Instruments and Experimental Techniques最新文献

{"title":"Transient Heat Flux Measurement Sensor for High-speed Applications","authors":"Shamim Pathan,&nbsp;Omkar Patil,&nbsp;Kaustubh Patil,&nbsp;Shreyash Parab,&nbsp;Rupesh Chaudhari,&nbsp;Nilaj Deshmukh","doi":"10.1134/S0020441226700041","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441226700041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-speed applications, particularly those involving hypersonic flow conditions, pose significant challenges for measurement systems due to the rapid variations in the measurand. Measurement devices must respond quickly and settle within a short time frame to provide accurate data. Hypersonic test facilities, which simulate high Mach number flows, are characterized by extremely short test durations, further complicating the measurement process. Heat flux measurement in such environments is particularly difficult due to the limited time available for data collection. This study presents the development of a fast-response transient heat flux sensor designed to operate effectively in ultra-short test times. The sensor, a lab-developed co-axial K-type thermocouple, has been optimized for use in hypersonic testing scenarios. A numerical simulation was conducted using ANSYS to determine the optimal dimensions for the sensor, ensuring that it can capture rapid thermal transients with high accuracy. The sensor performance was evaluated in a hypersonic wind tunnel, where it demonstrated quick thermal response, making it suitable for transient heat flux measurements in high-speed testing environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"69 1","pages":"234 - 240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147968100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Receiving and Transmitting System with an Improved Field Uniformity for the Magnetic Resonance Imaging System with a Magnetic Field Induction of 0.4 T","authors":"V. L. Odivanov,&nbsp;Ya. V. Fattakhov,&nbsp;A. A. Bayazitov,&nbsp;A. R. Fakhrutdinov,&nbsp;V. A. Shagalov","doi":"10.1134/S0020441226700247","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441226700247","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The requirements for sensors of low- and medium-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems are analyzed. The design of the transmitting coil for a 0.4 T magnetic-field induction MRI system is described. Special elements improving the uniformity of the generated RF field have been included in the coil. The dimensions of the coil elements have been numerically simulated and optimized. The RF field distribution inside the coil has been calculated and experimentally measured using a coil prototype having the optimal dimensions. Experiments have been carried out on the MRI system to evaluate the RF field uniformity.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"69 1","pages":"153 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147968142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-voltage Pulsed Accelerator IGUR-P for X-Raying Tasks","authors":"N. M. Vagina,&nbsp;A. V. Shlyapkin,&nbsp;E. N. Koloskov,&nbsp;D. D. Chernoskulova,&nbsp;E. N. Ezhov,&nbsp;G. N. Krasnov,&nbsp;A. V. Koshkin","doi":"10.1134/S0020441226700107","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441226700107","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper presents the results of the efforts aimed to develop a high-voltage pulsed electron accelerator IGUR-P capable of producing up to four X-ray pulses with the pulse width of 50 to 250 ns and peak power up to 1.5 MV across one vacuum diode. Time between the first pulse and the last one can be varied from 0.4 to 2.5 μs. The paper describes the experiment and conditions for successive generation of several X‑ray pulses across one rod-pinch diode. Radiographic capabilities of the accelerator, namely, the focal spot diameter and the transmission capability in two- and four-pulse modes of operation, are determined. The stability of pulse reproducing will make it possible to use accelerator IGUR-P as a multi-frame X-ray source and develop, on its basis, a complex for explosive experiments to study material properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"69 1","pages":"147 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147968168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabry–Perot Terahertz Scanning Interferometer","authors":"G. I. Kropotov,&nbsp;D. I. Tsypishka,&nbsp;V. S. Sokolov","doi":"10.1134/S0020441225701350","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441225701350","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A terahertz (THz) Fabry–Perot scanning interferometer designed to measure the wavelength and intensity of narrow-band THz radiation, as well as to filter it, has been developed. Measurements have been carried out confirming the possibility of using the device in the entire THz range. The characteristics of various modifications of FPI are given.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"68 6","pages":"1015 - 1020"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Water Cherenkov Spectrometer","authors":"S. M. Akhmad,&nbsp;V. I. Alekseev,&nbsp;V. A. Baskov,&nbsp;V. A. Dronov,&nbsp;A. I. L’vov,&nbsp;A. V. Kolzov,&nbsp;V. V. Poliansky,&nbsp;S. S. Sidorin","doi":"10.1134/S0020441225701258","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441225701258","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A water Cherenkov spectrometer with a thickness of 0.5<i>X</i>₀ has been calibrated on the secondary electron beam at the Pakhra accelerator of the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The amplitude and time recording systems of the spectrometer are based on FEU-85 photomultiplier tubes. It has been determined that the relative energy resolution is not high in the electron energy range of 10–30 MeV and is minimal, ~50%, at electron energy <i>E</i> ~ 25 MeV. Three regions are discerned in the dependence of the time-resolved spectrum of the middle channel on the electron energy: the dependence is proportional at 0 &lt; <i>E</i> &lt; 13 MeV and nonlinear at 13 &lt; <i>E</i> &lt; 45 MeV. At <i>E</i> ≥ 45 MeV, the value of the middle-channel timing spectrum is independent of the energy.