Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques最新文献

{"title":"Accounting for the Rising Caesarean Section Rate in Canada: What Are the Roles of Changing Needs, Practices, and Incentives?","authors":"Michael Baker, Maripier Isabelle, M. Stabile, S. Allin","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2021-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Dans la majorité des pays à revenus élevés, dont le Canada, la proportion des naissances par césarienne a augmenté au cours des dernières décennies et a dépassé de loin les recommandations de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), notamment celle des 15 pour cent des césariennes justifiées médicalement. Les césariennes non nécessaires, bien qu'elles représentent un coût considérable pour le système de santé, n'apportent pas des bénéfices clairs pour la mère ou l'enfant et peuvent parfois constituer des risques supplémentaires. Se fondant sur les fichiers administratifs de près de quatre millions de naissances au Canada et sur des macro-données des États-Unis et de l'Australie, cette étude offre un compte-rendu détaillé de l'augmentation des taux de césariennes. Nous nous intéressons explicitement au rôle des facteurs clés recensés dans la littérature sur les politiques de santé, y compris l'évolution des caractéristiques des mères, des naissances et des médecins, de même que le changement des incitatifs financiers pour les accouchements par césarienne. Ces facteurs justifient, tout au plus, la moitié de l'augmentation des césariennes pour la période allant d'avril 1994 à mars 2011. Le restant de la s'est majoritairement produit au début des années 2000. Nous tendons à croire qu'un évènement ou un choc au début des années 2000 serait le déterminant principal de la montée en flèche récente des césariennes au Canada.Abstract:In most high-income countries, including Canada, the share of births by Caesarean section (C-section) has risen over the past decades to far exceed World Health Organization recommendations of the proportion justified on medical grounds (15 percent). Although unnecessary C-sections represent an important cost for health care systems, they are not associated with clear benefits for the mother and the child and can sometimes represent additional risks. Drawing on administrative records of nearly four million births in Canada, as well as macro data from the United States and Australia, we provide a comprehensive account of rising C-section rates. We explicitly consider the contributions of the main factors brought forward in the policy literature, including changing characteristics of mothers, births, and physicians as well as changing financial incentives for C-section deliveries. These factors account for at most one-half of the increase in C-section rates between April 1994 and March 2011. The majority of the remaining increase in C-sections over the period occurred in the early 2000s. We suggest that some event or shock in the early 2000s is likely the primary determinant of the recent strong increase in the C-section rate in Canada.","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":"32 1","pages":"36 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87878089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Inequality and COVID-19 Deaths and Cases in the First Wave: A Cross-Country Analysis.","authors":"James B Davies","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2021-033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cross-country relationship of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case and death rates with previously measured income inequality and poverty in the pandemic's first wave is studied, controlling for other underlying factors, in a worldwide sample of countries. If the estimated associations are interpreted as causal, the Gini coefficient for income has a significant positive effect on both cases and deaths per capita in regressions using the full sample and for cases but not for deaths when Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD sub-samples are treated separately. The Gini coefficient for wealth has a significant positive effect on cases, but not on deaths, in both sub-samples and in the full sample. Poverty generally has weak positive effects in the full and non-OECD samples, but a relative poverty measure has a strong positive effect on cases in the OECD sample. Analysis of the gap between COVID-19 first-wave cases and deaths per capita in Canada and the higher rates in the United States indicates that 37 percent of the cases gap and 28 percent of the deaths gap could be attributed to the higher-income Gini in the United States according to the full-sample regressions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":"47 4","pages":"537-553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9395158/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10236162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trade between Canada and the United States.","authors":"Miguel Cardoso, Brandon Malloy","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2021-028","DOIUrl":"10.3138/cpp.2021-028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We examine how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected trade between Canada and the United States, using a novel dataset on monthly bilateral trade flows between Canadian