Iranian Polymer Journal最新文献

{"title":"Mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of polypropylene/montmorillonite polymer composite foam","authors":"Elif Ulutas,&nbsp;Munir Tasdemir,&nbsp;Nurefsan Kuvvet,&nbsp;Omer Faruk Korkmaz,&nbsp;Muhammed Cuma Duran","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01395-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01395-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The escalating utilization of plastic materials, coupled with advancements in technology, has propelled the plastics industry into a state of continual evolution. However, the rapid technological progress has also exacerbated issues such as environmental pollution and global warming, primarily due to the excessive consumption of raw materials. These environmental challenges have increasingly constrained the growth of the manufacturing sector. In the polymer world, polymer foams, characterized by a high percentage of pores within their structure, have emerged as a new-generation solution for reducing raw material consumption. This study aimed to develop nanoparticle-filled polypropylene (PP)-based polymer composite foams. The original contribution of this study lies in the production and characterization processes of polymer composite foams developed using PP as the matrix material and MMT nano clay as the additive. Optimizing these processes aims to contribute to environmental sustainability goals by reducing raw material consumption. PP/Montmorillonite (MMT) foams were synthesized through melt blending, employing a chemical blowing agent (CBA) and conventional twin-screw extrusion techniques. The resulting composite foams were evaluated for various properties, including density, cell characteristics (such as cell size and cell density), stiffness, thermal properties, and mechanical strength. The presence of microcells within the polymer matrix positively influenced the density of the PP/MMT composite foams. It was observed that tensile properties diminished with increasing content of the blowing agent. The lowest foam density achieved in this study was 0.83 g/cm³. Among the samples, the 3PP/MMT polymer foam exhibited the smallest average cell size (approximately 2 μm) and the highest density (0,87 g/cm³). Nano clay addition generally enhances modulus and strength, while CBA incorporation tends to decrease them. Moreover, elongation at break decreases significantly with increasing CBA and MMT content.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"111 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocomposites derived from esterified rice starch reinforced with microcellulose fiber","authors":"Hanee Katong,&nbsp;Lapporn Vayachuta,&nbsp;Saowapa Chotisuwan,&nbsp;Jareerat Ruamcharoen","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01400-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01400-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bio-based composites have garnered significant attention as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional materials. Therefore, novel bio-based composites were developed by reinforcing microcellulose fiber (MCF) from rice straw in esterified rice starch. Two native rice starches, i.e. Mao-Noh (MN) and Majanu (MJ), were modified using a dry method with maleic anhydride (MA) as an esterifying agent, resulting in MA-modified starches, namely MAMN and MAMJ. Subsequently, MAMN and MAMJ were blended with varying amounts of microcellulose fiber. It was found that the biocomposite films from both esterified rice starches exhibited translucency. The moisture content, water vapor transmission, and water solubility of the biocomposite films decreased with increasing amounts of MCF. Tensile tests on the biocomposite films revealed that the tensile strength and modulus values tended to increase with higher MCF content. The maximum tensile strength and Young’s modulus values for biocomposite films with 10% (by weight) of MCF was found. However, when the MCF content was increased to 15% (by weight), the strength and Young’s modulus decreased. This confirmed the effective dispersion of MCF in the esterified starch and a strong interface interaction between cellulose fibers and modified starch, as revealed by SEM analysis. Furthermore, upon adding MCF to the esterified starch, the intensity of positions corresponding to the crystalline structure of ES and MCF was observed, correlating with the MCF content.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 4","pages":"583 - 597"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering gypsum reuse through green composites development and the effect of three different bioplasticizers on their properties","authors":"Grecia G. Colina,&nbsp;Alana G. Souza,&nbsp;Derval S. Rosa,&nbsp;Éder B. da Silveira,&nbsp;Ticiane S. Valera,&nbsp;Hélio Wiebeck","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01393-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01393-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Starting from post-consumer gypsum, green composites have been produced by melt-blending polylactic acid (PLA), anhydrous calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) filler, and bioplasticizers (coconut oil, cardanol, and epoxidized soybean