Tissue Engineering Part A最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Structural and Functional Analysis of Micronized Collagen-Based Scaffolds.","authors":"Sandi G Dempsey, Matthew J Smith, Ameera Danford, Alexander Wilson, Subhajit Konar, Yohanes Nursalim, Robert W F Veale, Hanting Yong, Navid Taghavi, Xavier Yates, Isaac T T Mason, Dane Gerneke, Barnaby C H May","doi":"10.1177/19373341251396168","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251396168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Micronized collagen-based bioscaffolds are increasingly used in clinical applications for wound repair and soft tissue regeneration. This study compared the structural properties of four different commercially available micronized products derived from either reconstituted collagen (pRC), urinary bladder matrix (pUBM), or ovine forestomach matrix (mOFM, mOFMµ). The test articles were characterized by laser diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), packing density, differential scanning calorimetry, rheometry, proteolytic stability, agarose gel electrophoresis, and blood clotting index. Particle size and surface morphology, assessed by laser diffraction, SEM, and micro-CT, revealed marked differences in particle size, shape, and aggregation. Packing density ranged from 80.3 ± 2.7 mg/cm³ (mOFM) to 484.7 ± 17.8 mg/cm³ (pRC). Thermal analysis demonstrated the native structure of the OFM-based test articles (T_m, 59.80 ± 0.11°C and 58.15 ± 0.15°C) relative to pUBM and pRC (T_m, 41.06 ± 0.06°C and 40.59 ± 0.23°C). Rheological testing revealed that mOFM and mOFMµ had increased cohesive energy, indicating better mechanical resilience when the micronized materials were rehydrated to form a paste. The OFM-based test articles exhibited the greatest resistance to proteolytic digestion (T_1/2, 12.730 ± 1.232 and 5.759 ± 0.1296). All the test articles, except for the reconstituted collagen product, demonstrated hemostasis in whole blood. Micronized reconstituted collagen showed immediate dissolution and no fluid absorption, hemostasis, or resistance to proteolytic digestion, whereas micronized OFM showed the greatest proteolytic stability and packing density. Substantial differences among the micronized bioscaffolds were revealed from the analysis, most likely due to their different source materials and manufacturing processes. Careful consideration of these parameters is warranted when selecting a micronized product for soft tissue applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"347-358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145566504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fibroblast Matrix Enhanced Three-Dimensional-Bioprinted Hydrogel for Osteochondral Regeneration.","authors":"Devy F Garna, Aryan S Shet, Levi Randall Morgan, Lucy Di-Silvio","doi":"10.1177/19373341251405183","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251405183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) plays an important role in tissue engineering by preserving native biochemical and structural cues while removing immunogenic cellular components. Addressing donor shortages, this study develops a standardized, reproducible protocol for producing cell-derived dECM for bone and cartilage applications, focusing on effective deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) removal to prevent immune responses in 3D-bioprinted hydrogels. We also evaluate dECM's impact on cell viability and differentiation potential. Human dermal fibroblasts were decellularized using nonidet P-40, a nonionic detergent (nonyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol) (NP-40) lysis buffers (1% or 10%) for 1 or 3 h. Decellularization efficacy was assessed via double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) Qubit assay, gel electrophoresis, immunofluorescence, and bicinchoninic acid protein assay. Hydrogels (5 wt% alginate, 3 wt% gelatin) with/without 1% dECM were extrusion bioprinted. Structural and mechanical properties were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and rheology. Fibroblast viability within bioprinted constructs was monitored over 21 days. Hoechst staining and Qubit assay confirmed residual DNA after 1-h incubations, but complete removal (<50 ng dsDNA) occurred after 3 h with both NP-40 concentrations. The 10% NP-40/3-h protocol yielded the highest protein content. dECM incorporation did not compromise scaffold properties. Significantly enhanced cell viability and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content (up to day 6) were observed in dECM hydrogels versus controls. Mechanical testing showed a 33% increase in Young's modulus in dECM-containing hydrogels. Raman spectroscopy confirmed successful dECM integration via a characteristic GAG peak (895 cm^-1). We established an optimized decellularization protocol (10% NP-40, 3 h) that effectively eliminates cellular/nuclear material (DNA <50 ng, RNA undetectable) below immunogenic thresholds while preserving essential extracellular matrix components. Fibroblast-derived dECM significantly enhanced alginate-gelatin hydrogel performance, improving cell viability, GAG synthesis, and early osteogenic markers without compromising structural integrity. This protocol provides a robust and standardized source of bioactive dECM, offering a viable alternative to tissue-derived matrices for advanced bone and cartilage tissue engineering bioinks. While the method demonstrates potential for scale-up, further validation following internationally recognized International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards