Iranian Polymer Journal最新文献

{"title":"Mechanical, moisture absorption, and morphological analysis of epoxy composites reinforced with natural fibres","authors":"B Deeban,&nbsp;Kosireddi Komali ,&nbsp; E Illango,&nbsp; A Sarathi","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01580-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01580-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites are increasingly valued for their sustainability and mechanical efficiency. This study presents a comparative investigation of epoxy-based composites reinforced with ten natural fibres, including hemp, sisal, pineapple, banana, coconut coir, palm, banyan, flax, jute, and paddy straw, all fabricated using the hand layup technique. Comprehensive mechanical characterization was performed through tensile, flexural, and compressive tests following ASTM standards. Flax composites exhibited the highest tensile (3 kN) and compressive strength (4.32 kN), while jute showed superior flexural load capacity (3.63 kN). Moisture absorption studies revealed that coconut coir absorbed the most water (7.1%) and jute the least (2.0%), indicating a strong hydrophobic profile. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed structural integrity and functional groups, while FESEM imaging revealed microstructural features such as fibre pull-out, resin cracks, and bonding irregularities. The novelty of this work lies in its systematic evaluation of ten distinct fibres under identical conditions, coupled with an analysis of aged versus fresh epoxy matrices, an aspect occasionally addressed in previous studies. This research provides critical guidance for selecting natural fibres in structural composites requiring both mechanical strength and moisture resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 3","pages":"611 - 635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147341854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical performance of 3D-printed graphene-reinforced polylactic acidnanocomposites","authors":"Vijay Kumar,&nbsp;Dhinakaran Veeman,&nbsp;Vikrant Singh,&nbsp;Ashwani Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Ankit Sharma,&nbsp;Rajeev Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01576-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01576-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the mechanical performance of graphene-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites that have been 3D printed. The research also highlights the relevance of graphene nanoparticle (GNP) concentration in improving the attributes of the material. A GNP loading of 1.0% is shown to improve the mechanical enhancement and ensure uniform dispersion, which is essential for efficient load transfer and interfacial bonding, according to the study’s findings. When subjected to these circumstances, the nanocomposites reached remarkable flexural and compressive strengths of 85.6 and 84.5 MPa, respectively. At a lower concentration of GNP, 0.5%, the tensile strength was measured to be 47.5 MPa, the highest value ever recorded. Because of stress concentrations and structural flaws, the existence of agglomerates at higher GNP concentrations (1.5 and 2.0%) can lead to a decrease in mechanical performance, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. These findings highlight the need to adjust the GNP content of PLA nanocomposites to improve their mechanical characteristics. This is especially important in additive manufacturing, where high-strength materials are of the utmost critical necessity. The findings from this work give unique insights into the role of GNP as a reinforcing agent and provide practical instructions for manufacturing advanced PLA-GNP nanocomposites, assuring increased performance in diverse structural applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 5","pages":"1117 - 1129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147636925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composite agar hydrogel containing polycaprolactone microparticles with Crocin sustained release for nerve tissue engineering","authors":"Faezeh Modili,&nbsp;Mojgan Zandi,&nbsp;Farhid Farahmandghavi,&nbsp;Mohamad Pezeshki-Modaress,&nbsp;Mitra Hashemi Tabatabaei","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01565-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01565-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nerve injury is one of the most significant problems; that medical science has faced. In this study, Crocin was used as a neuroactive drug to improve and accelerate nerve regeneration. The drug was loaded into microparticles of polycaprolactone (PCL) using the double-emulsion and solvent evaporation method. The effects of different parameters such as the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the first and second emulsions, drug loading, drug/polymer ratio, rotational speed, duration and the type of homogenizer on the mean particle size and drug loading efficiency were investigated. Based on the results, first and second emulsions with concentrations of PVA 0.5% and 1% w/v, homogenizer with a 24,500 rpm rotational speed and a drug concentration of 10% were chosen as the optimal conditions. The microparticles obtained had a spherical shape with a mean particle size of 3 μm as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and mouse fibroblast L929 culture results showed no toxicity. Incorporating Crocin-loaded particles into agar hydrogel reduced the burst release from 70 to 41% compared to Crocin-loaded particles alone. A rheology test showed that the agar hydrogel at 0.34% w/v containing microparticles exhibited a suitable storage modulus of approximately 1200 Pa making it appropriate for consideration in peripheral nerve diffusion.