oil) to solve the actual problem of poor performance and low production efficiency of biocomposites—such as poor properties and tendency to agglomerate. The dehydration of gypsum residues was studied by grinding and calcining them at 500 °C for 1 h and 3 h, and it was observed that only the sample calcined for 3 h (GR3) was completely dehydrated. The composites were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical tests of tensile, flexural, and impact strength. The results showed that the gypsum fillers increased PLA’s toughness, and the compositions with coconut oil (PLA–RG3–COC) and epoxidized soybean oil (PLA–RG3–ESO) obtained increases in stiffness and toughness, observed by changes in Young’s modulus (from 2 up to 2.5 GPa) and strain at break (from 3 up to 40%), respectively. Gypsum fillers promoted the shift of degradation temperature for higher temperatures (~ 360 °C), and the addition of the bioplasticizers slightly influenced the thermal stability of the composites. A plasticizing effect on the decreasing glass transition temperature of the composites was observed with the addition of coconut oil, cardanol, and epoxidized soybean oil. The developed composites cover new advanced materials to revolutionize conventional PLA-residue composites, bolster sustainability, and enhance their applicability.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 4","pages":"517 - 530"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pore size effect on the degradation, tensile properties and cell viability of polycaprolactone/starch scaffold: experimental study","authors":"Seyed Mostafa Mirtabaei,&nbsp;Mohammad Yasin Mollajavadi,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Ketabi","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01397-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01397-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes, which have many uses in dentistry, must have enough pore size to inhibit excessive connective tissue penetration into the bone defect on one side of the scaffold, while promoting neovascularization and bone growth on the other side. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) and starch were mixed with a ratio of 70:30 through the 3D bioprinting method which makes it possible to have an appropriate control on the pore size of the scaffold. SEM images showed that on the larger side, the pore size is around 370 µm, and on the other side of the scaffold, the average pore size is around 150 µm. Also, EDX analysis confirmed high concentrations of oxygen and carbon in the scaffold, indicating the presence of PCL and starch. Because of lipase's ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in PCL, the scaffolds that were immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution containing lipase showed a much higher degradation ratio (90%) after 28 days than those in PBS solution containing amylase (18%) or the combination of both (51%). These degradation ratios are much greater than the similar previous reports in which the scaffold had smaller pore size caused by other methods like electrospinning. The increase in pore size enhances degradation while maintaining acceptable levels of tensile strength (2.55 ± 0.29 MPa) required for GBR membranes.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 4","pages":"571 - 581"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Halogen-free polymer composites: advancing sustainable and high-performance flexible electronics","authors":"Maziyar Sabet","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01399-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01399-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flexible electronics, including wearable devices, foldable displays, sensors, and energy storage solutions are revolutionizing modern technology. These applications demand materials that are not only high-performing but also environmentally sustainable. Traditional flame-retardant polymer composites often rely on halogenated flame retardants, which pose significant environmental and health risks due to their toxic and non-biodegradable nature. In contrast, halogen-free polymer composites emerge as a sustainable alternative, offering both safety and superior performance. This review investigates the latest advancements in halogen-free polymer composites, emphasizing their environmental benefits and advanced performance characteristics such as enhanced flexibility, robustness, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability. Recent innovations include the integration of nanomaterials, which significantly improved the electrical and thermal properties of these composites, and the adoption of advanced fabrication techniques such as 3D printing, which enhanced scalability and design flexibility. Additionally, the review highlights the role of sustainable materials and bio-based polymers in the development of these composites, contributing to a reduced environmental footprint. Despite these advancements, significant gaps have been remained, particularly concerning the long-term stability and large-scale manufacturing processes of these composites. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the widespread adoption of halogen-free polymer composites in flexible electronics. