Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques最新文献

{"title":"Employment Probability of Visible Minority Immigrants in Canada by Generational Status, Circa 2016","authors":"A. Akbari, Shantanu Debbarman","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2022-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2022-008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:À partir des données du recensement canadien de 2016, nous comparons la probabilité d'être à l'emploi (à temps plein ou en travail indépendant) des immigrants et des immigrantes appartenant à des minorités visibles à celle d'immigrants et d'immigrantes des minorités non visibles. Des comparaisons intergénérationnelles des résultats de l'emploi sont motivées par les attentes concernant les deuxième et troisième générations issues de l'immigration, qui seraient moins susceptibles de se heurter aux obstacles qui limitent l'accès de la première génération au marché du travail. Des estimations fondées sur la régression logistique révèlent que parmi les personnes issues des minorités visibles, quatre sur dix sont moins susceptibles d'occuper un emploi que leurs pairs des minorités non visibles, et ce, pour chacune des trois générations. Pour les immigrants de première et de deuxième génération, les résultats sont hétérogènes, mais pour les immigrants de troisième génération, les probabilités d'occuper un emploi sont significativement moins élevées dans tous les groupes de minorités visibles, à l'exception des personnes d'origine chinoise ou japonaise. La connaissance insuffisante des langues officielles (anglais ou français) réduit la probabilité d'emploi pour tous les groupes. Les estimations montrent par ailleurs que la corrélation positive de la formation postsecondaire avec l'emploi est plus faible quand cette formation est acquise hors du Canada que quand elle est acquise au Canada. Le lien entre l'expérience de travail pré- et postimmigration et l'emploi est faible.Abstract:Using 2016 Census data, we compare the odds of employment (full time or self-employment) for visible minority immigrants in Canada with those of non–visible minority immigrants. Intergenerational comparisons of employment outcomes are made because one would expect second- and third-generation immigrants to be less prone to labour market barriers than first-generation immigrants. Estimates based on a logistic regression of employment probability reveal lower employment odds for four out of 10 identified visible minority immigrant groups in comparison with non–visible minority immigrants for all three generations. For first- and second-generation immigrants, the results were mixed, but third-generation immigrants faced significantly lower employment probabilities in all groups of visible minorities with the exception of Chinese and Japanese. A lack of proficiency in official languages (English or French) lowers the employment probability for all groups. It is estimated that post-secondary education (PSE) acquired outside of Canada has a weaker positive association with employment than PSE acquired within Canada. Pre- and post-immigration labour market experience have a weak association with employment.","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89689477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey Non-Response in COVID-19 Times: The Case of the Labour Force Survey.","authors":"Pierre Brochu, Jonathan Créchet","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2021-069","DOIUrl":"10.3138/cpp.2021-069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, labour-force survey non-response rates have surged in many countries. We show that in the case of the Canadian Labour Force Survey (LFS), the bulk of this increase is due to the suspension of in-person interviews following the adoption of telework within Federal agencies, including Statistics Canada. Individuals with vulnerabilities to the COVID-19 economic shock have been harder to reach and have been gradually less and less represented in the LFS during the pandemic. We present evidence suggesting that the decline in employment and labour-force participation have been underestimated over the March-July 2020 period. We argue that these non-response issues are moderate when analyzing aggregate outcomes, but that researchers should exert caution when gauging the robustness of estimates for subgroups. We discuss practical implications for research based on the LFS, such as the consequences for panels and the choice of public-use versus master files of the LFS.