Iranian Polymer Journal最新文献

{"title":"Investigation on the mechanical, thermal, and chemical resistance properties of thermo-physically and chemically activated sugarcane bagasse biochar-based biocomposites","authors":"Gorla Gayathri,&nbsp;Jayant Singh,&nbsp;Triveni Prasad Singh","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01673-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01673-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present investigation explores the use of sugarcane bagasse biochar, prepared through chemical activation (CAC) and physical activation (PAC), as a reinforcing filler in epoxy and polyester biocomposites. The work was undertaken to assess the influence of surface functionalization and porosity of biochar on the mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of composites relevant to agriculture, construction and environmental remediation, also supporting SDG 9, 12 and 13. Chemical activation yielded 50% biochar with higher functional groups, while physical activation gave 23% yield with superior carbon content and porous structure. FTIR confirmed enhanced functional groups in CAC, and SEM showed well-developed pores in PAC. The highest density was obtained in PR/CAC/3 and the lowest in ER/PAC/9. Water absorption of all composites remained below 0.5%, with maximum value in ER/PAC/9. Epoxy composites exhibited peak tensile strength at 9% loading, followed by 3%, but decreased at 6% due to poor dispersion and interfacial bonding. Polyester composites, however, showed steady improvement from 3 to 9% biochar loading (17.26–27.77 MPa). Stress–strain behaviour indicated enhanced elastic–plastic flow and strain hardening with 3–9 wt.% reinforcement. SEM analysis revealed fewer cracks and cohesive fracture in PR/CAC/9 and PR/PAC/9, while epoxy composites showed voids and microcracks. Polyester composites reinforced with PAC demonstrated superior flexural strength (6.26 MPa in ER/PAC/9) and impact resistance (39.13 J/m in ER/PAC/3). TGA confirmed highest thermal stability for CAC/PR composites (371 °C, 7.65% residue at 900 °C). PAC reinforced polyester composites proved most suitable, combining strength, durability and stability for structural, packaging and automotive applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 12","pages":"2677 - 2692"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149375821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and weather-resistant study of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/modified cotton stalk lignin composite film","authors":"Li Yan,&nbsp;Li Honghuan,&nbsp;Bai Yawen,&nbsp;Yuyu Liu,&nbsp;Wei Zhiyong,&nbsp;Mamatjan Yimit","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01675-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01675-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) was grafted onto lignin (VL) via an aqueous alcohol solution method to fabricate a biodegradable composite film. The modified lignin was then melt-blended with poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) in a catalyst-free system, and the blends were processed into PBAT/VL composite films with varying VL loadings via film blowing. When the VL content was 10%, the resultant P₉₀VL₁₀ composite films showed a 23.99% increase in tensile strength and a 6.66% improvement in elongation at break compared to the PBAT films. Meanwhile, its ultraviolet transmittance was reduced by 62.83%, and the crystallinity increased from 15.61 to 16.47. Notably, the melting temperature remained stable, and the composite films retained excellent biodegradability. Two types of laboratory-simulated accelerated aging tests were performed to analyze the sensitivity of the composite films to temperature, irradiance, and oxygen concentration. Based on these test results, a multi-factor coupled aging kinetic model for the composite films was established. The findings demonstrated that the incorporation of modified cotton straw lignin could reduce the sensitivity of PBAT composite films to temperature, irradiance, and oxygen concentration, thereby significantly enhancing their weather resistance. This improvement expands the applicability of PBAT in the packaging field while lowering the overall production cost, offering a feasible and economically advantageous alternative for sustainable packaging solutions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 12","pages":"2709 - 2722"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149375820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the influence of iron ions on the structure and water content of acrylic hydrogel AA-co-AAm","authors":"Arsenii Fateev,&nbsp;Alexander Lukov,&nbsp;Evgeniya Kozyreva,&nbsp;Karina Talibullina,&nbsp;Vera Sitnikova","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01672-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01672-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The popularity of new self-healing hydrogels and their application in biomedicine is constantly growing. To ensure self-healing properties, one of the strategies is to add salts of multivalent metals at the stage of gel synthesis, which are capable of participating in ion-coordination interactions and forming sacrificial bonds. However, their influence on the final structure of the hydrogel and the distribution of different types of water in it is not entirely clear. To study the relationship between the structure and water distribution in the gel on its physical properties, acrylic hydrogels were synthesized based on a copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide in the presence of various iron salts: FeCl₃, FeC₂O₄ and Fe(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂. The