Brain Behavior and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Exaptation and Evolutionary Adaptation in Nociceptor Mechanisms Driving Persistent Pain.","authors":"Edgar T Walters","doi":"10.1159/000535552","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Several evolutionary explanations have been proposed for why chronic pain is a major clinical problem. One is that some mechanisms important for driving chronic pain, while maladaptive for modern humans, were adaptive because they enhanced survival. Evidence is reviewed for persistent nociceptor hyperactivity (PNH), known to promote chronic pain in rodents and humans, being an evolutionarily adaptive response to significant bodily injury, and primitive molecular mechanisms related to cellular injury and stress being exapted (co-opted or repurposed) to drive PNH and consequent pain.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>PNH in a snail (Aplysia californica), squid (Doryteuthis pealeii), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), mice, rats, and humans has been documented as long-lasting enhancement of action potential discharge evoked by peripheral stimuli, and in some of these species as persistent extrinsically driven ongoing activity and/or intrinsic spontaneous activity (OA and SA, respectively). In mammals, OA and SA are often initiated within the protected nociceptor soma long after an inducing injury. Generation of OA or SA in nociceptor somata may be very rare in invertebrates, but prolonged afterdischarge in nociceptor somata readily occurs in sensitized Aplysia. Evidence for the adaptiveness of injury-induced PNH has come from observations of decreased survival of injured squid exposed to predators when PNH is blocked, from plausible survival benefits of chronic sensitization after severe injuries such as amputation, and from the functional coherence and intricacy of mammalian PNH mechanisms. Major contributions of cAMP-PKA signaling (with associated calcium signaling) to the maintenance of PNH both in mammals and molluscs suggest that this ancient stress signaling system was exapted early during the evolution of nociceptors to drive hyperactivity following bodily injury. Vertebrates have retained core cAMP-PKA signaling modules for PNH while adding new extracellular modulators (e.g., opioids) and cAMP-regulated ion channels (e.g., TRPV1 and Nav1.8 channels).</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Evidence from multiple phyla indicates that PNH is a physiological adaptation that decreases the risk of attacks on injured animals. Core cAMP-PKA signaling modules make major contributions to the maintenance of PNH in molluscs and mammals. This conserved signaling has been linked to ancient cellular responses to stress, which may have been exapted in early nociceptors to drive protective hyperactivity that can persist while bodily functions recover after significant injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"314-330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10922759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organization of Somatosensory Cortex in the South American Rodent Paca (Cuniculus paca).","authors":"Marco Aurelio M Freire, João G Franca, Cristovam W Picanco-Diniz, Paul R Manger, Jon H Kaas, Antonio Pereira","doi":"10.1159/000534469","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000534469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The study of non-laboratory species has been part of a broader effort to establish the basic organization of the mammalian neocortex, as these species may provide unique insights relevant to cortical organization, function, and evolution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, the organization of three somatosensory cortical areas of the medium-sized (5-11 kg body mass) Amazonian rodent, the paca (Cuniculus paca), was determined using a combination of electrophysiological microelectrode mapping and histochemical techniques (cytochrome oxidase and NADPH diaphorase) in tangential sections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Electrophysiological mapping revealed a somatotopically organized primary somatosensory cortical area (S1) located in the rostral parietal cortex with a characteristic foot-medial/head-lateral contralateral body surface representation similar to that found in other species. S1 was bordered laterally by two regions housing neurons responsive to tactile stimuli, presumably the secondary somatosensory (S2) and parietal ventral (PV) cortical areas that evinced a mirror-reversal representation (relative to S1) of the contralateral body surface. The limits of the putative primary visual (V1) and primary auditory (A1) cortical areas, as well as the complete representation of the contralateral body surface in S1, were determined indirectly by the histochemical stains. Like the barrel field described in small rodents, we identified a modular arrangement located in the face representation of S1.