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 5","pages":"1131 - 1145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147636923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of basalt/snake grass fibercomposites with nanosilica addition: a sustainable material for construction and building","authors":"Kumaresan Gladys Ashok,&nbsp;Gurusamy Kasirajan,&nbsp;Grandhi Kailash Kumar,&nbsp;Muttikal Varghese Jerome","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01574-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01574-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores the enhancement of mechanical, thermal, and durability characteristics of sustainable hybrid composites using snake grass fiber (SGF) and basalt fiber with nanosilica as a reinforcing filler. The primary objective is to address the limitations of natural fiber composites, specifically their poor moisture resistance, interfacial bonding, and fracture toughness, by integrating nanosilica into the epoxy matrix. Composites were fabricated using a hot-pressing technique, with nanosilica uniformly dispersed via mechanical mixing and sonication.The findings showed that adding 3% (by wt) nanosilica led to substantial improvements: tensile strength increased by 36.45%, flexural strength by 34.76%, impact strength by 33.02%, and interlaminar shear strength by 53.64%. Mode-I fracture toughness improved by 30%, attributed to enhanced crack bridging and energy dissipation mechanisms. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed improved thermal stability, with degradation delayed up to 370 °C. Moisture absorption and hydrophilicity were notably reduced, as confirmed by contact angle measurements, indicating improved surface resistance to water. However, biodegradability slightly decreased due to the barrier effect of nanosilica particles hindering microbial degradation. Microscopic analysis revealed improved fiber–matrix interfacial bonding at the optimal nanosilica content, contributing to the enhanced mechanical behavior. Overall, this work reveals the potential of nano silica-enhanced SGF/basalt hybrid composites as environment friendly, high-performance materials suitable for structural and construction applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 5","pages":"1103 - 1116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147636924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene oxide nanofiller-reinforced polymer nanocomposites for marine applications: fabrication and mechanical testing","authors":"Dauson Nyonyi,&nbsp;Varaha Siva Prasad Ventala,&nbsp;Swapna Peravali","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01573-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01573-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Advancements in nanotechnology have enabled the incorporation of nanomaterials across various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and maritime, through the development of nanocomposites. These nanocomposites exhibit multifunctional properties, notably the nanofiller acts as a load-carrying bearing in the composite. This experimental study aims to fabricate, characterise, and evaluate the mechanical properties of graphene oxide (GO) nanofiller-reinforced epoxy polymer/E-fiberglass nanocomposites. Graphene oxide nanoparticles are used as nanofillers in epoxy polymer composites reinforced with E-glass fibres. The vacuum bagging technique was employed to achieve proper laminate compaction by reducing voids within the laminate during the fabrication process. The small volume fraction (vol%) of GO nanoparticles at 2, 4, 6, and 8 vol% was used with an epoxy polymer matrix. The characterisation and mechanical properties were conducted to meet the marine strength requirements, as recommended by the ASTM, Indian Register of Shipping (IRClass), and the Safety of Life at Sea Code (SOLAS-IMO). The results show that the specimen with 6 vol% graphene oxide nanoparticles had a high tensile strength of 432.72 MPa, which is 54.2% higher than that of the baseline specimen (0 vol% graphene oxide) at 197.99 MPa. These findings indicate that new graphene oxide nanoparticle composite materials may exhibit improved mechanical properties and enhanced durability in marine environments.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 5","pages":"1091 - 1101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147636998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel silane-functionalized TiO2/g-C3N4-reinforced PVDF nanocomposites-based membrane: adsorption, kinetics, and optimization studies","authors":"S. Nivedita,&nbsp;J. Jayamuthunagai,&nbsp;M. Induja,&nbsp;M. Alagar","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01567-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01567-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present work focuses on development of polymeric composite membranes-based on polyvinylidene fluoride incorporated with aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) functionalized TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ nanoparticles, which was synthesized and characterized using FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDAX, and XPS. A phase-inversion technique was used to integrate the