would be necessary before production-level implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"288-299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145866392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tissue-Inducing Biomaterials for Cardiac Tissue Regeneration and Repair.","authors":"Muhammad Shafiq, Qasim A Majid, Muhammad Rafique, Virpi Talman","doi":"10.1177/19373341251404075","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251404075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ischemic cardiac injury, arising due to myocardial infarction (MI), ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and other ischemia-associated forms of cardiac damage, remains a major clinical challenge. The irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes from within the myocardium, together with oxidative stress and inflammation, creates a complex post-MI milieu that is not readily addressed by existing therapeutic strategies. Cardiac tissue engineering solutions that combine advanced biomaterials with either stem cell-derived cardiovascular cells, their derivatives (such as extracellular vesicles and exosomes), or other bioactive compounds (including chemokines and cytokines) are being developed to repair and regenerate the infarcted human heart. This review highlights the state-of-the-art strategies that utilize cutting-edge technologies to develop tissue-inducing biomaterial solutions for cardiac regeneration and repair, with particular emphasis on (i) integrating biomaterials with cells in strategies undergoing clinical investigation, (ii) incorporating cellular derivatives into biomaterial scaffolds, and (iii) designing and evaluating intrinsically functional biomaterials. This review aims to provide both a theoretical foundation and future perspectives for the innovation and optimization of next-generation tissue-inducing biomaterial-based strategies for cardiac tissue regeneration and repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"273-287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145859455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Chemistry to Clinic: Polysaccharide-Bioceramic Composites for Tissue Engineering Applications.","authors":"Nilgun Yakubogullari, Hilal Deniz Yilmaz-Dagdeviren, Ahu Arslan-Yildiz","doi":"10.1177/19373341251378519","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251378519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Composite scaffolds combining polysaccharides and bioceramics represent next-generation scaffolds extensively investigated in tissue engineering (TE) and biomedical applications. Polysaccharides such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and pectin mimic the extracellular matrix components with their tunable physicochemical properties, enabling a favorable microenvironment for cell adhesion, proliferation, and cell-matrix interactions. On the other hand, bioceramics, including calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and bioactive glasses, enhance the mechanical properties of the material and offer structural integrity and osteoconductive properties. While they have generally been preferred to be used in bone TE and dental applications, various studies have also demonstrated their potential in cartilage regeneration, wound healing, and broader biomedical applications. Recent advancements in material design and scaffold fabrication techniques, particularly 3D printing and electrospinning, have provided precise engineering of materials and fabrication of scaffolds for desirable mechanical properties and biological performance. These innovations foster the development of patient-specific scaffolds, thereby paving the way for applications in personalized medicine. This review critically summarizes alternative polysaccharides, bioceramics, and composite materials used in TE and biomedical applications. It also highlights advanced fabrication strategies and finally explores the translational potential of these biocomposites. By integrating emerging technologies, this review aims to provide alternative and sustainable materials for the development of next-generation scaffolds that meet clinical needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"252-272"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Evaluation of a Bovine Collagen Matrix for Acute Rotator Cuff Tear Repair.","authors":"Jiaxin Tian, Zhiru Chen, Zhanhong Liu, Yuhao Kang, Jia Jiang, Yubo Fan, Jinzhong Zhao, Antonios G Mikos, Hai Lin","doi":"10.1177/19373341251389019","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251389019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Full-thickness rotator cuff tears (RCTs) represent a musculoskeletal damage that severely affects shoulder function and quality of life. Current surgical interventions are hindered by limited regenerative capacity of rotator cuff repair implants and high retear rates postoperatively. In this study, we investigated a tendon repair matrix (TRM) product prepared from bovine tendon collagen. The TRM was designed as a regenerative scaffold to improve the healing of damaged rotator cuff. <i>In vitro</i> results showed excellent cytocompatibility of TRM, with significantly enhanced adhesion, proliferation, and spreading of bone marrow stromal cells and tenocyte-like mouse tendon precursor cells,mouse tendon-derived cell line, clone D6 (TT-D6) cells (mouse tendon-derived cell line, clone D6). In a rabbit model of acute full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tear, TRM promoted type I collagen deposition, improved interface tissue formation, and enhanced tendon-to-bone integration. Furthermore, biomechanical test results revealed load-bearing capacity of the TRM group compared with both the empty and native tissue control groups. These findings support the clinical potential of TRM as a regenerative scaffold for the functional reconstruction of RCTs.