Iranian Polymer Journal最新文献

{"title":"Development of ZnMOF@MGO-modified thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes for enhanced heavy metal ions removal from water","authors":"Milad Jahan Ara,&nbsp;Assadollah Malekzadeh,&nbsp;Seyedsaman Mousavian,&nbsp;Ali Jelvehgar Filband","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01660-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01660-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work presents the development of thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) nanofiltration membranes incorporating a Zn-based metal–organic framework/magnetic graphene oxide (ZnMOF@MGO) hybrid nanofiller to enhance the removal of toxic heavy metal ions from water. The ZnMOF@MGO particles were synthesized through a stepwise growth and magnetic integration process and characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and VSM analyses, confirming successful hybrid formation and nanoscale crystallinity. These nanohybrids were dispersed within a polysulfone support and further integrated into the polyamide selective layer via interfacial polymerization to produce TFN membranes with filler loadings ranging from 0.1 to 0.5wt%. The membranes exhibited improved surface hydrophilicity (contact angle reduced from 69.54 to 48.55°), modified morphology, and enhanced structural tightness as evidenced by a decreased MWCO (700 Da for TFN0.2). Performance evaluation showed that the TFN0.2 membrane achieved the best overall separation efficiency, delivering a water flux of 116.3 L/m²·h along with high rejection of Pb²⁺ (99.14%), Hg²⁺ (82.18%), and As³⁺ (77.89%). Antifouling tests using BSA demonstrated a significant improvement in flux recovery (FRR = 98.55%) compared to the pristine TFC membrane. Although TFN0.5 exhibited slightly higher flux, excess nanofiller caused agglomeration and reduced selectivity. The results highlight the synergistic effects of ZnMOF@MGO nanohybrids in providing enhanced hydrophilicity, structural stability, permeability, and fouling resistance, confirming their strong potential for advanced nanofiltration applications in heavy-metal-contaminated water treatment.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 11","pages":"2395 - 2415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of thermal, acoustical and wear properties for effective hybridization of Abutilon Indicum and hemp fiber in the epoxy-based composites","authors":"R. Anand,&nbsp;P. Nallasamy","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01688-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01688-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Growing demand for sustainable composites has driven the exploration of natural materials hybridization. In this study, limitedly explored, <i>Abutilon Indicum</i> fiber was considered as epoxy reinforcement along with hemp. To investigate the effective proportion of <i>Abutilon Indicum</i> fiber in the epoxy composite, the samples were fabricated with balanced (AIHE-1) and unbalanced (AIHE-2 and AIHE-3) proportions of hemp and <i>Abutilon Indicum</i> through the compression moulding process and are compared over the <i>Abutilon Indicum</i> only inducted epoxy composite (AIE). The FTIR confirms the functional groups were consistent irrespective of the proportions of the reinforcements, indicating the stable interfacial bonding. The average crystalline size of the AIHE-1 was found to be 31.5 nm by XRD analysis. The better fiber distribution and interfacial bonding was found through SEM analysis for the AIHE-1. By that, AIHE-1 depicts higher thermal stability up to 374 °C, better sound absorption coefficient (average) of 0.20, and low surface roughness (average) of 55 nm as compared to AIE and unbalanced reinforcement composites. The wear analysis shows that the AIHE-1 has least wear rate of 0.12 mm³/N.m at the load of 30 N with the sliding speed of 2.25 m/s. These results suggest the balanced hybridization of <i>Abutilon Indicum</i> and hemp was recommended to use in interior automotive components for offering better thermal, acoustical, and wear properties.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 9","pages":"2059 - 2070"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of different triblock copolymers on physicochemical properties and biodegradability of corn starch/chitosan films","authors":"Enrique Javier Jiménez-Regalado,&nbsp;Abril Fonseca-García,&nbsp;Rocio Yaneli Aguirre-Loredo","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01657-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01657-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of environmentally friendly packaging materials is a globally significant issue due to the environmental problems caused by high production, excessive use, and improper disposal of synthetic plastics. Therefore, this study focuses on developing films based on natural polymers, such as starch and chitosan, and assessing the effects of adding different triblock copolymers on their physicochemical properties. The films were developed using the casting method, and their thermal, water adsorption, and wettability properties, as well as their biodegradability in water and compost, were examined at the laboratory level. Translucent, manageable films were obtained, with a thickness range of 53 to 127 μm. The results indicate that all formulated films