</p>","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10231671/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10236401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Differential Impact of COVID-19 on Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrants in Canada.","authors":"Tingting Zhang, Morley Gunderson","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2021-043","DOIUrl":"10.3138/cpp.2021-043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Based on Canadian Labour Force Survey data, we estimate the differential effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on seven labour market outcomes, and separate between recent and established immigrants relative to domestic-born Canadians. We also use Recentered Influence Function (RIF) unconditional quantile regressions to estimate the differential effects across the distribution of outcomes. We find that the pandemic had an adverse effect on the labour market outcomes for all workers, and that the adverse effects were generally larger for immigrants and especially recent immigrants as well as for immigrants at the bottom of the outcome distributions. The adverse effects were generally larger at the earliest waves of the pandemic, and for recent immigrants who were female, less educated, and those with child responsibilities, and for jobs at greater risk of contact with the pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10231670/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10602222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L’effet des cégeps du Québec sur le nombre total d’années de scolarité","authors":"P. Fortin, Natalia Mishagina, J. Royer","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2020-098-fr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-098-fr","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Nous décrivons la réforme collégiale des années 1960 au Québec et nous étudions l’effet initial de la création des cégeps sur la scolarisation des jeunes Québécois en la comparant à celle des jeunes Ontariens. Nous suivons les grandes tendances de la fréquentation scolaire et de l’obtention de diplômes au niveau postsecondaire de 1960 à 2018. Puis nous estimons l’effet de l’arrivée des cégeps sur le nombre total d’années de scolarité des premières cohortes touchées. Une analyse de différence de différences appliquée aux hommes et aux femmes francophones et anglophones au moyen des microdonnées du Recensement de 2001 nous permet d’estimer que l’effet initial des cégeps a été globalement positif et substantiel.Abstract:We describe the CEGEP (collèges d’enseignement général et professionnel) innovation of the late 1960s in Quebec and study its early effect on total years of schooling in the province, with Ontario as control. We first compare the broad trends in post-secondary enrolment and credentials in Quebec and Ontario over the long period of 1960–2018. We then estimate the effect of the CEGEP reform on total years of schooling of the cohorts that were initially treated. To this end, we apply a simple difference-in-differences methodology to 2001 Census microdata for Francophone and Anglophone men and women. We find that the effect of CEGEPs has been broadly positive and significant.","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73210826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association of Education with Entrepreneurial Propensity and Entrepreneurial Income of Recent Canadian Graduates: A Tax Data Analysis","authors":"Megan Salter, Eman Almehdawe","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2021-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Cette étude considère l’association entre diplômes postsecondaires et domaines d’études par rapport aux revenus chez des universitaires ayant obtenu récemment leur diplôme, ainsi que leur propension pour l’entrepreneuriat. Dans ce but, nous analysons une banque de données administrative qui relie les dossiers d’établissements postsecondaires publics du Canada aux déclarations d’impôt sur le revenu de l’Agence du revenu du Canada. Nos résultats mettent à jour deux tendances : les entrepreneur• e• s titulaires d’un doctorat gagnent significativement plus que les non-titulaires, et certains domaines d’études sont associés à des revenus plus élevés. Cependant, les résultats montrent également que les probabilités qu’un individu se lance dans l’entrepreneuriat diminuent à mesure que le niveau d’études complétées augmente. Notre étude suggère donc aussi l’existence d’une relation entre l’éducation et la réussite entrepreneuriale.Abstract:This work examines the association of post-secondary credentials and fields of study on the earnings of recent university graduates and their propensity to become entrepreneurs. To this end, we analyze an administrative database that links post-secondary records from public educational institutions in Canada with income tax records from the Canadian Revenue Agency. The findings of this analysis showed that entrepreneurs who hold a PhD tend to earn significantly more than those who do not, and that certain fields of study tend to be associated with higher incomes. However, the results also showed that the odds of entering entrepreneurship decrease as higher credential levels are achieved. Thus, this research further demonstrates the potential relationship between education and entrepreneurial success.","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86222823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Factory and the Hub: An Anatomy of Canada’s Import Dependence on the US","authors":"Julien Martin, F. Mayneris","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2021-072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-072","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Nous reconsidérons la dépendance du Canada envers les États-Unis en matière d’importation en nous servant de nouvelles données sur les produits. Ces données concernent le pays d’origine, le dernier pays exportateur et le transport des importations canadiennes. Nous montrons que les États-Unis