Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews最新文献

{"title":"How pain fools everyone: An inference to the best explanation.","authors":"Brian Key, Deborah J Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a commonly held assumption that feelings such as pain are causes of behaviour. We say we withdrew our hand from the hotplate because it hurt or that we flinched at the needle because it stung. The causal role of pain is widely implicated in theories of learning and decision-making. But what if this commonsense idea that feelings cause behaviour is just wrong? To date, there is no known mechanism for how subjectively experienced pain directly modulates neural activity and it is hard to see how there could be. There is no known mechanism by which pain could directly gate ion channels. On this basis, we contend that the real cause of behaviour is neural activity and that feelings of pain have no known causal role. This raises the question of whether pain has any function at all-i.e., whether it has causal powers or is merely epiphenomenal. Epiphenomenalism faces the intractable problem of explaining how such an attention-consuming feeling as pain could be epiphenomenal and yet still have survived evolutionary selection. In response, we infer from the available neuroscientific evidence that the best explanation is that pain has a novel, non-causal function and that decisions to act are instead caused by an internal decoding process involving threshold detection of accumulated evidence of pain rather than by pain per se. Because pain is necessarily implicated in the best explanation of subsequent decision-making, we do not conclude that pain is epiphenomenal or functionless even if it has no causal influence over decisions or subsequent actions. On this view, pain functions to mark neural pathways that are the causes of behaviour as salient, serving as a ground but not a cause of subsequent decision-making and action. This perspective has far-reaching implications for diverse fields including neuropsychiatry, biopsychosocial modelling, robotics, and brain-computer interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":56105,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"106317"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144796253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting spike-timing-dependent plasticity via paired associative stimulation: From healthy subjects to clinical applications.","authors":"Alex Martino Cinnera, Danny Adrian Spampinato, Valentina Pezzopane, Annibale Antonioni, Giulia Fregna, Andrea Baroni, Andrea Casarotto, Francesco Di Lorenzo, Sonia Bonnì, Sofia Straudi, Giacomo Koch","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) protocols have been widely employed to study functional neural connections along the cortico-spinal pathways and between interconnected brain regions. PAS protocols induce spike-timing-dependent plasticity, underscoring their potential as therapeutic neurostimulation tools. Cortico-peripheral PAS is based on the temporal pairing of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) and cortical transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses, applied repeatedly at specific inter-stimulus intervals, to modulate the activity of the corticospinal tract. In contrast, cortico-cortical PAS involves the application of TMS pulses at two different brain areas to induce long-term changes in functional connectivity. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of existing PAS protocols and the factors influencing their effects, with particular emphasis on the critical role of the inter-stimulus interval. We trace the development of PAS from initial experiments in healthy subjects to its emerging therapeutic applications in various pathological conditions. We summarize current preliminary findings, discuss limitations, outline future directions, and review ongoing clinical trials. Although still in its early stages, PAS, particularly cortico-peripheral PAS, shows promising efficacy in motor recovery for stroke and spinal cord injury patients. Furthermore, initial evidence points to potential benefits in Alzheimer's disease and generalized anxiety disorders, supporting the expanding therapeutic scope of PAS protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":56105,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"106314"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144777027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals: Disruptors of central and peripheral clock systems","authors":"Bingcheng Cai ,&nbsp;Qi Sun ,&nbsp;Siyao Li ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Yi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The essential role of circadian rhythms in various physiological processes has gained increasing recognition. Their disruption leads to abnormalities in tissue and organ function, as well as the development of diseases. Environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, are well known to enter the human body and greatly affect its homeostasis. Growing attention is being directed towards the impact of EDCs on circadian rhythms, potentially resulting in a succession of serious consequences. Therefore, in this review, we focused on the impact of EDCs on the central clock system, highlighting their potential to disrupt circadian rhythms and examining the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we also summarized current evidence showing that EDCs interfere with the peripheral clock