network parameters were calculated from the sorption properties of the hydrogels. The water composition was studied by DSC, isothermal TGA and time-resolved ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The mechanical properties were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis to assess the rigidity, stability and strength of the systems. Our results demonstrate a clear correlation between the iron salt type, the hydrogel structure, and its final properties. Unlike the pure AA-<i>co</i>-AAm hydrogel, all tested iron salts reduced the overall crosslinking density, evidenced by increased equilibrium swelling, larger mesh size, and decreased elasticity. However, the degree and mechanism of this effect strongly depend on the oxidation state of the iron ion and its counterion, leading to markedly different mechanical properties and water distribution patterns, from rigid Fe³⁺-crosslinked networks to highly swollen Fe²⁺-containing gels.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 12","pages":"2693 - 2707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149375832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of a multifunctional adhesive from waste thermocol: an affordable option for rural uses","authors":"Neesha Sharma,&nbsp;Kavita Kulkarni,&nbsp;Vikas Choudhary,&nbsp;Prashant Tayade","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01674-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01674-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Expanded polystyrene (EPS or “thermocol”) is a widespread single-use polymer that accumulates in landfills and informal dumping sites, particularly in rural regions where recycling infrastructure is limited. This study presents a low-cost and practical method to convert post-consumer EPS into a functional adhesive by dissolving shredded EPS in toluene and incorporating a small fraction of epoxy resin and hardener. This simple approach offers a decentralized route for transforming plastic waste into a valuable material suitable for small-scale applications. The adhesive was formulated by dissolving EPS in toluene at a 1:3.33 (w/v) ratio, followed by adding epoxy resin and hardener at 1:1 (w/w), each representing 14% of the EPS mass. The formulation was evaluated through moisture content, pH, density, solid content, viscosity, FTIR analysis, thermal behavior, and mechanical testing. The adhesive exhibited a viscosity of 617 mPa s, solid content of 95.37%, moisture content of 2.74%, and a pH of 7.5–8.0, with a drying time of 1–5 h. Bonding tests showed strong adhesion, with breaking forces of 50.6 kg for wood–wood and 49.7 kg for metal–metal joints. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated primary decomposition at 330–400 °C and secondary degradation above 480 °C, leaving 36.6% char, while FTIR confirmed characteristic aromatic and epoxy-related functional groups. The novelty of this work lies in developing an easy, low-infrastructure process combined with cost estimation (~ Rs. 50–60 per liter) and comparison with commercial adhesives. The study demonstrates an affordable, scalable, and environmentally relevant method for converting EPS waste into a multi-purpose adhesive suitable for rural and resource-constrained regions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 12","pages":"2737 - 2750"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149375759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced polylactic acid composites reinforced with pineapple leaf and hemp fibers","authors":"K. Antony Alex Raja,&nbsp;G. Yuvaraj,&nbsp;Srinivas Tadepalli,&nbsp;Raghuram Pradhan,&nbsp;Abdul Aziz Abdullah Ahmed Alghamdi,&nbsp;T. N. V. Ashok Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01668-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01668-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Difficulties are still present in developing sustainable and biodegradable composites with respect to their mechanical property improvement of natural-fibre-reinforced composites. Some of the limitations that would affect the use of natural fibre-reinforced composites in structural applications have things attached to their poor mechanical properties, high moisture absorption, and non-uniform fibre characteristics. This investigation involved the reinforcement of polylactic acid with pineapple leaf fibre and hemp fibre to produce a biocomposite with improved strength and durability. The composite is fabricated from compression moulding by optimizing the process with an enhanced Taguchi approach. Fine-tuning is made on key parameters like fiber content, moulding temperature, and pressure settings prior to the maximum performance achieved. Mechanical research included tensile test, flexural strength, and impact resistance. Grey relational analysis is used to identify the most significant parameters while principal component analysis helped in reducing the complexity of data for better optimization. Simulation and validation are carried out through MATLAB so that parameters like stress distribution, fiber orientation, and multi-objective optimization could be interpreted. The results showed that with the use of pineapple leaf and hemp fiber reinforced polylactic acid (PALHF-re-PLA) composite, an increase of 73.50% in tensile strength, 60.00% in flexural strength, and 58.40% in impact resistance, with further improvement as possible, is just through fiber treatment, refinement of parameters, and computational validation to ensure repeatability and better mechanical performance.