display a mainly hydrophilic nature, with contact angles between 18° and 44°, and a swelling index from 49% to 65%. Films with triblock copolymers of molecular weight less than 3000 g/mol showed a lower water vapor absorption capacity (19%) under high relative humidity conditions (90%). According to FTIR and XRD analyses, using different triblock copolymers prevented starch retrogradation. However, they did not negatively impact the biodegradation process of these materials, as biodegradation in liquid water ranged from 36% to 40%, and reached 100% in compost at the laboratory level at 70 days. The study results show that adding different triblock copolymers or Pluronics to the starch/chitosan matrix enhances the functional properties of the films without impacting the biodegradation process. Therefore, incorporating uncommon additives like triblock copolymers into packaging material formulations is a feasible option for creating new materials.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 11","pages":"2445 - 2458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterızatıon of MAT 59 and MAT 55 materıal model parameters of E-glass/epoxy composite material under thermal effect","authors":"Ersan Kirar","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01680-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01680-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Composites are materials with high specific strengths. These materials can be examined in terms of mechanical strength by experimental or finite element methods (FEM). It has been determined in the literature that various material models are used in modeling composite materials by finite element method. In order to model composite materials correctly by FEM, it is very important to determine the material model data (physical and non-physical parameters) correctly. However, there are limited studies in the literature on determining the physical and non-physical parameters used for Ls dyna software material models of materials. For this reason, the material model data of unidirectional glass/epoxy composite material in different temperature environments were determined by FEM (Ls dyna software and MAT 55/MAT 59 material models) in the study. Material model data were determined by comparing the experimental results of composite materials with the results obtained by the FEM. As a result of the study, both material model data were obtained and the effect of the thermal environment on the material model data was investigated. It was determined that the material model data also changed with the change of ambient temperatures. Moreover, it was determined that the MAT 59 material model gave better results.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 9","pages":"2043 - 2057"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of different antioxidants on the optical, thermal and mechanical properties of isosorbide polycarbonate films","authors":"Yufeng Tan,&nbsp;Zejun Pu,&nbsp;Fang Wu,&nbsp;Zhengzheng Tan,&nbsp;Hongjiao Li,&nbsp;Kaijie Yang,&nbsp;Jiachun Zhong","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01630-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01630-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study selected poly (1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol isosorbide terephthalate-co-ethylene terephthalate), whose abbreviation is PCIC, as the matrix and mainly explored the influence of antioxidant types and addition amounts on the optical properties of PC_30%IC. Through comprehensive characterization methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmittance testing, the structure, morphology, thermal and optical properties of the synthesized composites were investigated. It was found that triphenyl phosphite (TPPi) had a better color protection effect on ISB. The performance of PC_30%IC with different TPPi addition ratios was studied. The results showed that TPPi itself did not participate in the reaction, so there were no obviously characteristic peaks in the infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance test results of the product. However, TPPi could appropriately increase the molecular weight of the copolymer, and the T_g and tensile properties of the copolymer also got a slight improvement. TGA curves showed that TPPi had little effect on the Td_5% of the copolymer, but its Td_max has been increased. Moreover, the addition of TPPi could inhibit the cross-linking reaction or carbonization which could aslo reduce the residual mass. More importantly, TPPi could prevent the occurrence of oxidation reactions by capturing free radicals and decomposing peroxides, thereby reducing the formation of chromophores. However, this effect was limited. When the addition amount of TPPi reached 0.005 of the total molar mass of the alcohol, phase separation occurred, which instead reduced the transmittance. When the content of TPPi was 0.003, the ultraviolet transmittance of the film was the best, reaching 90.94%, with a b* value of 1.25.