Lancet Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Artificial intelligence in public health: promises, challenges, and an agenda for policy makers and public health institutions","authors":"Dimitra Panteli, Keyrellous Adib, Stefan Buttigieg, Francisco Goiana-da-Silva, Katharina Ladewig, Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat, Josep Figueras, David Novillo-Ortiz, Martin McKee","doi":"10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00036-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00036-2","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) can rapidly analyse large and complex datasets, extract tailored recommendations, support decision making, and improve the efficiency of many tasks that involve the processing of data, text, or images. As such, AI has the potential to revolutionise public health practice and research, but accompanying challenges need to be addressed. AI can be used to support public health surveillance, epidemiological research, communication, the allocation of resources, and other forms of decision making. It can also improve productivity in daily public health work. Core challenges to its widespread adoption span equity, accountability, data privacy, the need for robust digital infrastructures, and workforce skills. Policy makers must acknowledge that robust regulatory frameworks covering the lifecycle of relevant technologies are needed, alongside sustained investment in infrastructure and workforce development. Public health institutions can play a key part in advancing the meaningful use of AI in public health by ensuring their staff are up to date regarding existing regulatory provisions and ethical principles for the development and use of AI technologies, thinking about how to prioritise equity in AI design and implementation, investing in systems that can securely process the large volumes of data needed for AI applications and in data governance and cybersecurity, promoting the ethical use of AI through clear guidelines that align with human rights and the public good, and considering AI's environmental impact.","PeriodicalId":56027,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Public Health","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":50.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards opioid access without excess","authors":"William E Rosa, Felicia Marie Knaul, Michael Touchton, Afsan Bhadelia, Keith Humphreys, Lukas Radbruch, M R Rajagopal","doi":"10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00035-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00035-0","url":null,"abstract":"A decade after World Health Assembly Resolution 67.19 recognised palliative care as a component of comprehensive care and universal health coverage throughout the life course, a balanced approach to opioid access remains elusive. Disparities in the alleviation of serious health-related suffering persist, characterised by two parallel opioid-related public health crises: a pandemic of unrelieved pain and an opioid addiction epidemic. The pain pandemic is largely driven by the opioid access abyss and primarily affects over 50 million people with serious health-related suffering living in low-income and middle-income countries. Conversely, several high-income countries have been affected by an opioid addiction epidemic. An estimated 39·5 million people struggle with opioid use disorder worldwide, the vast majority living in North America. In this Viewpoint, we describe these parallel crises, argue for pain relief as a global public good, and identify stewardship roles of WHO member states and local actors to use a balanced approach in galvanising the global health system to simultaneously close the global pain divide and move towards opioid access without excess in alignment with Sustainable Development Goal targets focused on the prevention of substance abuse (3.5) and universal health coverage (3.8).","PeriodicalId":56027,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Public Health","volume":"185 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":50.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confronting the growing epidemic of silicosis and tuberculosis among small-scale miners","authors":"Patrick Howlett, Bibie Said, Emmanuel Mwanga, Alexander Mbuya, Manti Nota, Onn Min Kon, Perry Gottesfeld, Johanna Feary, Stellah Mpagama, Rodney Ehrlich","doi":"10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00014-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00014-3","url":null,"abstract":"An estimated 49·5 million small-scale miners worldwide are exposed to high concentrations of silica during their work. The substantial morbidity and mortality of silicosis and tuberculosis among workers exposed to such intensities have been documented. This Viewpoint raises concern at the failure to respond to a growing epidemic of lung disease (predominantly silicosis and tuberculosis) among small-scale miners. The Viewpoint is framed around four arguments: outlining the huge burden of lung disease among SSMs; critically examining these figures in the context of high silica exposures; illustrating the failure to support research; and examining historical, socioeconomic, and political factors influencing the epidemic. We then outline a strategy for response. An urgent and coordinated response is needed to address the devastating health effects of silicosis and tuberculosis in small-scale miners and their preventable workplace causes.","PeriodicalId":56027,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Public Health","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":50.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143495827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00302-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00302-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background</h3>Epilepsy is one of the most common serious neurological disorders and affects individuals of all ages across the globe. The aim of this study is to provide estimates of the epilepsy burden on the global, regional, and national levels for 1990–2021.<h3>Methods</h3>Using well established Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) methodology, we quantified the prevalence of active idiopathic (epilepsy of genetic or unknown origin) and secondary epilepsy (epilepsy due to an underlying abnormality of the brain structure or chemistry), as well as incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age, sex, and location (globally, 21 GBD regions and seven super-regions, World Bank country income levels, Socio-demographic Index [SDI], and 204 countries) and their trends from 1990 to 2021. Vital registrations and verbal autopsies provided information about deaths, and data on the prevalence and severity of epilepsy, largely came from population representative surveys. All estimates were calculated with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).