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges and recent innovations, ultimately paving the way for future research and development in this promising field. By identifying and exploring these gaps, the review seeks to facilitate the advancement of safer, more sustainable materials for next-generation flexible electronic devices.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 4","pages":"599 - 624"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyesters derived from 4,4’-dixydroxybenzophenone: syntheses and properties","authors":"Jisong Qin,&nbsp;Zhengzai Cheng,&nbsp;Lesly Dasilva Wandji Djouonkep,&nbsp;Mario Gauthier","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01392-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01392-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To meet polymeric material sustainability requirements of the modern polymer industry, a novel diphenyl-based monomer, dimethyl 2,2’-((carbonylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))diacetate (DPBD), was prepared from 4,4'-dixydroxybenzophenone, derived from potentially bio-sourced 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The diester monomer DPBD was polymerized with either 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, or 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol as aliphatic diols to afford aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters (P₁–P₄). The copolyesters were characterized using gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile testing, as well as biodegradation and earthworm acute toxicity assays. The effects of diol carbon chain length and cyclic diol monomers on polyester properties were investigated. From the results, the weight-average molecular weight (M_w) of the polyesters ranged from 37.5 to 45.5 kg/mol, glass transition temperature (T_g) ranged from 65 to 78 °C, initial thermal decomposition temperature (T_d,5%) varied from 324 to 353 °C, yield strength varied from 45 to 56 MPa, and elongation-at-break ranged from 215 to 290%. The properties can be adjusted by tuning the monomer structure, which induced a degradation rate of up to 4.6% after incubation in soil for 30 weeks, in contrast to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) which showed no degradation under the same conditions. The ecotoxicity of the polyesters to earthworms remained low, even at high concentration polymer concentration tested (4000 mg/kg soil), the survival rate was above 82%. Therefore, polyesters offer a good combination of structure-to-property serving as potential alternatives to petroleum-based materials.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 4","pages":"485 - 497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual- and triple-shape memory properties of cross-linked recycled polyvinyl butyral/polyvinyl chloride binary blends","authors":"Yuan Gao,&nbsp;Chenchen Zhang,&nbsp;Huajie Gao,&nbsp;Zhonggeng Wang,&nbsp;Jianfeng Wang,&nbsp;Yanyu Yang,&nbsp;Wanjie Wang,&nbsp;Yanxia Cao","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01394-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01394-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Various ratios of recycled polyvinyl butyral (RPVB)/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blends were prepared using a simple melt blending technique through incorporating RPVB, PVC, and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) capable of cross-linking with RPVB, to achieve a broad glass transition region. The thermal transitions, microstructure, and their correlation with the shape memory properties of the blend were systematically studied. The results indicate that the blends with a microphase-separated structure exhibit high miscibility, as well as a wide range of glass transition that expands with increasing PVC content. When the PVC content is low, the entire transition region shows a primary transition, while at higher PVC contents, the broad transition region consists of two closely spaced but distinguishable transitions. The blends demonstrate good dual and triple-shape memory performance. The RPVB cross-linked network and the degree of vitrification for the PVC and RPVB phases are crucial factors in controlling temporary shape recovery and fixation. The RPVB/PVC blend with 20% (by weight) PVC content featuring an island-like structure exhibits the best triple-shape memory performance and mechanical properties.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 4","pages":"547 - 559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and multi-scale modeling research on the dynamic tensile properties of open-hole CFRP laminates subjected to strain rates of low to medium","authors":"Guangshuo Feng,&nbsp;Yiben Zhang,&nbsp;Bo Liu","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01385-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01385-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In practical applications, carbon fiber-reinforced composite (CFRP) laminates are perforated and subjected to external dynamic loads. In this study, the tensile properties of open-hole CFRP laminates are analyzed by low to medium strain rate experiments and multi-scale modeling approaches. The tests consider