systems, impairing key physiological functions, such as hepatic energy metabolism, reproductive function and more. Another topic of this review was to provide insights into recent findings from pioneering research that may shed light on the future discussion about the influences of the central clock system on the peripheral rhythms in the presence of EDCs. Summarizing the emerging findings on the effects of EDC exposure on both central and peripheral clock systems will deepen our understanding of how EDC exposure influences human health and the underlying mechanisms involved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56105,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106370"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature's Shield - Harnessing Green Spaces to Combat Dementia: A Global Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Yixin Zhang, Li Wu, Wuji Zhao, Li Zheng, Li Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As global aging populations increase, dementia is one of the fastest-growing global public health challenges across multiple sectors. About 10% of the population aged 65 years and older are affected by some form of dementia without adequate medical treatment to cure, so finding practical approaches for the prevention, intervention, and care of dementia is urgent. With multiple health benefits, green spaces provide therapeutic functions as nature-based solutions for people with dementia. The meta-analysis and comprehensive review have revealed a beacon of hope through a search of six databases from 2009 to 2024 and the identification of 37 eligible studies. Results showed that urban green spaces, particularly those featuring community gardens, significantly impacted individuals with dementia and the older population. The results, which showed a significant effect size correlation in four key areas: individual ability, social interaction, mental stress, and emotional health, highlight the positive impact of these green spaces. The specific performance of these green spaces is as follows: reduced incidence of dementia (-0.05), improved social participation (0.14), increased physical isolation (0.54), reduced anxiety (-0.28), relieved depression, relieved mental disorders (-0.32), calmed agitation (-0.06), increased positive emotions (0.10), reduced sadness and anger, improved quality of life, enhanced cognitive function (0.52), and improved sleep. Finally, the mechanisms of green spaces' influence on the health of people living with dementia, including the perception of green spaces contact, intermediary pathway, and health effects, provide a compelling argument for implementing urban green spaces coupled with ecosystem services as a pragmatic approach to improving the mental health and overall well-being of older people and those with dementia. Such initiatives not only contribute to the prevention of dementia by addressing multiple, simultaneous alterations to avert and combat it but also align with the broader goals of achieving sustainable development.</p>","PeriodicalId":56105,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"106360"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut microbiome and mitochondrial crosstalk in Schizophrenia, a mental disability: Emerging mechanisms and therapeutic targets","authors":"Vajagthali Mohammed ,&nbsp;Muthumareeswaran Muthuramamoorthy ,&nbsp;M. Valan Arasu ,&nbsp;Jesu Arockiaraj","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gut-mitochondria axis is an emerging paradigm in understanding the pathophysiology of complex neuropsychiatric disorders such as Schizophrenia (SCZ). This bidirectional communication network connects the gastrointestinal microbiota with mitochondrial function and brain health, offering novel insights into disease onset and progression. SCZ, characterized by hallucinations, delusions, cognitive impairments, and social withdrawal, has traditionally been attributed to genetic and neurochemical imbalances. However, growing evidence highlights the role of systemic factors specifically, gut microbiome dysbiosis and mitochondrial dysfunction as key contributors to its etiology. Gut dysbiosis in SCZ involves a decrease in health-promoting microbiota such as <em>Faecalibacterium</em> and <em>Roseburia</em>, as well as an increase in pro-inflammatory taxa such as <em>Proteobacteria</em>. The dysbiosis leads to elevated levels of microbial metabolites like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which can overcome the intestinal barrier, induce systemic inflammation, and activate toll-like receptors and microglia which drive neuroinflammatory cascades. Simultaneously, mitochondrial dysfunction marked by impaired oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and mtDNA mutations exacerbates synaptic deficits and neurotransmitter dysregulation, particularly in dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems. In this review we summarize what we currently know about the gut-mitochondria axis as being core to SCZ pathogenesis via molecular biology, neuroimmunology, and the microbiome. We also identify potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic options that could include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, and dietary modifications in restoring gut and mitochondrial homeostasis. If the gut-mitochondria axis is linked, such programs may provide improved personalization, efficacy, and mechanistic precision, for future treatments of SCZ.