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The relative location, somatotopic organization, and pattern of neuropil histochemical reactivity in the three paca somatosensory cortical areas investigated are similar to those described in other mammalian species, providing additional evidence of a common plan of organization for the somatosensory cortex in the rostral parietal cortex of mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"275-289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139418726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Diversity of the Brains of Ray-Finned Fishes.","authors":"Isabelle C Gebhardt,&nbsp;Michael H Hofmann","doi":"10.1159/000530243","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000530243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brains are very plastic, both in response to phenotypic diversity and to larger evolutionary trends. Differences between taxa cannot be easily attributed to either factors. Comparative morphological data on higher taxonomic levels are scarce, especially in ray-finned fishes. Here we show the great diversity of brain areas of more than 150 species of ray-finned fishes by volumetric measurements using block-face imaging. We found that differences among families or orders are more likely due to environmental needs than to systematic position. Most notable changes are present in the brain areas processing sensory input (chemosenses and lateral line vs. visual system) between salt- and freshwater species due to fundamental differences in habitat properties. Further, some patterns of brain volumetry are linked to characteristics of body morphology. There is a positive correlation between cerebellum size and body depth, as well as the presence of a swim bladder. Since body morphology is linked to ecotypes and habitat selection, a complex character space of brain and body morphology and ecological factors together could explain better the differentiation of species into their ecological niches and may lead to a better understanding of how animals adapt to their environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":"98 4","pages":"171-182"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10118376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation and Diversification of Pallial Cell Types across Vertebrates: An Evo-Devo Perspective.","authors":"Shreyas M Suryanarayana,&nbsp;Dhananjay Huilgol","doi":"10.1159/000531718","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000531718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As the highest center of sensory processing, initiation, and modulation of behavior, the pallium has seen prominent changes during the course of vertebrate evolution, culminating in the emergence of the mammalian isocortex. The processes underlying this remarkable evolution have been a matter of debate for several centuries. Recent studies using modern techniques in a host of vertebrate species are beginning to reveal mechanistic principles underlying pallial evolution from the developmental, connectome, transcriptome and cell type levels. We attempt here to trace and reconstruct the evolution of pallium from an evo-devo perspective, focusing on two phylogenetic extremes in vertebrates - cyclostomes and mammals, while considering data from intercalated species. We conclude that two fundamental processes of evolutionary change - conservation and diversification of cell types, driven by functional demands, are the primary forces dictating the emergence of the diversity of pallial structures and imbibing them with the ability to mediate and control the exceptional variety of motor behaviors across vertebrates.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":"98 4","pages":"210-228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10118934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal Ganglion Cell Topography and Spatial Resolution in Three Indian Pteropodid Bats.","authors":"Baheerathan Murugavel,&nbsp;Mindaugas Mitkus,&nbsp;Hema Somanathan,&nbsp;Almut Kelber","doi":"10.1159/000528417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000528417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pteropodidae is the only phytophagous bat family that predominantly depends on visual and olfactory cues for orientation and foraging. During daytime, pteropodids of different species roost in sites with varying light exposure. Pteropodids have larger eyes relative to body size than insectivorous bats. Retinal topography has been studied in less than 10% of the approximately 200 pteropodid species, a behavioural estimation of spatial resolution is available only for Pteropus giganteus, and little is known about the relationship between their roost site preference and visual ecology. We present retinal ganglion cell topographic maps and anatomical estimates of spatial resolution in three southern Indian pteropodid species with different roosting preferences. Ganglion cell densities are between 1,000 and 2,000 cells/mm2 in the central retina and lower in the dorsal and ventral periphery. All three species have a temporal area in the retina with peak ganglion cell densities of 4,600-6,600 cells/mm2. As a result, the foliage-roosting Cynopterus sphinx and the cave-roosting Rousettus leschenaultii have similar anatomical resolution (2.7 and 2.8 cycles/degree, respectively). The anatomical estimate for the larger tree-roosting P. giganteus (4.0 cycles/degree) is higher than the spatial resolution determined earlier in behavioural tests. Like other pteropodids and unlike other vertebrates, all three species have choroidal papillae. Based on 15 pteropodid species studied to date, we find no relationship between roost type and eye size or visual acuity. For a general understanding of the sensory ecology of pteropodids that perform key ecosystem services in the tropics, it will be essential to study additional species.