{"title":"A Hierarchical OPF Algorithm With Improved Gradient Evaluation in Three-Phase Networks","authors":"Heng Liang;Xinyang Zhou;Changhong Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3425633","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3425633","url":null,"abstract":"Linear approximation commonly used in solving ac optimal power flow (OPF) simplifies the system models but incurs accumulated voltage errors in large power networks. Such errors will make the primal–dual type gradient algorithms converge to solutions with voltage violations. In this article, we improve a recent hierarchical OPF algorithm that rested on primal–dual gradients evaluated with a linearized distribution power flow model. Specifically, we propose a more accurate gradient evaluation method based on an unbalanced three-phase nonlinear distribution power flow model to mitigate the errors arising from linearization. The resultant gradients feature a blocked structure that enables our development of an improved hierarchical primal–dual algorithm to solve the OPF problem. Numerical results on the IEEE 123-bus test feeder and a 4518-node test feeder show that the proposed method can enhance voltage safety at comparable computational efficiency with the linearized algorithm.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":"825-837"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141571779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bipartite Control for Cooperative–Antagonistic Unknown Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With Link Faults","authors":"Qiufeng Wang;Bin Hu;Zhi-Hong Guan","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3425665","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3425665","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims at the problem of leader-following bipartite consensus (BI-consensus) control for heterogeneous multiagent systems with antagonistic interactions in the presence of communication link faults and unknown nonlinearities. First, a distributed adaptive communication policy is designed to compensate for the time-varying and unknown topological weights caused by communication faults, which solves the problem of strong coupling between communication faults and the Laplacian matrix. Second, the radial basis function neural networks are utilized to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions online to compensate for the system uncertainty. Furthermore, combining the neural network approximation mechanism and the adaptive communication policy of time-varying unknown weights, a novel fully distributed adaptive cooperative–antagonistic control strategy is presented to achieve the leader-following BI-consensus. The theoretical results show that the followers can reach the BI-consensus concerning the leader in both undirected and directed signed graphs. Two numerical examples are presented to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the scheme.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":"847-859"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141571782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sampling Performance of Periodic Event-Triggered Control Systems: A Data-Driven Approach","authors":"Andrea Peruffo;Manuel Mazo","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3425646","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3425646","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we employ the scenario optimization theory to compute a traffic abstraction, with probability guarantees of correctness, of a periodic event-triggered control (PETC) system with unknown dynamics from a finite number of samples. To this end, we extend the scenario optimization approach to multiclass support vector machines in order to compute a map between the concrete state space and the intersample times of the PETC. This map allows the construction of a traffic abstraction, through an <inline-formula><tex-math>$ell$</tex-math></inline-formula>-complete relation, that provides upper and lower bounds on the sampling performance of the concrete system. We further propose an alternative path to build such abstraction; first, we identify the model and then apply a model-based procedure. Numerical benchmarks show the practical applicability of our methods for noiseless and noisy samples.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":"800-811"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141577941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Global Bipartite Output Consensus of Discrete-Time Heterogeneous Linear Systems Subject to Input Saturation: A Model-Free Approach","authors":"Zhuofan Fu;Xinjun Feng;Zhiyun Zhao;Wen Yang","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3425659","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3425659","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we propose a model-free approach for solving the bipartite output consensus problem of discrete-time heterogeneous multiagent systems subject to input saturation over a weighted directed network. We propose both a distributed reference generator and a control law based on the low-gain approach for each follower agent in the system. We show that all the control laws together achieve semiglobal bipartite output consensus. Furthermore, we present a Q-learning algorithm to obtain both the low-gain parameter and the feedback gain matrix in the control law. We also present an online output-tracking-error-based updating algorithm to obtain the feedforward gain matrix in the control law. Thus, these control laws no more rely on the dynamics of linear systems. We show that the input saturation during the online updating algorithm does not affect the convergence of the algorithm. The control laws calculated from the model-free algorithms can prevent input saturation from occurring, and thus, the heterogeneous multiagent systems achieve global bipartite output consensus. Finally, we provide a numerical example for validating the theoretical results.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":"812-824"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141571780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Low-Delay MAC for IoT Applications: Decentralized Optimal Scheduling of Queues Without Explicit State Information Sharing","authors":"Avinash Mohan;Arpan Chattopadhyay;Shivam Vinayak Vatsa;Anurag Kumar","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3419822","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3419822","url":null,"abstract":"For a system of collocated nodes sharing a time-slotted wireless channel, we seek a medium access control that provides low mean delay, has distributed control, and does not require explicit exchange of state information or control signals. We consider a practical information structure where each node has local information and some common information obtained from overhearing. We approach the problem via two steps: 1) we show that it is sufficient for the policy to be “greedy” and “exhaustive”; limiting the policy to this class reduces the problem to obtaining a queue switching policy at queue emptiness instants; and 2) by formulating the delay optimal scheduling as a partially observed Markov decision process, we show that the optimal switching rule is stochastic largest queue. Using this theory as the basis, we develop a practical, tunable, distributed scheduler, QZMAC, which is an extension to the existing ZMAC protocol. We implement QZMAC on standard off-the-shelf TelosB motes and also use simulations to compare QZMAC with the full-knowledge centralized scheduler and with ZMAC. We use our implementation to study the impact of false detection, while overhearing the common information, and the efficiency of QZMAC. Simulation results show that the mean delay with QZMAC is close to that of the full-knowledge centralized scheduler.