–120 MPa. With a fairly increase in the tensile performance of the composite laminate, the flexural performance could be increased by incorporating SSWM into the hybrid polymer. More than 50% enhancement in impact strength, i.e., 0.3 to ~ 1.0 J, was observed for the hybrid polymer reinforced with sisal and SSWM compared to composites without SSWM reinforcement. The inclusion of SSWM into the composites and also modifying epoxy as a hybrid polymer matrix showed a detrimental effect on the thermal stability of the composite material.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"277 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143109756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pronouncedly elevated impact toughness of isotactic polypropylene upon annealing realized by introducing alkyl-terminated hyperbranched polyester","authors":"Jingru Liu, Huiting Chen, Yi Li","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01390-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01390-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The promoted mobility of chain segments in the amorphous region of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is beneficial to the improvement of its impact toughness. In the present work, two kinds of hyperbranched polyesters with different lengths of alkyl-terminated groups (octadecyl-terminated hyperbranched polyester HBP-C18, and hexyl-terminated hyperbranched polyester HBP-C6) were incorporated into iPP through melt-blending, respectively. Then the blends were annealed at different temperatures. Polarized optical microscopy and dynamic rheology results reveal that HBP-C18 only performs the function of lubricant on iPP. As a consequence, the incorporation of HBP-C18 weakens the impact strength of iPP, and further annealing treatment results in sharp depression of the impact toughness of iPP/HBP-C18 blend. On the contrary, dramatically enhanced impact toughness of iPP could be achieved by the incorporation of HBP-C6 and further annealing treatment. After being annealed at 120 °C for 3 h, the impact strength of iPP/HBP-C6 reaches 16.0 kJ m⁻², 119% higher than that of its unannealed counterpart, almost 186% higher than that of annealed iPP, and even elevated by 400% in contrast to that of unannealed iPP. Introducing a small amount of HBP-C6 with dual roles of plasticizer and pore-forming agent as well as further annealing treatment not only promote prominently the mobility of chain segments in the amorphous region of the iPP matrix, but also induce the formation of massive microvoids, giving rise to intense plastic deformation under the impact load condition, and therefore pronouncedly elevated impact toughness of iPP could be obtained. This work could provide a novel and effective strategy for iPP toughening.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rice husk/glass fiber-reinforced poly(lactic acid) hybrid composites: rheological and dynamic mechanical study","authors":"Mustafa Kuyumcu, Gokce Kurt, Alper Kasgoz, Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01384-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01384-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explores the effects of incorporating rice husk, glass fiber, and a POE-<i>g</i>-Mah(ethylene–octene copolymer functionalized with maleic anhydride) compatibilizer on the properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based composites. Through SEM analyses, it is observed that enhanced filler dispersion and interfacial bonding between the PLA matrix and fillers with POE-<i>g</i>-Mah result in improved composite compatibility. The rheological percolation threshold of the rice husk is determined above 30% for the samples containing only PLA and rice husk; however, it is determined between 20 and 30% for the samples containing the POE-<i>g</i>-Mah. The incorporation of POE-<i>g</i>-Mah into the polymer phase causes much higher modulus values compared to its counterparts with the same filler concentration. The DMA results revealed significant enhancements in the modulus of elasticity and damping properties when rice husk and glass fiber were added. The composite with 20% (by weight) rice husk and 5% (by weight) compatibilizer doubled its elastic modulus at 40 °C and increased fivefold to 65 °C with an additional 15% (by weight) glass fiber. This modification substantially reduced energy dissipation and improved damping performance and dimensional stability, which was also evidenced by a decrease in thermal expansion. These findings imply the potential of using rice husk, glass fiber, and POE-<i>g</i>-Mah to significantly enhance the mechanical and thermal properties, offering valuable insights for developing high-performance sustainable materials.