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":"98 2","pages":"76-92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9670512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebellar Inputs in the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).","authors":"Cristián Gutiérrez-Ibáñez, Lutz Kettler, Madison C Pilon, Catherine E Carr, Douglas R Wylie","doi":"10.1159/000527348","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000527348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crocodilians (alligators, crocodiles, and gharials) are the closet living relatives to birds and, as such, represent a key clade to understand the evolution of the avian brain. However, many aspects of crocodilian neurobiology remain unknown. In this paper, we address an important knowledge gap as there are no published studies of cerebellar connections in any crocodilian species. We used injections of retrograde tracers into the cerebellum of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) to describe for the first time the origin of climbing and mossy fiber inputs. We found that inputs to the cerebellum in the American alligator are similar to those of other nonavian reptiles and birds. Retrograde labeled cells were found in the spinal cord, inferior olive, reticular formation, vestibular and cerebellar nuclei, as well as in nucleus ruber and surrounding tegmentum. Additionally, we found no retrogradely labeled cells in the anterior rhombencephalon which suggest that, like other nonavian reptiles, crocodilians may lack pontine nuclei. Similar to birds and other nonavian reptiles, we found inputs to the cerebellum from the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali. Additionally, we found retrogradely labeled neurons in two nuclei in the pretectum: the nucleus circularis and the interstitial nucleus of the posterior commissure. These pretectal projections have not been described in any other nonavian reptile to date, but they do resemble projections from the nucleus spiriformis medialis of birds. Our results show that many inputs to the cerebellum are highly conserved among sauropsids and that extensive pretectal inputs to the cerebellum are not exclusive to the avian brain. Finally, we suggest that the pontine nuclei of birds are an evolutionary novelty that may have evolved after the last common ancestor between birds and crocodilians, and may represent an intriguing case of convergent evolution with mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":"98 1","pages":"44-60"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10798667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hippocampal, Whole Midbrain, Red Nucleus, and Ventral Tegmental Area Volumes Are Increased by Selective Breeding for High Voluntary Wheel-Running Behavior.","authors":"Margaret P Schmill,&nbsp;Zoe Thompson,&nbsp;Daisy Lee,&nbsp;Laurence Haddadin,&nbsp;Shaarang Mitra,&nbsp;Raymond Ezzat,&nbsp;Samantha Shelton,&nbsp;Phillip Levin,&nbsp;Sogol Behnam,&nbsp;Kelly J Huffman,&nbsp;Theodore Garland","doi":"10.1159/000533524","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Uncovering relationships between neuroanatomy, behavior, and evolution are important for understanding the factors that control brain function. Voluntary exercise is one key behavior that both affects, and may be affected by, neuroanatomical variation. Moreover, recent studies suggest an important role for physical activity in brain evolution. We used a unique and ongoing artificial selection model in which mice are bred for high voluntary wheel-running behavior, yielding four replicate lines of high runner (HR) mice that run ∼3-fold more revolutions per day than four replicate nonselected control (C) lines. Previous studies reported that, with body mass as a covariate, HR mice had heavier whole brains, non-cerebellar brains, and larger midbrains than C mice. We sampled mice from generation 66 and used high-resolution microscopy to test the hypothesis that HR mice have greater volumes and/or cell densities in nine key regions from either the midbrain or limbic system. In addition, half of the mice were given 10 weeks of wheel access from weaning, and we predicted that chronic exercise would increase the volumes of the examined brain regions via phenotypic plasticity. We replicated findings that both selective breeding and wheel access increased total brain mass, with no significant interaction between the two factors. In HR compared to C mice, adjusting for body mass, both the red nucleus (RN) of the midbrain and the hippocampus (HPC) were significantly larger, and the whole midbrain tended to be larger, with no effect of wheel access nor any interactions. Linetype and wheel access had an interactive effect on the volume of the periaqueductal gray (PAG), such that wheel access increased PAG volume in C mice but decreased volume in HR mice. Neither linetype nor wheel access affected volumes of the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum (VP), or basolateral amygdala. We found no main effect of either linetype or wheel access on neuronal densities (numbers of cells per unit area) for any of the regions examined. Taken together, our results