<h3>Findings</h3>In 2021, there were 51·7 million (95% UI 44·9–58·9) people with epilepsy (idiopathic and secondary combined) globally, with an age-standardised prevalence of 658 per 100 000 (569–748). Idiopathic epilepsy had an age-standardised prevalence of 307 per 100 000 (235–389) globally, with 24·2 million (18·5–30·7) prevalent cases, and secondary epilepsy had a global age-standardised prevalence of 350 per 100 000 (322–380). In 2021, 0·7% of the population had active epilepsy (0·3% attributed to idiopathic epilepsy and 0·4% to secondary epilepsy), and the age-standardised global prevalence of epilepsy from idiopathic and secondary epilepsy combined increased from 1990 to 2021 by 10·8% (1·1–21·3), mainly due to corresponding changes in secondary epilepsy. However, age-standardised death and DALY rates of idiopathic epilepsy reduced from 1990 to 2021 (decline of 15·8% [8·8–22·8] and 14·5% [4·2–24·2], respectively). There were three-fold to four-fold geographical differences in the burden of active idiopathic epilepsy, with the bulk of the burden residing in low-income to middle-income countries: 82·1% (81·1–83·4) of incident, 80·4% prevalent (79·7–82·7), 84·7% (83·7–85·1) fatal epilepsy, and 87·9% (86·2–89·2) epilepsy DALYs.<h3>Interpretation</h3>Although the global trends in idiopathic epilepsy deaths and DALY rates have improved in the preceding decades, in 2021 there were almost 52 million people with active epilepsy (24 million from idiopathic epilepsy and 28 million from secondary epilepsy), with the bulk of the burden (>80%) residing in low-income to middle-income countries. Better treatment and prevention of epilepsy are required, along with further research on risk factors of idiopathic epilepsy, good-quality long-term epilepsy surveillance studies, and exploration of the possible effect of stigma and cultural differences in seeking medical attention for","PeriodicalId":56027,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Public Health","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":50.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143486450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global, regional, and national burden of suicide, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00006-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00006-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background</h3>Deaths from suicide are a tragic yet preventable cause of mortality. Quantifying the burden of suicide to understand its geographical distribution, temporal trends, and variation by age and sex is an essential step in suicide prevention. We aimed to present a comprehensive set of global, regional, and national estimates of suicide burden.<h3>Methods</h3>We produced estimates of the number of deaths and age-standardised mortality rates of suicide globally, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021, and disaggregated these results by age and sex. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 estimates of deaths attributable to suicide were broken down into two comprehensive categories: those by firearms and those by other specified means. For this analysis, we also produced estimates of mean age at the time of death from suicide, incidence of suicide attempts compared with deaths, and age-standardised rates of suicide by firearm. We acquired data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, and mortality surveillance that included 23 782 study-location-years of data from GBD 2021. Point estimates were calculated from the average of 1000 randomly selected possible values of deaths from suicide by age, sex, and geographical location. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution.<h3>Findings</h3>Globally, 746 000 deaths (95% UI 692 000–800 000) from suicide occurred in 2021, including 519 000 deaths (485 000–556 000) among males and 227 000 (200 000–255 000) among females. The age-standardised mortality rate has declined over time, from 14·9 deaths (12·8–15·7) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 9·0 (8·3–9·6) per 100 000 in 2021. Regionally, mortality rates due to suicide were highest in eastern Europe (19·2 [17·5–20·8] per 100 000), southern sub-Saharan Africa (16·1 [14·0–18·3] per 100 000), and central sub-Saharan Africa (14·4 [11·0–19·1] per 100 000). The mean age at which individuals died from suicide progressively increased during the study period. For males, the mean age at death by suicide in 1990 was 43·0 years (38·0–45·8), increasing to 47·0 years (43·5–50·6) in 2021. For females, it was 41·9 years (30·9–46·7) in 1990 and 46·9 years (41·2–52·8) in 2021. The incidence of suicide attempts requiring medical care was consistently higher at the regional level for females than for males. The number of deaths by suicide using firearms was higher for males than for females, and substantially varied by country and region. The countries with the highest age-standardised rate of suicides attributable to firearms in 2021 were the USA, Uruguay, and Venezuela.<h3>Interpretation</h3>Deaths from suicide remain variable by age and sex and across geographical locations, although population mortality rates have continued to improve globally since the 1990s. This study presents, for the first time in GBD, a quantification of the","PeriodicalId":56027,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Public Health","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":50.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143451646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00009-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00009-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background</h3>Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.<h3>Methods</h3>We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy.<h3>Findings</h3>All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] <em>vs</em> 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] <em>vs</em> 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy across all countries (overall mean –0·18 years [95% UI –0·22 to –0·13]), with all countries having an absolute fall in life expectancy except for Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, which showed marginal improvement in life expectancy, and Belgium, which showed no change in life expectancy. Across countries, the causes of death responsible for the largest improvements in life expectancy from 1990 to 2011 were cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases were the primary driver of reductions in life expectancy improvements during 2011–19, and deaths from respiratory infections and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes were responsible for the decreases in life expectancy during 2019–21. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms in 2019 were attributable to high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, tobacco smoke, high LDL cholesterol, high BMI, occupational risks, high alcohol use, and other risks ","PeriodicalId":56027,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Public Health","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":50.