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing drilling parameters for unidirectional glass fiber/nanoclay-epoxy matrix composites using gray relational analysis and response surface methodology","authors":"Sakine Kiratli, Hüseyin Gökçe","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01382-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01382-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this innovative study, the drilling performances of laminated composites containing different ratios (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt% ) of nanoclay were examined and optimized using the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making method. Control factors included material (NC), feed rate (f), cutting speed (Vc), drill bit (D), were considered and an appropriate experimental design was made. Thrust force (Fc), cutting tool temperature (T), and delamination factor (Df) were determined as quality characteristics. Delamination in the holes was measured using imaging analysis, and a two-dimensional (2D) delamination factor based on the nominal diameter was calculated. As the nanoclay ratio increased, the Fc increased by over 50% due to the increase in friction and material strength. Conversely, as the drill tip angle decreased, a relative decrease was observed in the Fc and T values. According to the quality characteristics, NC was found to be the most effective control factor, with 65.53% and 70.74% for Fz and T, respectively, while D was found to be the most effective control factor with 41.23% for Df. Using Gray Relational Analysis, the optimum drilling parameters were found to be a pure composite material, a drill bit with a 90° tip angle, 140 m/min cutting speed, and a 0.04 mm/rev feed rate. The results calculated with the mathematical models obtained using the Response Surface Method were tested with a series of verification experiments. The relative error values of the results obtained from these experiments and the results measured from the models were calculated as approximately 1% for Fz, nearly 0.54% for T, and almost 1.48% for Df. The results calculated with the mathematical models obtained using the Response Surface Method were tested with a series of verification experiments. The relative error values of the results obtained from these experiments and the results calculated from the models were calculated as approximately 1% for Fz, approximately 0.54% for T, and approximately 1.48% for Df.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physio-mechanical and thermal characteristics of Mimosa pudica microfibers impregnated novel PLA biocomposite","authors":"Arnab Sengupta, Sarojrani Pattnaik, Mihir Kumar Sutar","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01387-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01387-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present work deals with the synthesis of compression-molded eco-friendly composites containing emerging biopolymer polylactic acid (PLA) impregnated with varying proportions (5, 10, and 15% by weight) of <i>Mimosa pudica</i> (MP) microfibers. Characteristics of the prepared composite variants were analyzed to figure out the influence of the novel fibers, derived by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) retting from the stem of the inedible plant with the common name—touch-me-not, which grows abundantly in tropical wastelands across the world. The physical attributes of the biocomposites accounted for in the study were density, void content, moisture content, and water absorption together with thickness swelling tendency. The maximum water absorption and thickness swelling of the composite samples, soaked in distilled water for 30 days, were recorded as 7.28% and 13.2%, respectively; both parameters increased with an increment in fibers loading in the composites. PLA composites with fiber content of 10% recorded the optimum tensile and flexural properties; tensile strength and modulus were 20 MPa and 6902 MPa and flexural strength and modulus were 28 MPa and 4758 MPa, respectively. The inclusion of MP fibers enhanced thermal stability of the PLA composites, indicated by thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analyses, with a maximum degradation temperature of 293 °C for 15 wt% fiber loading. Biodegradability test results of the composites displayed appreciable weight loss at the end of 90 days, with the highest of 40.96% for the sample containing 15 wt% fiber, which was favorable for the end-of-life disposal and seamless assimilation by nature.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradable, biocompatible, and self-healing, injectable hydrogel based on oxidized Azadirachta indica gum and carboxymethyl chitosan through dynamic imine-linkage for biomedical application","authors":"Jitendra Kumar, Roli Purwar","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01386-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01386-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>At physiological temperature (37 °C), neem gum (NG) containing multialdehyde groups (NG-CHO) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) were combined to formulate an injectable hydrogel through the utilization of dynamic imine linkages. The investigation comprises determining the ideal oxidizing agent concentration to maximize the amount of aldehydes in neem gum. The best-oxidized neem gum determined the minimum gelation time (3 min). The injectable hydrogel's syringeability (~ 99%), porosity (47–71%), self-healing ability, and gel content (58–76%) were evaluated. Characterization