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56105,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106371"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145034422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The myth of optimality in human movement science","authors":"Madhur Mangalam","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concept of optimality dominates contemporary human movement science, with researchers across biomechanics, motor control, and neuroscience routinely explaining observed behaviors as solutions that maximize or minimize objective functions. This paper critiques the pervasive application of optimality principles in human movement science. We argue that optimization frameworks mischaracterize biological systems for several reasons: (1) Evolution produces sufficient rather than optimal adaptations without foresight; (2) Biological systems serve multiple functions simultaneously with context-dependent prioritization; (3) Structure-function relationships co-evolve rather than optimize for fixed targets; (4) The fractal, multiscale nature of physiological signals makes traditional optimization mathematically meaningless—there are no well-defined minima or maxima in fractal landscapes; (5) Optimality models implicitly invoke a homunculus that selects optimization criteria; and (6) The concept is methodologically circular and unfalsifiable, as any behavior can be retroactively modeled as optimal for some function. Instead of this Cartesian illusion of optimality, we propose that human performance emerges as a dynamic, context-sensitive process across multiple scales. By breaking free from the optimization paradigm, movement science can develop more powerful explanatory frameworks that embrace the rich adaptive variability that defines true biological systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56105,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106352"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic changes and neurogenesis associated with socio-sexual behaviors","authors":"GD Rivera-Bautista ,&nbsp;DM Arzate ,&nbsp;D. Ávila-González ,&nbsp;AE Castro ,&nbsp;ER Vázquez-Martínez ,&nbsp;NF Díaz ,&nbsp;W. Portillo","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epigenetic mechanisms are essential in neurogenesis during development and adulthood. DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and non-coding RNAs regulate gene expression to maintain the neural stem cell pool and direct the fate of newborn neurons by modulating cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, maturation, and survival. Adult neurogenesis exhibits bidirectional interactions with non-social and socio-sexual factors such as sexual behavior, mate recognition, pair bonding, parental behavior, and offspring recognition. Epigenetic mechanism disruption has been implicated in metabolic diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Nevertheless, the precise role of these mechanisms in adult neurogenesis and their subsequent effects on behavior are not fully understood, particularly in the context of social interactions. This review examines emerging evidence that links epigenetic mechanisms and neurogenesis to the complex interplay between biological processes and socio-sexual behaviors, focusing specifically on socially monogamous prairie voles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56105,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106359"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145014447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Machine Learning predict therapeutic outcomes in affective and not affective psychosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Monopoli Camilla ,&nbsp;Colombo Federica ,&nbsp;Cazzella Tommaso ,&nbsp;Fortaner-Uyà Lidia ,&nbsp;Raffaelli Laura ,&nbsp;Calesella Federico ,&nbsp;Mario Gennaro ,&nbsp;Maccario Melania ,&nbsp;Pigoni Alessandro ,&nbsp;Maggioni Eleonora ,&nbsp;Brambilla Paolo ,&nbsp;Benedetti Francesco ,&nbsp;Vai Benedetta","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Machine learning (ML) could be useful in identifying reliable predictors of treatment response in affective and not affective psychoses, potentially helping to propose personalized interventions. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated studies exploiting ML algorithms to predict the improvement of psychotic symptoms, cognition and quality of life in psychoses related to different treatments. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases updated until February 2024, identifying 64 articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals. We modelled a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the overall accuracy reached in 51 studies. Subgroup analyses and meta regressions were performed to compare predictive accuracy across different predicted target class (i.e., improvers or responders <em>versus</em> not responders or treatment-resistant), diagnosis, input features, type and duration of treatments, ML algorithms, sample size, year of publication and quality assessment, evaluated with the PROBAST tool. ML models predicted a treatment response with a total accuracy of 80 % (95 %CI [0.76;0.83]), despite detecting a high heterogeneity (I²=0.89). Significant differences were observed between input features (<em>p</em> = .004) and treatments (<em>p</em> = .01). The best predictor was electroencephalography data (88 % of accuracy, 95 %CI [0.82;0.93], I²=0.50), followed by the combined treatments (85 % of accuracy, 95 %CI [0.82;0.87], I²=0.51). We