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"68 6","pages":"942 - 948"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Insulating Materials for Self-powered Neutron Detectors","authors":"Zhan Li,&nbsp;Jingyi Han,&nbsp;Ren Xiao,&nbsp;Dianwei Zhou,&nbsp;Kangpeng Tu,&nbsp;Dingjun Zhu,&nbsp;Ximeng Chen,&nbsp;Jianxiong Shao","doi":"10.1134/S0020441225701222","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441225701222","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Self-powered neutron detectors (SPNDs), as critical components for monitoring neutron flux in nuclear reactor cores, rely heavily on the performance of their insulating materials, which directly affects the detector’s reliability and lifespan under extreme conditions such as high temperatures and intense radiation. This paper systematically reviews recent progress in SPND insulation materials, with a focus on the performance characteristics and practical engineering applications of inorganic ceramic materials such as alumina, magnesia, silica, and beryllia, as well as organic polymer materials like polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyimide. Studies indicate that inorganic materials, due to their high melting points, excellent insulation properties, and radiation resistance, are the preferred choice for high-temperature reactor core environments. In contrast, organic materials, with advantages in light weight, flexibility, and ease of processing, are better suited for low-temperature or short-duration detection scenarios. This study also analyzes the two core factors affecting insulation performance—temperature and radiation. High temperatures exacerbate grain boundary impurity diffusion in inorganic materials, leading to decreased resistivity; radiation induces defect accumulation through lattice displacement damage and ionization effects, degrading the insulation properties of inorganic materials. Organic materials are prone to chain scission and cross-linking under radiation, significantly reducing their insulation resistance. Future development will focus on optimizing a new generation of material systems with integrated performance features of high resistivity, heat resistance, and radiation tolerance, aiming to overcome current material limitations and develop higher-performance SPNDs, thereby providing critical technological support for the safe operation and accurate monitoring of advanced nuclear systems such as sodium-cooled fast reactors and molten salt reactors.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"68 6","pages":"919 - 929"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Results of Research on Thin Coating Deposition Modes of Refractory Metals Using Laser Ablation","authors":"V. A. Barsuk,&nbsp;S. V. Gvozdev,&nbsp;A. D. Mikhailov,&nbsp;S. P. Pavlov,&nbsp;N. E. Sarkarov,&nbsp;A. S. Shchedrov,&nbsp;D. O. Chernov","doi":"10.1134/S002044122570126X","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S002044122570126X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The results of studies on the deposition of refractory metal coatings on the surface of glass slides are presented. The growth rate and structure of deposited coatings were studied depending on the radiation intensity and the distance between the target and the substrate. The LG 929A laser system based on a solid-state pulsed laser with a wavelength of λ = 1.06 µm, repetition rate of 10 Hz, and pulse duration of 9 ns was used as a source of radiation. The results of the study into the influence of pressure on the ablation rate (growth of coating thickness) in the range of 0.001–1 Torr are presented. A linear dependence of the thickness of the applied film on the intensity of laser radiation was obtained. The optimal distance between the target and the substrate, as well as the threshold and optimal intensities of laser radiation, were determined. It has been shown that the spatial distribution of the tungsten film thickness on a grade 3 (St3) steel substrate obtained by us is in good agreement with the results obtained using the optical shear interferometry method using the MII-4 interferometer.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"68 6","pages":"1073 - 1078"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Computer-Experimental Method for Determining the Bremsstrahlung Focal Spot Size of Betatrons","authors":"V. B. Sorokin","doi":"10.1134/S0020441225701404","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441225701404","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A new computer-experimental method is proposed for determining the bremsstrahlung focal spot size using matched wire pairs of a widely available Duplex IQI_EN 462-5 standard. When this method is used, matched wire pairs are located on the axis of the bremsstrahlung beam in the acceleration plane and in the axial plane and dose distributions in the detector are measured. The computer model of measurements is calibrated based on results of these measurements, and the focal spot size is determined by the distribution of photons on the surface of the target. The bremsstrahlung focal spot size of the SEA-7 betatron has been determined using this method.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"68 6","pages":"977 - 987"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automation of the Process of Determining the Complex Permittivity of Liquids with Weak Absorption by the Interference Method","authors":"E. B. Atutov,&nbsp;E. Yu. Korovin,&nbsp;B. Z. Garmaev,&nbsp;A. V. Bazarov,&nbsp;Yu. B. Bashkuev","doi":"10.1134/S0020441225701234","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441225701234","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a part of the development of the software and hardware complex for a contactless method for determining the complex permittivity of liquids, a system for automating measurements of the interference nature of the behavior of the reflection coefficients module depending on the thickness of the layer under study has been proposed and implemented. The contactless method means that the antenna-feeder elements do not come into contact with the liquid under study. The presented technical solution is intended for measurements in the Ka-range for dielectrics with weak absorption (no more than 0.3). The frequency dependencies of the reflection coefficients of transformer and vegetable oil in the range of 26–40 GHz are given.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"68 6","pages":"1087 - 1094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Transmitted Laser Intensity and Absorption Pulse Signal Models for Gas Concentration Estimation","authors":"Bach Nguyen,&nbsp;I. A. Baryskievic","doi":"10.1134/S0020441225701271","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441225701271","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a method that integrates transmitted laser intensity and absorption pulse signal models to achieve a balance between the complexity, robustness and accuracy of gas concentration estimation using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). Mathematical models take into account absorption, scattering, and reflectance effects and the relationship between the phase shift and the time delay and the absorption pulse signal quality. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is applied to define optimal model parameters, enabling an efficient and effective of gas concentration estimation process. Experimental results demonstrate a strong correlation between the harmonic ratio feature and methane concentration under varying laser power conditions. Furthermore, the phase shift effect on the absorption signal is investigated, revealing its impact on waveform symmetry and peak distribution. The proposed method has been proven to require only a few signal cycles for gas concentration estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"68 6","pages":"1051 - 1059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}