APTMS-functionalized TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ nanoparticles into PVDF membrane. To remove methylene blue dye (MB) efficiently, this work combines the two approaches, concentrating on photocatalytic degradation, adsorption, and kinetics. APTMS-functionalized TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/PVDF, a selective adsorbent, was developed and assessed utilizing different adsorption isotherm models, such as Freundlich and Langmuir. APTMS-functionalized TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ showed better MB degrading efficiency than that of TiO₂/g-C₃N₄-PVDF composites. The photocatalytic activity of APTMS-functionalized TiO₂/g-C₃N₄-PVDF composite was optimized under visible light, following a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. It was also found that the photocatalyst developed has possesses catalytic activity even after five consecutive cycles. A Box–Behnken design using response surface methodology (RSM) was applied, and found that the maximum removal of MB was achieved with 93.89% at optimum conditions: MB concentration = 10 mg/L, TiO₂ dosage = 0.3315 g, and irradiation time = 70 min. These findings highlight that the potential of APTMS-functionalized TiO₂/g-C₃N₄-PVDF composites membrane acts as an effective and cost-efficient solution for MB removal from wastewater, contributing to sustainable environmental remediation.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 5","pages":"1071 - 1089"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147637000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamma shielding performance of polyolefin elastomer composites: a theoretical and simulation-based study on bismuth oxide and lead oxide reinforcements","authors":"Mohammadreza Alipoor,&nbsp;Mahdi Eshghi,&nbsp;Ruhollah Razavinezhad","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01570-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01570-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of the presented research is to conduct investigations into the protective capacities against gamma and neutron radiation of polyolefin materials reinforced with different concentrations of lead and bismuth. During this scholarly inquiry, the efficacy of these composite materials in attenuating gamma and neutron radiation is meticulously evaluated by employing the Geant4 toolkit. The investigated materials are exposed to a range of gamma ray energy levels and their protective efficiency is quantitatively evaluated through the analytical measurement of several critical parameters, including mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient and half-value layer. The results derived from both theoretical calculations and simulated outcomes generated by the Geant4 simulation tool demonstrate a commendable level of correlation and consistency, thereby reinforcing the validity of the findings reported in this study. In the context of neutron energies, specifically focusing on thermal and fast neutrons, and considering material thicknesses of from 1 mm to 1 cm, the number of neutrons that successfully traverse the shielding material is systematically evaluated to determine the overall shielding effectiveness. It is particularly noteworthy that polyolefin composites, reinforced with specific concentrations of lead and bismuth, exhibit superior radiation shielding properties. This remarkable performance can be attributed to the dispersion of heavy metals as well as their associated density characteristics, which together contribute to the effectiveness of these materials in reducing harmful radiation. In conclusion, these findings emphasize the potential of lead–bismuth-reinforced polyolefin composites as promising materials for radiation shielding applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 5","pages":"1055 - 1069"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147636997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface modification of poly(glycerol sebacate) scaffolds with eugenol plasma to incorporate antibacterial properties","authors":"Julio César Sánchez-Pech,&nbsp;Cristian Carrera-Figueiras,&nbsp;Gaspar Eduardo Martín-Pat,&nbsp;Antonio David Abreu Rejón,&nbsp;Ángel Bacelis-Jiménez,&nbsp;Eduardo Gutiérrez-Alcántara,&nbsp;Nayeli Rodríguez-Fuentes,&nbsp;Víctor Rejón,&nbsp;Alejandro Ávila-Ortega","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01569-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01569-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a biodegradable polymer extensively utilized in tissue engineering due to its advantageous mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and controllable degradation rates. This study focuses on the fabrication of PGS scaffolds treated with eugenol plasma to introduce antibacterial properties and enhance cellular proliferation. The PGS scaffolds were created using a salt leaching technique and subsequently modified through surface treatment with eugenol plasma at various power levels, specifically 30, 60, and 120 W. The physicochemical properties of the scaffolds were characterized using advanced techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that plasma treatment significantly modified the scaffold's surface morphology, leading to increased hydrophobicity and alterations in the chemical composition, particularly with the incorporation of nitrogen and oxygen species. Biological assays confirmed that the modified scaffolds maintained biocompatibility with human gingival