provinces and US states merged with COVID-19 health data. Our results show that a one-standard-deviation increase in COVID-19 severity (case levels, hospitalizations, deaths) in a Canadian province leads to a 3.1 percent to 4.9 percent fall in exports and a 6.7 percent to 9.1 percent fall in imports. Decomposing our analysis by industry, we determine that trade in the manufacturing industry was most negatively affected by the pandemic, and the agriculture industry had the least disruption to trade flows. Our descriptive evidence suggests that lockdowns may also have reduced Canadian exports and imports. However, although our regression coefficients are consistent with that finding, they are not statistically significant, perhaps because of the lack of variation as a result of similar timing in the imposition of restrictions across provinces.</p>","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":"47 4","pages":"554-572"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9400821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10238203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Happened to the Immigrant Life Satisfaction Gap?","authors":"Frances R. Woolley","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2020-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-122","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Nombreuses études ont démontré que les immigrants au Canada étaient moins satisfaits dans la vie, comparés aux personnes nées au Canada. Or, les données récentes de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (ESCC) montrent que cet écart de satisfaction entre immigrants et natifs serait en voie de disparition. Cet article retrace l’évolution de l’écart de satisfaction dans la vie entre immigrants canadiens et Canadiens natifs de 2009 à 2018 et explore deux voies possibles pour expliquer le resserrement de cet écart : meilleurs revenus chez les immigrants et changement de design de l’ESCC en 2015/16. Cet article trouve peu d’éléments de preuve en faveur de l’explication par l’augmentation des revenus. En effet, l’écart de satisfaction entre immigrants et natifs paraît quelque peu illusoire : l’écart le plus important quant à la satisfaction dans la vie se trouve, en fait, entre les individus blancs et les membres de certains groupes racialisés, indépendamment de leur statut d’immigration. Par contre, le nouveau design de l’ESCC introduit en 2015/16 pourrait apporter une explication plausible de l’augmentation du niveau de satisfaction rapporté. Cette recherche démontre, encore une fois, que les chercheurs utilisant les mesures de satisfaction doivent être vigilants lorsque le design de l’enquête est modifié.Abstract:Numerous studies have found that immigrants to Canada are less satisfied with life than comparable Canadian-born individuals. Yet recent data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) suggest that this immigrant satisfaction gap may be disappearing. This article traces the evolution of the immigrant– Canadian born life satisfaction gap from 2009 to 2018 and explores two competing explanations for the declining gap: improved immigrant outcomes and changes to the CCHS design introduced in 2015–2016. The article finds little evidence for the improved outcomes explanation. Indeed, the immigrant satisfaction gap is somewhat illusory—the more substantial gap is between the life satisfaction of White individuals and that of members of certain racialized groups, regardless of immigration status. The 2015–2016 CCHS redesign, however, may be a plausible explanation for the increase in reported life satisfaction. This article provides more evidence that researchers using life satisfaction measures need to be cautious when survey designs change.","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":"17 1","pages":"510 - 522"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82477059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Economic Impacts of Specific Claims Settlements in Canada: The Case of Little Red River Cree Nation","authors":"Omid Mirzaei, D. Natcher, E. Micheels","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2020-118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Depuis 1973, 535 revendications particulières évaluées à plus de 6 milliards de dollars ont été réglées entre le Gouvernement du Canada et les Premières Nations pour honorer des obligations non respectées aux termes de certains traités. Les détracteurs des revendications territoriales spécifiques font remarquer l’absence de preuves statistiques de l’impact positif sur les économies des Premières Nations et décrivent les revendications particulières comme étant une responsabilité de plusieurs milliards de dollars à assumer par les contribuables canadiens. Cette recherche montre que les économies des Premières Nations perdent les avantages économiques des revendications spéciales à cause des hauts niveaux de fuite économique, plus particulièrement lorsque de grandes proportions des fonds de règlement sont versées en fonction du nombre d’habitants. En collaborant avec les services de la Little Red River Cree Nation (LRRCN) de l’Alberta (qui vient d’obtenir un règlement de 239 millions de dollars), nous utilisons les données relatives aux dépenses des ménages, les états financiers des entreprises appartenant à la bande et les rapports de vérification