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"237-251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145454052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of Tissue-Inducing Biomaterials in Nonosseous Tissues: Evidence Map of Animal Studies.","authors":"Yanli Liu, Qiang Wu, Wanlu Zhao, Xu Song, Fengxing Ding, Wanxian Du, Muting Niu, Yue Zhao, Bo Yuan, Hai Lin, Kai Zhang, Bin Ma","doi":"10.1177/19373341251374154","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251374154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tissue-inducing biomaterials, which promote tissue regeneration without the addition of exogenous cells and/or bioactive factors, have recently attracted increasing interest in the repair of nonosseous tissues. As a key strategy for transforming data into actionable evidence, evidence-based biomaterials research plays a critical role in guiding material development. In this study, evidence mapping method was employed to systematically analyze and visualize animal study designs, material characteristics, outcome indicators, and evaluation methods, aiming to identify current research trends and emerging focal areas. The results revealed a wide diversity of experimental animal species, with a predominance of small animal models. Among the 19 types of nonosseous tissues investigated, skin, abdominal wall, cartilage, and blood vessels were the most frequently studied. Materials were mainly classified into bio-derived materials, polymers, and composites. Outcome indicators span from macroscopic to molecular levels, with tissue-level indicators being the most commonly applied. Histological analysis served as the primary method for validating inductive effects, supported by gross observation, imaging analysis, molecular biology assays, and biomechanical testing. Overall, tissue-inducing biomaterials show promising potential for nonosseous tissue regeneration. However, challenges remain, including limitations of animal models, short follow-up periods, and insufficient evaluation systems. Future studies should strengthen the alignment between functional validation and clinical needs to promote the translation of these materials from experimental research to clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"225-236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144980497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VEGF-A-Mediated Differentiation of Gingival Stem Cells to Endothelial Progenitor-Like Cells.","authors":"Garima Gupta, Sandos Alghamdi, Alaa Redwan, Subodh Kumar, Bhupender Sharma, Charles Spencer, Geeta Ravindran, Toshi Kawai, Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy, Umadevi Kandalam","doi":"10.1177/19373341261429116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19373341261429116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The clinical success of bone regeneration relies on developing a functional, vascularized bone. Insufficient vascularization of tissue constructs remains a challenge in stem cell-based approaches, leading to poor graft integration and necrosis of newly formed bone. To overcome current challenges, using pre-committed stem cells for endothelial lineages is a novel approach to developing a vascularized tissue construct. Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) are a unique cell population that is readily accessible, has a high proliferation rate, and exhibits multipotent differentiation. This study aimed to investigate the <i>in vitro</i> differentiation potential of GMSCs into the endothelial lineage. GMSCs were induced with 0, 10, 50, or 100 ng/mL recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for 1 week. The relative mRNA expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, protocadherin 12, VEGF receptor 1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase 1), VEGF receptor 2 (kinase insert domain receptor), and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 were measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The expression of all endothelial marker mRNAs was significantly upregulated in a dose-dependent manner in GMSCs induced by VEGF, and maximum expression was observed at 50 ng/mL VEGF induction. A Matrigel assay demonstrated the tube-forming ability of pre-differentiated GMSCs. Our findings demonstrated that GMSCs have the potential to differentiate into endothelial progenitor-like cells. Thus, our study identifies potential options for using GMSCs as an autologous or allogeneic stem cell source for craniofacial bone regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"19373341261429116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147500646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Printing of Bioactive Glass-Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Scaffolds for Patient-Specific Bone Implants.","authors":"Jin-Oh Jeong, Young-Wook Moon, Dong-Ryul Song, Chanwoo Hong, Young Min Ju, Hyung Seong Ryu, James J Yoo, Anthony Atala, Sang Jin Lee","doi":"10.1177/19373341261426393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19373341261426393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Craniofacial bone reconstruction presents significant clinical challenges due to the region's complex anatomy and the need to restore both structural integrity and