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 9","pages":"1981 - 1991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes: fabrication strategies, characterization and future perspectives for sustainable energy","authors":"Jasur Shodmanov,&nbsp;Sherzod Koraboyev,&nbsp;Azim Abdullaev,&nbsp;Dildora Mamadalieva,&nbsp;Ahtam A. Qosimov","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01667-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01667-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs) have emerged as a key class of materials for next-generation energy storage systems, offering a unique balance of ionic conductivity, mechanical integrity, and thermal stability. This review critically examines three major fabrication approaches electrospinning, sol–gel processing, and organic–inorganic hybrid strategies highlighting their underlying principles, advantages, and limitations. Electrospinning-derived NCPEs demonstrate high ionic conductivity and flexibility, making them attractive for wearable and flexible devices, but their scalability remains limited. Sol–gel derived NCPEs exhibit superior thermal stability and uniform nanoparticle dispersion, positioning them as promising candidates for solid-state lithium batteries, though their cost and time-intensive processing hinder commercialization. Hybrid NCPEs integrate the strengths of both approaches, achieving multifunctional properties with balanced performance, yet face challenges related to interfacial compatibility and filler supply chains. Advanced characterization methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) are discussed, along with the emerging role of in situ and operando techniques in revealing dynamic processes. Future directions emphasize the design of self-healing and stretchable NCPEs for flexible energy storage, bio-based electrolytes for sustainability, and the integration of artificial intelligence to accelerate materials discovery and predictive modeling. By synthesizing insights from fabrication, characterization, and application, this review provides a comprehensive framework for guiding the development of scalable, sustainable, and high-performance NCPEs for solid-state batteries, supercapacitors, and wearable electronics.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 11","pages":"2525 - 2543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of pH-responsive antimicrobial membrane using whole maize grain crosslinked with p-coumaric acid for controlled topical iodine release","authors":"Sapna Sharma,&nbsp;Kiran Kumar,&nbsp;Ghanshyam S. Chauhan,&nbsp;Sandeep Chauhan,&nbsp;Gaytri Mahajan,&nbsp;Reena Gupta,&nbsp; Kriti","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01638-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01638-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increase in fatal diseases associated with microbial activity is posing a great threat worldwide. Numerous techniques are being developed to inhibit the activity or kill the microbes using bioactive materials based on naturally available resources. The current study presents a novel green approach for the synthesis of polymeric membranes based on whole maize grain and p-coumaric acid [poly(<i>p-CA</i>)-<i>cl</i>-M^g-membrane], using a solvent casting method and radical-copolymerization. The prepared membrane was characterized using various techniques including mechanical, antimicrobial, and biomedical properties, showcasing remarkable versatility. The membrane exhibited mechanical flexibility (stiffness: 0.117 N/mm, elongation-at-break: 20%, thickness: 404 μm) and demonstrated impermeability to microbial penetration, high oxygen permeability, and potent antioxidant activity (76.77% radical scavenging). Antimicrobial tests revealed significant inhibition zones against pathogens commonly associated with skin infections, including <i>Escherichia coli</i>,<i> Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>,<i> Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Shigella flexneri</i>. Furthermore, the membrane was evaluated as a topical drug delivery system using iodine as a model drug. Drug release studies confirmed a sustained release profile (95.89%) following zero-order kinetics at pH 7.4 over 450 min. The combination of efficient gas exchange, antioxidant protection, and antimicrobial performance highlights the potential of [poly(p-CA)-<i>cl</i>-M^g-membrane] for advanced biomedical applications, including wound care and controlled drug delivery systems.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 10","pages":"2223 - 2236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New eco-friendly cashew nutshell liquid matrix composites: development, characterization and optimization of mechanical properties","authors":"Samant Gaurish Mahabaleshwar,&nbsp;Rajesh S. Prabhu Gaonkar","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01658-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01658-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present research aims to develop eco-friendly green composites using cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) as a bio-based resin and natural fibres such as manga bamboo, areca nut palm leaf sheath, and coconut leaf midrib as reinforcements. To enhance mechanical integrity, fracture resistance, and load transfer efficiency, graphene, single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and silicon dioxide nanoparticles were incorporated in selected weight ratios. Prior to composite fabrication, fibres were treated with silane and alkali solutions to improve interfacial bonding. A total of eighty-one composite samples were produced using compression moulding, vacuum bagging, and hand lay-up techniques, with