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143443357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Labels warning about alcohol-attributable cancer risks should be mandated urgently","authors":"Carina Ferreira-Borges, Daša Kokole, Gauden Galea, Maria Neufeld, Jürgen Rehm","doi":"10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00040-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00040-4","url":null,"abstract":"In January, 2025, the US Surgeon General released an Advisory on alcohol consumption and cancer risk.<span><span>¹</span></span> He briefly summarised the evidence on alcohol and cancer, including underlying biological mechanisms, and concluded that alcohol use is a leading preventable cause of cancer in the USA and globally, causing around 100 000 and 750 000 cancer cases annually, respectively.<span><span>²</span></span> The carcinogenicity of alcohol is not a new concept. More than three decades ago, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Continuous Update Project of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research concluded that there was sufficient evidence that alcohol causes certain cancers;<span><span>³</span></span> the current list of alcohol-attributable cancer sites published by IARC<span><span>⁴</span></span> includes cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, oesophagus (squamous cell carcinoma), colon, rectum, liver, and intra-hepatic bile duct, larynx, and female breast.","PeriodicalId":56027,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Public Health","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":50.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143417200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to Lancet Public Health 2025; 10: e58–62","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00043-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00043-x","url":null,"abstract":"<em>Friedman J, Ciccarone D. The public health risks of counterfeit pills.</em> Lancet Public Health 2025; <strong>10:</strong> e58–62—In this Viewpoint, the final sentence of the first paragraph of The possibility of a global synthetic drug crisis section should have read “to synthetic products such as methamphetamine and fentanyl”. This correction has been made as of Feb 10, 2025.","PeriodicalId":56027,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Public Health","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":50.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143385475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tackling the growing burden of nitrous oxide-induced public health harms","authors":"Safiya A Zaloum, Devan Mair, Alvar Paris, Laura J Smith, Marta Patyjewicz, Barbara L Onen, Alastair J Noyce","doi":"10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00298-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00298-6","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrous oxide has been increasing in popularity as a recreational drug in the past decade, and with this an increase in health harms related to nitrous oxide use, particularly nitrous oxide-induced myeloneuropathy. In response, governments in many countries have adopted new laws that either target the end user, by criminalising possession, or target suppliers. The effect of these measures remains to be seen, but the potential to exacerbate harm by targeting the user and thus affecting health-care-seeking behaviour is a concern. Education around the preventable harm from recreational use of nitrous oxide and tightening regulations on suppliers are essential in mitigating the increase in nitrous oxide-related health harms.","PeriodicalId":56027,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Public Health","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":50.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143367454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life expectancy and mortality among males and females with HIV in British Columbia in 1996–2020: a population-based cohort study","authors":"Katherine W Kooij, Wendy Zhang, Jason Trigg, Nance Cunningham, Michael O Budu, Megan E Marziali, Viviane Dias Lima, Kate A Salters, Rolando Barrios, Julio S G Montaner, Robert S Hogg","doi":"10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00304-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00304-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background</h3>Life expectancy of people with HIV has increased considerably. We used data from the Comparative Outcomes And Service Utilization Trends (COAST) study to examine sex differences in life expectancy and mortality between 1996 and 2020 among people with HIV in British Columbia (BC), Canada.<h3>Methods</h3>COAST, a population-based cohort study, includes clinical and administrative health data on virtually all people with HIV in BC. We calculated life expectancy for people with HIV at ages 20, 40, and 55 years stratified by sex and calendar period. We used Cox regression to model associations between sex and all-cause and cause-specific mortality, adjusting for individual and social determinants of health.<h3>Findings</h3>11 738 males (82·2%) and 2534 females (17·8%) of 14 272 people with HIV, aged ≥20 years, were included. Life expectancy at age 20 years for males increased by 23·54 years from 1996–2001 to 2012–20 (from 24·46 years to 48·00 years), but life expectancy for females in that period increased only by 18·81 years (from 22·13 years to 40·94 years). Similarly, life expectancy at ages 40 years and 55 years increased over time in all strata but remained lower among females than males. The sex-gap in life expectancy at ages 20 and 40 years increased over time. The association between female sex and all-cause mortality was attenuated but remained statistically significant after adjusting for individual and social determinants of health (hazard ratio 1·11 [95% CI 1·03–1·20]).<h3>Interpretation</h3>Although life expectancy among people with HIV in BC increased between 1996 and 2020, life expectancy of females remained lower than males with the gap between them increasing over time. Sex differences in all-cause mortality were partially explained by differences in known socio-structural determinants and immune status. Women with HIV should be considered a priority for public health strategies to address structural factors with adverse health impact.<h3>Funding</h3>Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Health Research BC, CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, and National Institutes of Health.","PeriodicalId":56027,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Public Health","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":50.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}