jouent un rôle clé non seulement à titre de fournisseurs du Canada, mais également en tant que pôle logistique : la moitié des importations provenant de fournisseurs non étatsuniens entre au Canada par les États-Unis. Par conséquent, c’est 77 pour cent des importations canadiennes qui sont liées aux États-Unis soit par la production, soit par la logistique – chiffre nettement supérieur aux 55 pour cent rapportés habituellement dans les débats publics. Nous montrons que cette dépendance s’insinue dans la plupart des catégories de produits et concerne les principaux partenaires commerciaux du Canada. Nous combinons cette nouvelle mesure de la dépendance canadienne à des tableaux d’entrées-sorties afin de quantifier la dépendance directe et indirecte des secteurs industriels canadiens par rapport aux États-Unis par leur emploi des ressources. Pour le secteur industriel canadien moyen, le contenu de ses entrées lié aux États-Unis atteint 24 pour cent. Nous abordons en terminant quelques-unes des conséquences de ces résultats pour les politiques publiques.Abstract:We revisit the reliance of Canada on the US for its imports using new product-level data on the country of origin, the last exporting country, and the transport mode of Canadian imports. We not only show that the US is a key supplier of Canada, but also a key logistical hub: half of the imports from non-US suppliers enter Canada through the US. Therefore, 77 percent of Canadian imports are tied to the US through production or logistical linkages, well above the 55 percent usually reported in the public debate. We show that this reliance on the US is pervasive across most product categories and for Canada’s main trade partners. We exploit this new measure of reliance on the US together with input-output tables to quantify the direct and indirect reliance of Canadian industries on the US through their input usage. For the average Canadian industry, the US-related content of its inputs reaches 24 percent. We finally discuss some of the policy implications of these results.","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89651852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putting Passenger Rail Back on Track: A Multiple Streams Framework Analysis of High-Frequency Rail Policy in Canada","authors":"Matthew Boulden, D. Béland","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2021-062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-062","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Après plusieurs décennies d’inertie politique, un vent de changement souffle sur le domaine des trains de passagers au Canada, grâce à l’approbation récente par le gouvernement fédéral du projet de train à grande fréquence de VIA Rail dans le corridor Québec-Windsor. Cette étude s’appuie sur la théorie des courants multiples (Multiple Streams Framework, MSF) pour analyser la manière dont le train à grande fréquence a fait son chemin jusqu’au programme de politiques du gouvernement fédéral. Des entretiens semi-directifs viennent confirmer trois attentes de la théorie des courants multiples, en montrant a) des preuves d’activités dans les trois courants de la théorie (le problème, les politiques, la politique) ; b) l’ouverture, à la suite de changements dans les courants politiques, d’une fenêtre d’opportunité ; et c) la présence d’un entrepreneur en politiques qui a arrimé les trois courants dans la fenêtre d’opportunité.Abstract:After decades of policy stagnation, change is on the horizon for passenger rail in Canada, with the recent federal government’s approval of VIA Rail’s High-Frequency Rail (HFR) proposal within the Quebec-Windsor Corridor. This study applies the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) to analyze how HFR arrived on the federal government’s agenda. Drawing on semi-directive interviews, three expectations based on the MSF are confirmed: evidence of (a) activity in the framework’s three streams (problem, policy, politics); (b) a policy window opening because of changes in the politics stream; and (c) a policy entrepreneur who coupled the three streams within that policy window.","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80613980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of Canada’s Airports and Airport Policy: A Review","authors":"W. Morrison, Julien Martin, F. Mayneris, Matthew Boulden, D. Béland, Pierre Fortin, N. Mishagina, Jimmy Royer, Megan Salter, Eman Almehdawe, Pierre Brochu, Jonathan Créchet, Tingting Zhang, M. Gunderson","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2021-068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-068","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Les aéroports du Canada forment un système unique au monde : ce sont des organismes privés, sans capital-actions et à but non lucratif. Cet article examine l’évolution du système et des politiques aéroportuaires au Canada depuis trente ans. Il propose un survol de la performance des aéroports, y compris une évaluation des recettes probables advenant le cas où le gouvernement canadien décide de vendre ses huit aéroports les plus grands à des investisseurs privés. Notre examen révèle un système qui, fortement marqué par une orientation dite de l’utilisateur payeur, est devenu tributaire des « frais d’amélioration des installations » imposés