fibroblasts, demonstrating their potential for use in tissue engineering. Additionally, antibacterial tests revealed significant inhibition of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> at lower plasma powers (30 W), suggesting that eugenol plasma treatment effectively enhances both the antibacterial and surface properties of PGS scaffolds. These findings indicate the suitability of these modified scaffolds for applications in tissue engineering and infection control, highlighting their potential in advancing biomedical applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 5","pages":"1037 - 1053"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147637001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical properties of 3D printed K resin composites filled with willow bark fiber","authors":"Xiaohui Song,&nbsp;Xiaoying He,&nbsp;Jingwen Mo,&nbsp;Xingguo Han,&nbsp;Wenfang Guan,&nbsp;Chunlei Luo","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01572-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01572-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Willow bark fiber (WBF) was used as a filler in 3D printing of K resin composite filaments. WBF was extracted from willow bark (WB) using a chemical degumming procedure with NaOH and MgSO₄·7H₂O solution. The morphological characteristics and surface functional groups of both raw willow bark (WB) and extracted willow bark fiber (WBF) were systematically characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Analytical results demonstrated that the degumming process effectively increased the cellulose content while reducing hemi-cellulose and lignin components in WBF, simultaneously eliminating the inherent fiber aggregation present in raw WB. Contact angle measurements indicated enhanced hydrophilicity with increasing WBF content. Melt flow index (MFI) analysis showed a corresponding decrease in melt fluidity. These results suggested that WBF incorporation modifies both the surface and rheological properties of the K resin matrix. Furthermore, mechanical characterization included tensile testing of solid specimens and compression testing of porous scaffolds was conducted. The composite with 5% (by weight) WBF exhibited a significant improvement in fracture strain, reaching 421% when compared to a neat K resin. The tensile yield properties remained stable across the 15–25% (by weight) WBF concentration range, demonstrating consistent mechanical performance at higher filler loadings. In compression testing, WBF increased the yield strength from 126.67 MPa (neat K resin) to a maximum of 177.03 MPa at 10% (by weight) loading. These results highlighted WBF's dual role as both a mechanical reinforcement agent and cost-reducing filler for K resin. The developed K resin/WBF composites showed particular promise for fabricating lightweight structural components with complex geometries, offering potential applications across various engineering fields.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 5","pages":"1023 - 1035"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147636922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocompatible polypyrrole/Agaricus bisporus (edible mushroom)/zinc oxide composite: electrical conductivity, dielectric properties, modulus, and hopping mechanism study","authors":"M. G. Smitha,&nbsp;M. S. Mithun,&nbsp;S. Vijay,&nbsp;K. Krishna,&nbsp;K. Goutham Kumar,&nbsp;G. P. Vadiraj,&nbsp;S. Chandana,&nbsp;M. V. Murugendrappa","doi":"10.1007/s13726-025-01571-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-025-01571-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, impedance, and electric modulus of biocompatible polypyrrole (PPy)/<i>Agaricus bisporus</i> (AB, edible mushroom)/zinc oxide (ZnO) composites under AC conditions at room temperature. Composites were synthesized with varying weight percentages of AB/ZnO (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) relative to PPy. The details of synthesis and characterization results are reported in our earlier work. AC transport measurements were performed over a frequency range of 20 Hz to 5 MHz using an impedance analyzer. The AC electrical conductivity of the PPy/AB/ZnO composites exhibits frequency-dependent behavior associated with different relaxation mechanisms. Among the samples, the PPy-30AB/ZnO composite demonstrated the highest electrical conductivity, along with enhanced dielectric constant and dielectric loss. These features highlight the dominant capacitive nature of the composite and suggest that both grain interiors and grain boundaries significantly influence the charge transport properties. This behavior can be attributed to the fact that the 30% AB/ZnO composition optimizes the dispersion of active fillers, promotes efficient charge transport through percolative pathways, and maximizes interfacial polarization effects. The M″/M″_max and Z″/Z″_max study shows broad peak indicating a distribution of relaxation times (non-Debye behavior), while a narrow symmetric peak suggests a single relaxation time (Debye-type behavior). A shift of the Mʺ peak towards higher frequencies suggests faster relaxation which is observed for all composites. The combined analysis helps distinguish between grain, grain boundary, and electrode contributions and confirms the nature of charge transport mechanism.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 5","pages":"1007 - 1021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147636909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}