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 12","pages":"2605 - 2625"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149375831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenolic acid-grafted chitosan/cellulose composite films with synergistic antibacterial activity and enhanced mechanical properties for active food packaging","authors":"Chaojie Li,&nbsp;Yao Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Liu,&nbsp;Long Wang,&nbsp;Xue Li,&nbsp;Zi-ang Xia,&nbsp;Yunqiang Sun,&nbsp;Baoming Xu,&nbsp;Heng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01671-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01671-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing interest in environmentally friendly and biodegradable packaging materials has driven the development of bio-based films with improved functional properties. In this work, cellulose (CMC)/chitosan (CS) composite films incorporated with four phenolic acids—gallic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), protocatechuic acid (PCA), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HA)—were fabricated and systematically evaluated. The addition of phenolic acids was expected to enhance intermolecular interactions within the polymer matrix, thereby improving the mechanical strength and antimicrobial functionality of the films. Structural characterization using scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the modified films displayed compact, uniform, and defect-free morphologies, suggesting good compatibility between CMC, CS, and the phenolic acid additives. Mechanical testing demonstrated that the CMC-CS-GA film exhibited the most significant reinforcement, achieving a tensile strength of 32 MPa and an elongation-at-break of 25%, values comparable to those required for commercial PVDC packaging materials. Antibacterial analyses showed that phenolic acid incorporation greatly boosted the films’ inhibition efficiency, reaching 91.2% against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and 97.1% against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. These enhanced antimicrobial effects are attributed to the phenolic hydroxyl groups, which can disrupt bacterial cell membranes. Overall, the study reveals that CMC-CS composite films functionalized with phenolic acids combine biodegradability, mechanical robustness, and excellent antimicrobial performance, highlighting their strong potential as active and sustainable food-packaging materials for extending the shelf life of perishable products.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 12","pages":"2627 - 2637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149375828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical performance of polyester/chopped glass fiber/almond shell powder hybrid composites: successful replacement of glass fiber with almond shell powder","authors":"Mohsen Sadroddini","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01665-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01665-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using agricultural biomass waste as reinforcing filler in polymer composites is of great importance in waste management and sustainable biocomposites. The main purpose of this study is to substitute chopped glass fiber (GF) with almond shell powder (ASP), thereby facilitating development of a polyester hybrid composite. Hybrid composites containing varying weight percentages (wt%) of ASP to GF (20:10, 15:15, 10:20, and 0:30) were fabricated by the compression molding method. The chemical structure of various constituents of the composites was analyzed employing FTIR spectroscopy. The tensile test results indicated that the ASP20GF10 composite (containing 20 wt% ASP and 10 wt% GF) demonstrated the maximum tensile strength of 23.1 MPa (7.9% higher than ASP0GF30 composite). The bending test revealed that the ASP10GF20 composite also exhibited commendable performance, namely 56 MPa (11.2% lower than ASP0GF30 composite). The impact strength was found to diminish with the incorporation of ASP. The microstructure of the composites was examined through SEM images, and different failure mechanisms were recognized to elucidate the corresponding mechanical properties observed. When ASP was added, there was no discernible change in water absorption, and hybrid composites performed well in this regard. The current study proved that it is possible to successfully replace a portion of synthetic glass fiber with bio-mass waste almond shell powder, exhibiting usefulness in the fabrication of fiber-reinforced biocomposites.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 12","pages":"2589 - 2603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149375822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and investigation of mechanical characterization of 3D printed hybrid layer acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plus-polyethylene terephthalate glycol for the application of aircraft sector","authors":"Senthil Kumar Bella Raman,&nbsp;Yokeswaran Ramadoss,&nbsp;Rathinavel Subbiah,&nbsp;Senthilkumar Thangarajan Sivasankaran","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01669-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01669-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, a novel hybrid filament structure that combines polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plus (ABS PLUS) is developed to evaluate the mechanical performance for aeronautical support applications. This study’s main contribution is the examination of the impact, flexural, and tensile characteristics of multi-material specimens made with the fused filament fabrication (FFF) method. To maximize mechanical performance, different combinations of layer thickness, infill density, and printing speed were investigated. The highest