aux passagers en plus des frais aéronautiques ordinaires pour financer les investissements substantiels en infrastructure réalisés par les administrations aéroportuaires. Soulignant certaines critiques du système actuel qui remontent à plus de 20 ans, l’article montre que les récentes recommandations de vendre nos aéroports à des investisseurs privés sont porteuses d’une tension sous-jacente concernant la caractérisation des aéroports, perçus soit comme des « bougies d’allumage » censées créer des retombées économiques plus vastes, soit comme des « postes de péage » produisant des revenus pour le gouvernement. L’article soutient qu’une solution de rechange viable à la vente des aéroports à des intérêts privés consiste à remettre à l’ordre du jour un projet de loi d’abord présenté en 2003, puis en 2006, et qui, malgré un large appui politique, n’a jamais été adopté.Abstract:Canada’s airports are unique in the world as a system of private, no-share capital, not-for-profit organizations. This paper reviews the evolution Canada’s airport system and airport policy over the last 30 years and provides an overview of airport performance including an assessment of the likely proceeds should the Canadian government decide to sell its eight largest airports to private investors. The review reveals an airport system with a heavy “user pay” orientation that has become reliant on “airport improvement fees” charged to passengers, over and above regular aeronautical charges, in order to finance the substantial investments in infrastructure made by airport authorities. The paper highlights criticisms of the current airport system that have endured for over 20 years and shows how recent recommendations to sell our airports to private investors reveals an underlying tension regarding whether airports should be regarded as “spark plugs” that create wider economic benefits or “toll booths” that generate government revenues. The paper argues that a viable alternative to selling off airports to private investors is to reintroduce legislation first introduced in 2003 and again in 2006, which, despite broad political support, never became law.","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76264701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Quebec’s CEGEPs on Total Years of Schooling","authors":"P. Fortin, N. Mishagina, Jimmy Royer","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2020-098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-098","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Nous décrivons la réforme collégiale des années 1960 au Québec et nous étudions l’effet initial de la création des cégeps sur la scolarisation des jeunes Québécois en la comparant à celle des jeunes Ontariens. Nous suivons les grandes tendances de la fréquentation scolaire et de l’obtention de diplômes au niveau postsecondaire de 1960 à 2018. Puis nous estimons l’effet de l’arrivée des cégeps sur le nombre total d’années de scolarité des premières cohortes touchées. Une analyse de différence de différences appliquée aux hommes et aux femmes francophones et anglophones au moyen des microdonnées du Recensement de 2001 nous permet d’estimer que l’effet initial des cégeps a été globalement positif et substantiel.Abstract:We describe the CEGEP (collèges d’enseignement général et professionnel) innovation of the late 1960s in Quebec and study its early effect on total years of schooling in the province, with Ontario as control. We first compare the broad trends in post-secondary enrolment and credentials in Quebec and Ontario over the long period of 1960–2018. We then estimate the effect of the CEGEP reform on total years of schooling of the cohorts that were initially treated. To this end, we apply a simple difference-in-differences methodology to 2001 Census microdata for Francophone and Anglophone men and women. We find that the effect of CEGEPs has been broadly positive and significant.","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81860509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Machine-Learning Analysis of the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Small Business Owners and Implications for Canadian Government Policy Response.","authors":"Diane A Isabelle, Yu Jade Han, Mika Westerlund","doi":"10.3138/cpp.2021-018","DOIUrl":"10.3138/cpp.2021-018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study applies a machine-learning technique to a dataset of 38,000 textual comments from Canadian small business owners on the impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Topic modelling revealed seven topics covering the short- and longer-term impacts of the pandemic, government relief programs and loan eligibility issues, mental health, and other impacts on business owners. The results emphasize the importance of policy response in aiding small business crisis management and offer implications for theory and policy. Moreover, the study provides an example of using a machine-learning-based automated content analysis in the fields of crisis management, small business, and public policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":56148,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9395163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10225623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}