twenty-seven specimens prepared by each method. A Taguchi L81 orthogonal array was used to evaluate the combined influence of five factors i.e., manufacturing process, nano-filler type, fibre treatment, fibre type, and fibre weight%, each at three levels. The mechanical and water absorption characteristics of the developed composites were analyzed, and scanning electron microscopy was used to study fibre-matrix adhesion, filler dispersion, and fracture behaviour. The optimization study revealed that compression moulding, 10% (by wt) bamboo fibre, graphene nano-filler, and silane surface treatment provided the most desirable combination, achieving a tensile strength of 39.6 MPa, flexural strength of 32.5 MPa, and water absorption of 12.9%. The enriched mechanical properties and reduced moisture uptake confirm the potential of CNSL-based green composites as a sustainable and lightweight material suitable for future structural and engineering applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 11","pages":"2357 - 2381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in filament wound polymer composite cylindrical tubes: a comprehensive review","authors":"R. Bharath,&nbsp;P. A. Jeeva","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01663-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01663-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In Filament Winding (FW) techniques, uninterrupted fiber tows are deposited onto a rotating mandrel for closed cylindrical structures. It is the most frequently used process for the fabrication of pipes, tubes, shafts, and pressure vessels. This also allows high cable placement precision, high percent fiber content, and low material wastage. To use the maximum strength of fibers, reinforcement is given uniformly in the FW directions. Proper design and winding technique would involve maximum fiber strength in the winding direction chosen. The present review connects 50 research papers published from 2015 to 2025 that relate to filament-wound polymer composite cylindrical tubes, thus providing an organized review of current knowledge and findings. It summarizes materials selection, fiber type, matrix system, and parameters of production with their influence on tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact resistance. The mechanical properties were derived from the experimentally validated results reported in the literature reviewed by applying standard test methods such as ASTM tensile tests, low-velocity impact tests, and Finite Element (FE) modeling. The review states that the control of fiber orientation with advanced methods of reinforcement is one major contributor to structural integrity. It further throws some light on how manufacturing parameters like winding patterns, winding load, and curing conditions influence final properties. It also highlights the diverse applications of filament-wound polymer composite cylindrical tubes in different industries. Finally, the paper highlights the gaps in the existing research and outlines directions for future research.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 11","pages":"2545 - 2568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printed novel bio-inspired auxetic metamaterial structure with tunable geometry for improved light weight cutting tool stiffness and energy absorption","authors":"Chao Feng,&nbsp;Jialiang Xu,&nbsp;Jian Zhu,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Kou","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01662-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01662-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper investigates the compression behavior of a novel circular bio-inspired auxetic metamaterial, characterized by hourglass-shaped gaps in its unit cells, unlike typical re-entrant or chiral designs that use straight ribs or spirals. The achieved exceptional auxetic behavior was a result of the unique cell geometry, inspired by the structure of a spider’s body. A 3D-printed specimen with an x-angle of 140° was subjected to compression testing, demonstrating a negative Poisson’s ratio where the structure contracts laterally under axial loading. The load–displacement curve exhibited three distinct regions, linear, decreasing slope, and steady state, with the simulation closely matching experimental results, differing by only 10% in stiffness and 0.3% in peak load. Stress and strain analyses revealed the formation of localized high-stress regions and gradual softening during deformation. The influence of x-angle on performance was also investigated, showing that increasing the x-angle enhanced both maximum load and energy absorption. Stiffness increased from 405 N/mm at 120° to 854.5 N/mm at 160°, while energy absorption improved by 68.5%. Furthermore, normalized stiffness and specific energy absorption (SEA) were evaluated, both exhibiting a positive correlation with x-angle. The SEA–strain curves followed an S-shaped trend, indicating progressive energy absorption with increasing deformation. These findings highlight the tunable mechanical characteristics of the proposed design, demonstrating its potential for lightweight, high-performance applications such as vibration-damping and stiffness-optimized cutting tools.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 11","pages":"2433 - 2444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}