ultimate tensile strength was demonstrated by Specimen 6, which was printed at 40 mm/s, 0.15 mm layer thickness, and 45% infill density. The highest flexural strength was demonstrated by specimen 4, which had a 0.15 mm layer thickness, a 15% infill density, and a 60 mm/s speed. The highest impact strength was noted in Specimens 6 and 7, which were printed at 60 mm/s and 80 mm/s, respectively, with 0.15 and 0.2 mm layer thicknesses and 15% infill densities. Interestingly, the hybrid structure’s maximum tensile strength (36.5 N/mm² in Specimen 9) was much higher than the usual values for ABS (20–30 N/mm²) and regular PETG (20–25 N/mm²), indicating the synergistic increase made possible by ABS PLUS–PETG hybrid stacking. The potential of this hybrid material system for lightweight, load-bearing components in aerospace applications is confirmed by these results.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 12","pages":"2639 - 2651"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149375823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of different antioxidants on the optical, thermal and mechanical properties of isosorbide polycarbonate films","authors":"Yufeng Tan,&nbsp;Zejun Pu,&nbsp;Fang Wu,&nbsp;Zhengzheng Tan,&nbsp;Hongjiao Li,&nbsp;Kaijie Yang,&nbsp;Jiachun Zhong","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01630-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01630-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study selected poly (1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol isosorbide terephthalate-co-ethylene terephthalate), whose abbreviation is PCIC, as the matrix and mainly explored the influence of antioxidant types and addition amounts on the optical properties of PC_30%IC. Through comprehensive characterization methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmittance testing, the structure, morphology, thermal and optical properties of the synthesized composites were investigated. It was found that triphenyl phosphite (TPPi) had a better color protection effect on ISB. The performance of PC_30%IC with different TPPi addition ratios was studied. The results showed that TPPi itself did not participate in the reaction, so there were no obviously characteristic peaks in the infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance test results of the product. However, TPPi could appropriately increase the molecular weight of the copolymer, and the T_g and tensile properties of the copolymer also got a slight improvement. TGA curves showed that TPPi had little effect on the Td_5% of the copolymer, but its Td_max has been increased. Moreover, the addition of TPPi could inhibit the cross-linking reaction or carbonization which could aslo reduce the residual mass. More importantly, TPPi could prevent the occurrence of oxidation reactions by capturing free radicals and decomposing peroxides, thereby reducing the formation of chromophores. However, this effect was limited. When the addition amount of TPPi reached 0.005 of the total molar mass of the alcohol, phase separation occurred, which instead reduced the transmittance. When the content of TPPi was 0.003, the ultraviolet transmittance of the film was the best, reaching 90.94%, with a b* value of 1.25.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 9","pages":"1981 - 1991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes: fabrication strategies, characterization and future perspectives for sustainable energy","authors":"Jasur Shodmanov,&nbsp;Sherzod Koraboyev,&nbsp;Azim Abdullaev,&nbsp;Dildora Mamadalieva,&nbsp;Ahtam A. Qosimov","doi":"10.1007/s13726-026-01667-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13726-026-01667-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs) have emerged as a key class of materials for next-generation energy storage systems, offering a unique balance of ionic conductivity, mechanical integrity, and thermal stability. This review critically examines three major fabrication approaches electrospinning, sol–gel processing, and organic–inorganic hybrid strategies highlighting their underlying principles, advantages, and limitations. Electrospinning-derived NCPEs demonstrate high ionic conductivity and flexibility, making them attractive for wearable and flexible devices, but their scalability remains limited. Sol–gel derived NCPEs exhibit superior thermal stability and uniform nanoparticle dispersion, positioning them as promising candidates for solid-state lithium batteries, though their cost and time-intensive processing hinder commercialization. Hybrid NCPEs integrate the strengths of both approaches, achieving multifunctional properties with balanced performance, yet face challenges related to interfacial compatibility and filler supply chains. Advanced characterization methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) are discussed, along with the emerging role of in situ and operando techniques in revealing dynamic processes. Future directions emphasize the design of self-healing and stretchable NCPEs for flexible energy storage, bio-based electrolytes for sustainability, and the integration of artificial intelligence to accelerate materials discovery and predictive modeling. By synthesizing insights from fabrication, characterization, and application, this review provides a comprehensive framework for guiding the development of scalable, sustainable, and high-performance NCPEs for solid-state batteries, supercapacitors, and wearable electronics.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":601,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Polymer Journal","volume":"35 11","pages":"2525 - 2543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}