identified a general low quality of studies, with 44 having a high risk of bias. Overall, ML seems a promising tool for predicting therapeutic outcomes in affective and not affective psychoses. However, specific attention should be paid to enhancing reproducibility and improving study methodology to better translate results into clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56105,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106357"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does unfairness evoke anger or disgust? A quantitative neurofunctional dissection based on 25 years of neuroimaging","authors":"Xianyang Gan ,&nbsp;Ran Zhang ,&nbsp;Zihao Zheng ,&nbsp;Lan Wang ,&nbsp;Xi Yang ,&nbsp;Benjamin Klugah-Brown ,&nbsp;Ting Xu ,&nbsp;Nan Qiu ,&nbsp;Keith M. Kendrick ,&nbsp;Klaus Mathiak ,&nbsp;Justin Tiwald ,&nbsp;Dezhong Yao ,&nbsp;Benjamin Becker","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the last decades, the traditional ‘Homo economicus’ model has been increasingly challenged by converging evidence highlighting the critical impact of emotions on decision-making. A classic example is the perception of unfairness in the Ultimatum Game, where humans willingly sacrifice personal gains to punish fairness norm violators. While emotional mechanisms underlying such costly punishment are widely acknowledged, the distinct contributions of moral emotions, particularly anger and disgust, remain debated, partly due to methodological limitations in conventional experiments. Here, we leverage a quantitative neurofunctional dissection approach that integrates recent advances in neuroimaging meta-analyses, behavioral-level, network-level, and neurochemical-level decoding, drawing on data from 3266 participants from functional neuroimaging studies to determine the common and distinct neural representations between unfairness and the two moral emotions. Our results reveal that experiencing unfairness engages a widespread bilateral network encompassing insular, cingulate, and frontal regions, with dorsal striatal regions mediating the decision to reject unfair offers. Disgust engages a defensive-avoidance circuit encompassing amygdalar, occipital, and frontal regions, while anger engages non-overlapping systems including mid-cingulate, thalamic, and frontal regions. Unfairness shares common activation with both anger and disgust, respectively, in the anterior and mid-insula, while the latter additionally shows common recruitment of ventrolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices. Multimodal network, behavioral, and serotonergic decoding provide a more refined dissection of these results. Collectively, our results suggest a shared neuroaffective foundation through which emotions impact unfairness-induced punishment behavior, supporting the existence of a core brain circuit evolutionarily shaped to protect individuals from personal harm and enforce social norms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56105,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106356"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Review: Biopsychosocial Factors Related to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children/Adolescents with Neurofibromatosis Type 1.","authors":"Yang Hou, Liyan Yu, Matthew R Jamnik, Dan Liu, Emma Wilson-Lemoine, Xian Wu, Julia Moreira, Benjamin Felipe Mujica, Elora Shelly Mukhopadhyay, Angelena Novotney, Luke Spoto, Michael Peper, Jonathan M Payne","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review was conducted to provide a comprehensive summary of biopsychosocial factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1), and identify key limitations and gaps in the current literature. Systematic literature searches were conducted in Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global in March 2024. The searches identified 2,345 unique articles. Two researchers independently screened articles and extracted data. Inclusion criteria were met by 68 articles. We synthesized results across studies in a narrative format, following the Guidance on the Conduct of Narrative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews. Based on the biopsychosocial model of mental health, we grouped study findings on factors associated with ADHD into broad categories of biological (n = 33), psychological (n = 47), and social factors (n = 13), which were further divided into subcategories. Findings varied across biopsychosocial factors, ADHD-related variables (inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity symptoms, or ADHD diagnosis), measurement methods, study designs, and statistical approaches. Psychological factors (e.g., executive functioning, IQ) were most commonly studied. Findings revealed consistent evidence for the link between informant-reported executive functioning problems and ADHD, whereas performance-based cognitive measures generally showed no significant associations. Most studies are cross-sectional and have small and nonrepresentative samples. Methodological limitations in previous studies hinder definitive conclusions on biopsychosocial factors associated with ADHD in NF1. Future research should use larger samples and longitudinal or experimental designs, explore understudied biological and social factors, and incorporate new technologies to improve understanding and interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56105,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"106355"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}