de l’administration de la bande pour évaluer le niveau de leur fuite économique ainsi que l’impact économique du règlement de leurs revendications particulières. Les résultats montrent que la fuite économique encourue par la LRRCN s’élève à 83,5 pour cent. En utilisant les données relatives aux dépenses des ménages et les modèles des entrées-sorties, nous pouvons estimer l’impact économique de ce règlement. En supposant un versement sur base de 100 pour cent par habitant, ce règlement contribuerait entre 275 et 339 millions de dollars à la production provinciale, entre172 et 212 millions de dollars au produit intérieur brut et entre 110 et 127 milliards de dollars aux revenus de travail et créerait entre 2393 et 2714 emplois à temps plein. Les résultats de cette recherche peuvent s’avérer très utiles pour les chefs des Premières Nations dans leurs décisions futures concernant la distribution et l’investissement des règlements des revendications particulières.Abstract:Since 1973, 535 specific claims valued at more than $6 billion have been settled between the Government of Canada and First Nations governments for outstanding treaty obligations. Critics of specific land claims point to the absence of statistical evidence that shows a positive impact on First Nations economies and characterize specific claims as a multi-billion-dollar liability for Canadian taxpayers. This research shows that the economic benefits of specific claims are being lost to First Nations economies through high rates of economic leakage, especially in cases in which large proportions of the settlement funds are disbursed on a per capita basis. Collaborating with the Little Red River Cree Nation (LRRCN) in Alberta (a recent recipient of a $239 million settlement), we use household expenditure data, band-owned businesses’ fi","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":"87 1","pages":"497 - 509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77864313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Une évaluation de l’effet du crédit d’impôt pour prolongation de carrière sur l’emploi et le taux d’activité des travailleurs de 60 ans et plus au Québec","authors":"J. Cousineau, Pierre Tircher","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2020-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-020","url":null,"abstract":"Following in Suede’s and Australia’s footsteps, the Government of Québec introduced the Tax credit for experienced workers in 2012, encouraging older workers to remain in or return to the labour market. This program became de Tax credit for career extension (TCCE) in 2019. Using public microdata files of the Statistics Canada’s Labour Force Survey and the province of Ontario as a reference group, the effect of this income tax credit on older workers’ activity and employment rates was assessed with the difference-in-differences method. According to a probit analysis, the TCEW had a positive and significative effect on the possibility of employment and activity in most age and sex subgroups of workers aged 60 and over. From 2012 to 2019, the credit was considered to have contributed to maintain or create an average of a little less than 27,000 jobs per year, at an average annual cost of $4,800 per job, which gives Québec an edge over countries with comparable policies. This inferred that a program targeting age and income groups can significantly improve this fiscal instrument performance.","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":"5 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86955267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Did the Canada Child Benefit Affect Household Spending?","authors":"Paniz Najjarrezaparast, K. Pendakur","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2020-137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-137","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Cette étude évalue les répercussions de la majoration en juillet 2016 de l’Allocation canadienne pour enfants (ACE) sur les dépenses des ménages, d’abord sur les dépenses totales et ensuite sur les sept catégories constitutives: habillement, alimentation, soins de la santé, dépenses courantes, loisir, logement et transport. L’augmentation de l’ACE était considérable : la plus grande partie des bénéficiaires a reçu une augmentation de plus de 2 000 $ par enfant par année. Nous nous intéressons aux ménages dont le revenu se situe en dessous du revenu médian et nous remarquons des effets statistiquement significatifs apportés par ce changement de politique notamment sur l’habillement, l’alimentation, l’habitation, et ce, seulement chez les ménages en logement locatif. Nous avons trouvé que, suite à l’augmentation de l’ACE, les dépenses annuelles des ménages en logement locatif ayant des enfants et dont le revenu se situe en dessous du revenu médian ont augmenté de près de 3 400 $. Les dépenses alimentaires ont augmenté d’environ 700 $ et les dépenses sur l’habitation ont augmenté d’environ 1 400 $. De leur côté, les dépenses vestimentaires ont augmenté d’environ 350 $, mais surtout pour les vêtements des enfants et non ceux des adultes.Abstract:We assess how the July 2016 increase in the Canada Child Benefit (CCB) affected household spending with respect to total current expenditure and its seven constituent categories: clothing, food, health care, household