suggest that the increased exercise phenotype of HR mice is related to increased RN and hippocampal volumes, but that chronic exercise alone does not produce such phenotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"245-263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10038765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 43rd Annual Meeting of the J.B. Johnston Club for Evolutionary Neuroscience and the 35th Annual Karger Workshop in Evolutionary Neuroscience.","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000533935","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533935","url":null,"abstract":"Avian flight is guided by optic flow, the motion of images across the retina from self-motion. Optic flow reaches, thought direct and indirect pathways, two areas of the avian cerebellum, the oculomotor cerebellum (folia VI–VIII)","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"264-274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41171139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endocranial Casts of Camelops hesternus and Palaeolama sp.: New Insights into the Recent History of the Camelid Brain.","authors":"Ana M Balcarcel,&nbsp;Dylan Bastiaans,&nbsp;Maeva J Orliac","doi":"10.1159/000528762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000528762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endocranial casts are capable of capturing the general brain form in extinct mammals due to the high fidelity of the endocranial cavity and the brain in this clade. Camelids, the clade including extant camels, llamas, and alpacas, today display high levels of gyrification and brain complexity. The evolutionary history of the camelid brain has been described as involving unique neocortical growth dynamics which may have led to its current state. However, these inferences are based on their fossil endocast record from approximately ∼40 Mya (Eocene) to ∼11 Mya (Miocene), with a gap in this record for the last ∼10 million years. Here, we present the first descriptions of two camelid endocrania that document the recent history of the camelid brain: a new specimen of Palaeolama sp. from ∼1.2 Mya, and the plaster endocast of Camelops hesternus, a giant camelid from ∼44 to 11 Kya which possessed the largest brain (∼990 g) of all known camelids. We find that neocortical complexity evolved significantly between the Miocene and Pleistocene Epochs. Already ∼1.2 Mya the camelid brain presented morphologies previously known only in extant taxa, especially in the frontal and parietal regions, which may also be phylogenetic informative. The new fossil data indicate that during the Pleistocene, camelid brain dynamics experienced neocortical invagination into the sagittal sinus rather than evagination out of it, as observed in Eocene to Miocene taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":"98 2","pages":"107-120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10137315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9724076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution and Development of Amygdala Subdivisions: Pallial, Subpallial, and Beyond.","authors":"Loreta Medina,&nbsp;Antonio Abellán,&nbsp;Lorena Morales,&nbsp;Alessandra Pross,&nbsp;Alek H Metwalli,&nbsp;Alba González-Alonso,&nbsp;Júlia Freixes,&nbsp;Ester Desfilis","doi":"10.1159/000527512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000527512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The amygdala is a central node in functional networks regulating emotions, social behavior, and social cognition. It develops in the telencephalon and includes pallial and subpallial parts, but these are extremely complex with multiple subdivisions, cell types, and connections. The homology of the amygdala in nonmammals is highly controversial, especially for the pallial part, and we are still far from understanding general principles on its organization that are common to different groups. Here, we review data on the adult functional architecture and developmental genoarchitecture of the amygdala in different amniotes (mammals and sauropsids), which are helping to disentangle and to better understand this complex structure. The use of an evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) approach has helped distinguish three major divisions in the amygdala, derived from the pallium, the subpallium, and from a newly identified division called telencephalon-opto-hypothalamic domain (TOH). This approach has also helped identify homologous cell populations with identical embryonic origins and molecular profiles in the amygdala of different amniotes. While subpallial cells produce different subtypes of GABAergic neurons, the pallium and TOH are major sources of glutamatergic cells. Available data point to a development-based molecular code that contributes to shape distinct functional subsystems in the amygdala, and comparative genoarchitecture is helping to delineate the cells involved in same subsystems in non-mammals. Thus, the evodevo approach can provide crucial information to understand common organizing principles of the amygdala cells and networks that control behavior, emotions, and cognition in amniotes.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":"98 1","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10785974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}