four strain rates (1, 10, 100, and 200 s⁻¹) and two stacking sequences ([−45/45]_2 s, [0/45/90/−45]_s). A 3D progressive damage model based on the maximum stress criterion, 3D Hashin criterion, and cohesive zone model is proposed to predict the fiber damage, matrix damage and interface damage of CFRP laminates. The input modulus and strength parameters are determined by the microscale representative volume elements (RVEs) of the composite ply under different loading conditions. The results showed that the tensile strength of open-hole CFRP laminates increases with increasing strain rate and that angle-ply laminates exhibit a higher strain rate sensitivity than quasi-isotropic laminates. The proposed failure criterion and multi-scale modeling approach are sufficient to reveal the effect of perforation on the stress distribution and to describe the progressive damage process of open-hole CFRP laminates. The relative errors between the experimental and simulation results were 1.20%, 3.26%, 2.05% and 7.04% at strain rates of 1, 10, 100 and 200 s⁻¹, respectively. The results can serve as a reference for the design of composite structures.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"287 - 298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143109790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-silicon carbide/carbon black hybrid fillers for accelerating the curing of styrene-butadiene/butadiene rubber blend by improving thermal diffusivity","authors":"Amirreza Zabihi,&nbsp;Sajad Rasouli,&nbsp;Gholamreza Bozorg Panah Kharat,&nbsp;Mohammad Fasihi","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01389-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01389-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The synergistic impact of combining nano-silicon carbide (SiC) and carbon black (CB) on enhancing the cure characteristics and vulcanization reaction of the styrene-butadiene/butadiene rubber blend is investigated by promoting thermal diffusivity. The oscillating disk rheometer (ODR) results indicated a ~ 3%, ~ 23% and ~ 15% reduction in both scorch and curing times, and the time differences between them due to SiC. Furthermore, SiC induced a notable 3% increase in the minimum torque and a substantial 39% increase in the maximum torque during the ODR test. The curing features improved with SiC content, particularly at 12 phr. However, the 30 phr of CB decreased the scorch time by ~ 10%, and enhanced the minimum and maximum torques by ~ 4% and ~ 12%, respectively. The Kamal-Sourour autocatalytic model applied on the rheometry data exhibited a ~ 100% acceleration in the curing reaction rate by 12 phr SiC. This study monitored temperature variations in the sample during both thermalization within the curing and subsequent natural cooling using a specialized setup, aiming to elucidate the effect of the fillers on the curing reaction mechanism. The results illustrated an increase in the heat transfer within the samples by ~ 30% at 12 phr SiC and 30 phr CB. Nevertheless, 30 phr of CB enhanced the thermal diffusivity of the rubber blend by ~ 250%.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 4","pages":"531 - 545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive investigation of epoxy/graphene oxide/copper nanocomposites: experimental study and modeling-optimization of mechanical characteristics","authors":"Mehran Mahouri,&nbsp;Vali Parvaneh,&nbsp;Ali Dadrasi,&nbsp;Ghobad Shafiei Sabet","doi":"10.1007/s13726-024-01374-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-024-01374-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the pursuit of advanced materials, researchers have turned to nanocomposites as a means to enhance both electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. The integration of copper nanoparticles (CNP) and graphene oxide (GO) into epoxy resin opened new routes for optimizing material performance, bridging the gap between electrical functionality and mechanical strength. This work, systematically examined the electrical conductivity, mechanical features, and optimized the mechanical characteristics of epoxy resin reinforced with CNP and GO using a multi-objective optimization design based on the genetic algorithm. The epoxy-based nanocomposites were reinforced up to 0.625 wt% of either GO or CNP and 1.25 wt% GO/CNP hybrid filler. Experimental results showed that the electrical conductivity increased in all nanocomposites by addition of fillers. Furthermore, the mechanical results indicated that tensile and flexural strength improved up to 47.54% and 26.83% in Epoxy/GO/CNP hybrid nanocomposite compared to the neat epoxy resin, respectively. Also, the optimum values were 41.62 MPa for tensile strength in 0.262 wt% GO and 0.018 wt% CNP, and 67.22 GPa for flexural strength in 0.344 wt% GO and 0.625 wt% CNP. Effective mechanisms of fillers have been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and observed that agglomeration was dominant. These findings hold promise for advancing our understanding of nanocomposite behavior, particularly in the context of mechanical strength and electrical conductivity.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"34 3","pages":"373 - 385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}