techniques, including FTIR and ¹H NMR, confirmed the synthesis, and FESEM showed the morphology of the injectable hydrogel (pore size ~ 80 to 120 µm). Rheometry technique was used for quantitative analysis of shear-thinning behavior and self-healing ability. The swelling ratio was assessed for dry and gel forms of injectable hydrogels in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 5.5, 7.4, and 8.5. The swelling ratio decreased as the pH increased (5.5–7.4) and then increased at pH 8.5 for all synthesized injectable hydrogels (IHs) in dry and gel forms. For the release assay, an antibiotic model drug, ciprofloxacin HCl (Cipro), was loaded in situ, and the drug release behavior of dry and gel forms of injectable hydrogel was compared within all pH ranges. The drug release kinetics were estimated using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. Cytotoxicity evaluation using L-929 fibroblast cell lines, antibacterial assay, and hydrolytic degradability (20–65%) in phosphate buffer saline at pH 7.4 was also conducted.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of nucleating agent on the mechanical and thermal properties of neat isotactic polypropylene/reprocessed polypropylene blends","authors":"Mete Evren Berktas, Aysun Ekinci, Mustafa Oksuz, Murat Ates, Ismail Aydin","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01369-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01369-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, recycling of polypropylene (PP) has gained significant attention for various industrial applications, namely post-industrial PP waste has great advantages in terms of circular economy. In this study, the effect of the amount of nucleating agent on the mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene blends was investigated. Neat isotactic polypropylene and reprocessed polypropylene (iPP/rPP) were blended by means of a twin-screw extruder at 0/100, 50/50, 25/75 and 100/0% (by weight), respectively. The blends were processed by means of a twin-screw extruder then injection molded with the nucleating agent at different ratios (0, 1, 3 and 6% by weight). The properties of the samples were investigated by melt flow index (MFI) measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile test, three point bending test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The MFI values of the blends increased with the increasing amount of rPP. As a result of DSC analysis, the melting temperature of the blends increased by 1.4 °C with the presence of 6% (by weight) nucleating agent. The highest flexural modulus was obtained as 1863 MPa for the iPP/rPP0 blends with the addition of 6% (by weight) nucleating agent. The elastic modulus increased with the addition of nucleating agent from 1819 (iPP/rPP50NA0) to 2152 MPa (iPP/rPP50NA6). The iPP/rPP blend with a weight ratio of (50/50) exhibited mechanical and thermal properties similar to neat iPP with the presence of 3% (by weight) nucleating agent.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of date seed and graphite fillers on the mechanical and thermal properties of vinyl ester matrix composites","authors":"Veeramalai Chinnasamy Sathish Gandhi, Durairaj Manikandan, Radhakrishnan Kumaravelan, Nagaraj Nagaprasad","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01383-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01383-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Currently, fiber-reinforced polymer composites possess multiple benefits compared to metals and alloys in diverse applications. Researchers have conducted numerous studies aimed at improving the inherent mechanical and thermal properties of composite materials. These studies primarily emphasize the utilization of biodegradable, recyclable, and sustainable materials. This research paper aims to analyze the use of solid biomass waste, particularly hybrid date seed filler (DSF) and graphite (GH) powder, as reinforcements in vinyl ester (VE) composites. The hand layup method was used for manufacturing composites, incorporating DSF components with weight percentages varying from 0 to 15% and graphite ranging from 0 to 9% (by wt). The study aimed to investigate how the introduction of hybrid filler affects both the mechanical characteristics and thermal resistance of the composites. A set of experiments was carried out to assess the mechanical properties of composites created by combining graphite powder with DSF. Tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and hardness are among the qualities. The optimal mechanical properties of the GH–DSF–VE composite were achieved with a date seed infill of 10% (by wt) and graphite of 9% (by wt). The ultimate tensile strength of the material measured approximately 43.2 MPa. The composite materials that were developed demonstrated an ultimate flexural strength of around 136 MPa. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that GH–DSF–VE composites have a high thermal resistance of up to 350 °C. The analysis of the fractured surface and surface properties of GH–DSF–VE composites was performed using scanning electron microscopy.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}