aesthetic function. This study aimed to enhance bone regeneration at graft sites through the development of an osteoconductive bioactive glass-polymer composite for patient-specific implant (PSI) applications. Composite constructs were fabricated via extrusion-based 3D printing using varying weight ratios of bioactive glass ceramic (BGS-7) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL): 2:8, 4:6, 4.5:5.5, and 5:5. Printing parameters were optimized for each formulation to ensure consistent material flow and structural fidelity. Comprehensive characterization included morphological and elemental analysis via scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, mechanical testing (compressive, flexural, and tensile), and biological evaluation and osteogenic differentiation of human placental stem cells. Higher BGS-7 content correlated with increased incorporation of phosphate, silicon, and calcium, contributing to enhanced mechanical properties and osteogenic potential. The constructs supported high cell viability, promoted cell adhesion and spreading, and induced osteogenic differentiation, as evidenced by calcium deposition and upregulation of key markers. The high-content BGS-7/PCL (5:5) formulation demonstrated optimal printability and bioactivity and was successfully used to fabricate anatomically accurate, human-scale structure. These findings highlight the potential of BGS-7/PCL composites as scalable, biocompatible, and osteoconductive platforms for craniofacial PSI applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"19373341261426393"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147492318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing Immunomodulation: How Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials Orchestrate Bone Regeneration.","authors":"Mengyuan Zhang, Ben Wan, Mouyuan Sun, Jiafei Sun, Yi Zhu, Gang Wu, Ping Sun","doi":"10.1089/ten.tea.2025.0091","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ten.tea.2025.0091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The immune system and biomaterials exhibit a well-documented synergistic interplay, essential for bone defect healing. Calcium phosphate (CaP) biomaterials, notably hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate, and biphasic calcium phosphate, are widely employed as bone substitutes due to their inherent osteoconductivity. A key challenge for synthetic CaPs is augmenting their osteoinductive potential. Indeed, the limited translation of biomaterials into clinical practice may largely stem from insufficient immunomodulatory understanding. Current evidence reveals the complex host immune response to CaPs, which is mediated by physical and biochemical properties. Harnessing immunomodulatory strategies could bridge inflammatory modulation and osteogenesis, thereby enhancing bone regeneration. This review systematically analyzes recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of immune cell responses to CaPs during bone defect healing, deepening our understanding of immunomodulatory strategies for bone regeneration. Furthermore, key knowledge gaps are highlighted to inspire the development of spatiotemporally responsive CaPs for bone tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"163-184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144478003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone Organoids: Bridging Natural Bone with Advanced Organoid Technologies.","authors":"Kaige Mao, Yifan Wang, Sengpav Tong, Bo Li, Zhi He, Cunyang Wang, Chuyue Zhang, Xianzheng Wang, Junyao Cheng, Jianheng Liu, Zheng Wang","doi":"10.1177/19373341251359279","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251359279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone tissue engineering has long been a focal point of research, aiming to address critical large segmental bone defects resulting from severe trauma, tumors, and other bone-related diseases. Despite significant advancements in conventional bone tissue engineering, the simulation of the intricate microenvironment characteristic of natural bone tissue remains inadequate. Natural bone is characterized by intricate macroscopic and microscopic architectures, along with a dynamic microenvironment that facilitates processes such as bone formation, remodeling, and repair. Bone organoids-three-dimensional structures that emulate natural bone tissue derived from stem cells-represent a substantial advancement in both bone tissue engineering and precision medicine. These organoids present a promising pathway for enhancing our understanding of bone biology and disease mechanisms. Their unique potential within precision medicine is underscored by their applications in personalized drug testing, disease modeling, and as platforms for regenerative therapies. As this field continues to progress, bone organoids are poised to play an essential role in developing tailored treatment strategies for disorders related to bones. In this review, we summarize the roles of cell types, biomaterials and culture techniques in the construction of bone organoids, and emphasize the key significance of microenvironment in guiding the maturation of bone organoids. In addition, we will discuss the standardization, current limitations, and future directions of bone organoids to provide insights for research and clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":56375,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering Part A","volume":" ","pages":"185-199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144627871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}