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":"749-762"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141547407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Complex-Frequency Synchronization of Converter-Based Power Systems","authors":"Xiuqiang He;Verena Häberle;Florian Dörfler","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3420983","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3420983","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we study phase–amplitude multivariable dynamics in converter-based power systems from a complex-frequency perspective. Complex frequency represents the rate of change of voltage amplitude and phase angle by its real and imaginary parts, respectively. This emerging notion is of significance as it accommodates the multivariable characteristics of power networks, where active power and reactive power are inherently coupled with both voltage amplitude and phase. We propose the notion of complex-frequency synchronization to study the phase–amplitude multivariable stability issue in a power system with dispatchable virtual oscillator-controlled converters. To achieve this, we separate the system into linear fast dynamics and approximately linear slow dynamics. The linearity property makes it tractable to analyze fast complex-frequency synchronization and slower voltage stabilization. From the perspective of complex frequency and complex-frequency synchronization, we provide novel insights into the equivalence of dispatchable virtual oscillator control and complex-power–frequency droop control, stability analysis methods, and stability criteria. Our study offers a practical solution to address challenging stability issues in converter-based power systems.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":"787-799"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141507281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nash-Minmax Strategy for Multiplayer Multiagent Graphical Games With Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Bosen Lian;Wenqian Xue;Frank L. Lewis;Ali Davoudi","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3419823","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3419823","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we address the synchronization problem in multiplayer multiagent graphical games, where each agent has multiple control input players. Herein, an agent represents a system, and the agent's control input represents a player's outcome. We formulate a Nash-minmax strategy, where the interactions of players in the same agent are nonzero-sum, while interactions of players between agents are antagonistic (e.g., zero-sum game). That is, the players in each agent minimize their costs, while the players from neighboring agents go against and maximize the costs. This approach finds the Nash control solutions for players within each agent and the worst control solutions for players in neighboring agents. The asymptotic stability under mild conditions and Nash-minmax solutions are guaranteed in the games. Offline policy iteration and online data-driven off-policy reinforcement learning algorithms are proposed, with proven convergence, to compute the Nash-minmax solutions. A simulation example validates the proposed strategy and algorithms.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":"763-775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141507282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3405510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2024.3405510","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"11 2","pages":"1149-1150"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10564799","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141435391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Control Systems Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3405509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCNS.2024.3405509","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"11 2","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10564584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141430054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Combined Carbon Capture and Utilization With Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading for Multimicrogrids Using Multiagent Proximal Policy Optimization","authors":"Ming Chen;Zhirong Shen;Lin Wang;Guanglin Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3393642","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TCNS.2024.3393642","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids integrated with distributed renewable energy are regarded as a crucial evolution toward economical and environmentally sustainable power systems. Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies and peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading schemes are two potential strategies for mitigating carbon emissions by capturing the emitted CO<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> or trading surplus renewable energy, respectively. Hence, a collaborative energy scheduling model that combines CCU with P2P energy trading is needed under the coupling of multiple energy domains, including electricity, CO<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and natural gas. In this article, we investigate a novel multimicrogrid framework that jointly considers CCU and P2P trading, aimed at reducing costs and mitigating carbon emissions. Correspondingly, an energy-coupled decision-interdependent multimicrogrid energy scheduling problem is developed that involves the stochastic system states, such as intermittent renewable generation and unpredictable loads. We regard each microgrid as an agent and adopt a multiagent proximal policy optimization (MAPPO) algorithm for distributing the interdependent energy scheduling actions to each agent. This algorithm can cope with the high-dimensional continuous action space and find the energy coordination policy without requiring system future statistical information. In particular, we introduce the centralized training with decentralized execution (CTDE) mechanism, which alleviates the nonstationarity of the environment via centralized training and alleviates the curse of dimensionality via decentralized execution. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed joint CCU-P2P energy coordination model and the CTDE-based MAPPO algorithm outperform other models in achieving economic and environmental benefits.","PeriodicalId":56023,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems","volume":"11 4","pages":"2173-2186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140806390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}