operations, recreation, shelter, and transportation. The increase in the CCB was large: for most recipient households, it increased by more than $2,000 per child per year. We consider households below the median income level and find statistically significant effects of the policy change only for spending on clothing, food, and shelter and only for rental-tenure households. We find that rental-tenure households with children that fell below the median income level increased their annual expenditure by about $3,400 in response to the CCB increase. Spending on food increased by roughly $700; spending on shelter, by nearly $1,400. Spending on clothing increased by roughly $350, but spending mainly increased on children’s clothing, not on adults’ clothing.","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":"22 1","pages":"479 - 496"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90463808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does the Profit Motive Matter? COVID-19 Prevention and Management in Ontario Long-Term-Care Homes.","authors":"Kristen Pue,&nbsp;Daniel Westlake,&nbsp;Alix Jansen","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2020-151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We introduce evidence that for-profit long-term-care providers are associated with less successful outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak management. We introduce two sets of theoretical arguments that predict variation in service quality by provider type: those that deal with the institution of contracting (innovative competition vs. erosive competition) and those that address organizational features of for-profit, non-profit, and government actors (profit seeking, cross-subsidization, and future investment). We contextualize these arguments through a discussion of how contracting operates in Ontario long-term care. That discussion leads us to exclude the institutional arguments while retaining the arguments about organizational features as our three hypotheses. Using outbreak data as of February 2021, we find that government-run long-term-care homes surpassed for-profit and non-profit homes in outbreak management, consistent with an earlier finding from Stall et al. (2020). Non-profit homes outperform for-profit homes but are outperformed by government-run homes. These results are consistent with the expectations derived from two theoretical arguments-profit seeking and cross-subsidization-and inconsistent with a third-capacity for future investment.</p>","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":"47 3","pages":"421-438"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9400825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10238205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Family Stress and Domestic Violence: Lessons from the COVID-19 Outbreak.","authors":"Louis-Philippe Béland, Abel Brodeur, Joanne Haddad, Derek Mikola","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2020-119","DOIUrl":"10.3138/cpp.2020-119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, we examine Canadians' concerns regarding the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on domestic violence and family stress. Our empirical analysis relies on a unique survey conducted online, the Canadian Perspective Survey Series, which allows us to investigate the determinants of concerns regarding family stress and domestic violence during the first COVID-19 lockdown. We find no evidence that changes in work arrangements are related to concerns regarding family stress and violence in the home. In contrast, we find that the inability to meet financial obligations and concerns about maintaining social ties are significantly related to concerns about family stress and domestic violence.</p>","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":"47 3","pages":"439-459"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9395152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10232680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Insights on the Energy Impacts of Telework in Canada.","authors":"Hannah Villeneuve, Ahmed Abdeen, Maya Papineau, Sharane Simon, Cynthia Cruickshank, William O'Brien","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2020-157","DOIUrl":"10.3138/cpp.2020-157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantifying the energy impact of teleworking has been challenging because of the low prevalence of telework. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the associated widespread shift to telework provides a new opportunity to study the energy impact of teleworking. Within two months of the lockdowns, we surveyed 278 knowledge-based workers in Canada who started working primarily from home to investigate their energy-related behaviours and attitudes. The survey's major themes are energy-saving actions taken in the office, equipment used for telework, impacts on home energy usage, and both awareness of and response to electricity pricing. Given trends toward increased teleworking in the future, these results can inform public policy related to teleworking and energy.</p>","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":"47 3","pages":"460-477"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9404458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10238202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}