International Journal of Transgenderism最新文献

{"title":"Health disparities between binary and non binary trans people: A community-driven survey.","authors":"Aisa Burgwal,&nbsp;Natia Gvianishvili,&nbsp;Vierge Hård,&nbsp;Julia Kata,&nbsp;Isidro García Nieto,&nbsp;Cal Orre,&nbsp;Adam Smiley,&nbsp;Jelena Vidić,&nbsp;Joz Motmans","doi":"10.1080/15532739.2019.1629370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1629370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Genderqueer and nonbinary () people have remained largely invisible in health research. Previous research shows worse outcomes on health indicators for trans people when compared with cisgender controls, but the differences between binary trans and GQNB individuals are inconclusive. <b>Aims:</b> To compare overall health and well-being of GQNB people with controls of trans men and trans women, taking into account the impact of the additive effect of their socio-economic position, as well as their current need for gender affirming medical interventions. <b>Methods:</b> A community-driven survey was conducted in 2016 in five countries (Georgia, Poland, Serbia, Spain, and Sweden). Self-reported health and general well-being were analysed for differences between binary trans and GQNB respondents. The effects of multiple control variables (age, economic situation, educational level, belonging to an ethnic, religious, sexual or ability minority group, sex assigned at birth) as well as the current need for gender affirming medical interventions were controlled for. <b>Results:</b> The sample consisted of 853 respondents aged 16 and older, with 254 trans women (29.8%), 369 trans men (43.2%), and 230 GQNB people (26%). GQNB respondents showed significantly worse self-reported health and worse general well-being in comparison to binary trans respondents. Additional negative impacts of having a lower educational level, having more economic stress, and belonging to a disability minority group were found. Being in need of gender affirming medical interventions contributed significantly to worse self-reported health, whereas being younger contributed to worse general well-being. <b>Discussion:</b> In understanding health disparities between binary trans and GQNB people, it is necessary to take into account the additive effect of multiple socio-economic positions, and the current need for gender affirming medical interventions. The high proportion of GQNB respondents who report worse health outcomes highlights the need for policy makers and health-care providers in creating nonbinary-inclusive environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":56012,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transgenderism","volume":" ","pages":"218-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15532739.2019.1629370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38442170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual health, transition-related risk behavior and need for health care among transgender sex workers.","authors":"Judith Van Schuylenbergh,&nbsp;Joz Motmans,&nbsp;Justine Defreyne,&nbsp;Anna Somers,&nbsp;Guy T'Sjoen","doi":"10.1080/15532739.2019.1617217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1617217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Research has shown that sexual risk behavior, as well as transition-related risk behavior, such as uncontrolled hormone use, auto-medication, and silicone injections, may lead to several adverse health outcomes for transgender persons. Transgender sex workers are a vulnerable group within the transgender population, who are at increased risk for these health risk behaviors. However, European research into this topic and risk population remains largely absent. <b>Aim:</b> This study explores the prevalence of uncontrolled gender-affirming hormone use, silicone injections, and inconsistent condom use among transgender sex workers working in Antwerp, Belgium. <b>Methods:</b> A descriptive analysis of a survey sample of 46 transgender sex workers, supplemented with nine in-depth interviews with transgender sex workers. <b>Results:</b> This population of transgender sex workers has specific socio-demographic characteristics: they are all assigned male at birth, 83% identifies as female and 76% is from Latin-American descent, mainly from Ecuador. Transition-related and sexual risk behaviors are prevalent. Current uncontrolled hormone use rate is 32%, which should be seen in light of their work as well as their migration status. Inconsistent condom use with clients is reported by 33% of the sample. Of all participants, 65% has silicone injections in one or more parts of the body, and 43% of them cites health problems due to these injections. <b>Conclusion:</b> The specific characteristics of this largely invisible but highly vulnerable population should be taken in account when addressing this population's health risk behavior. Access to health care and social services should be ensured, and culturally tailored health interventions that take into account their social context as well as their gender identity should be developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":56012,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transgenderism","volume":"20 4","pages":"388-402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15532739.2019.1617217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38440163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-harm prevalence and ideation in a community sample of cis, trans and other youth.","authors":"Catherine Butler,&nbsp;Richard Joiner,&nbsp;Richard Bradley,&nbsp;Mark Bowles,&nbsp;Aaron Bowes,&nbsp;Claire Russell,&nbsp;Veronica Roberts","doi":"10.1080/15532739.2019.1614130","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15532739.2019.1614130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Trans youth have been reported to have high rates of self-harm, depression and bullying, and find it difficult to seek support. However, much of this research comes from gender identity clinics; non-clinical samples and those who reject gender binaries remain under-researched. <b><i>Aims:</i></b> This study investigated the experiences of a community school-based sample of Trans, identifying youth, Other, and cis-gendered adolescents in relation to their experiences of low mood, bullying, associated support, self-harm ideation and peer-related self-harm. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> An online survey was completed by 8440 13-17 year olds (3625 male, 4361 female, 227 Other, and 55 Trans). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Trans and Other students had significantly higher rates of self-harm ideation and peer self-harm, in comparison to cis-gendered students. These Trans and Other students reported significantly higher rates of bullying and self-reported depression and significantly less support from teachers and staff at school, in fact these students did not know where to go to access help. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> This community sample confirms findings of high rates of self-harm ideation, self-reported depression and bullying for Trans youth as previously reported in clinic-based samples. However, by accessing a community sample, the salience of the category \"Other\" was established for young people today. While Other and Trans identified students both struggled to find support, those who identified as Trans were more likely to have been bullied, and have experienced self-reported depression and thoughts of self-harm. Thus, those who identify as transgender represent a high-risk group that needs targeted support within schools and by statutory and nonstatutory community services. Unpacking the category of Other would be beneficial for future research, as well as exploring resilience within this group and intersecting identities such as sexuality, Autism, or experiences such as earlier abuse.</p>","PeriodicalId":56012,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transgenderism","volume":"20 4","pages":"447-458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15532739.2019.1614130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38441044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taiwanese speech-language therapists' awareness and experiences of service provision to transgender clients.","authors":"Lia Litosseliti,&nbsp;Ioanna Georgiadou","doi":"10.1080/15532739.2018.1553693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1553693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> One of the most influential factors that affect the quality of life of transgender individuals is whether they can be perceived by others to \"pass\" in their felt gender. Voice and communication style are two important identifying dimensions of gender and many transgender individuals wish to acquire a voice that matches their gender. Evidence shows that few transgender individuals access voice therapy, and that this is caused by their concerns about stigmatization or negative past experiences within healthcare services. In order to address the negative experiences faced by transgender populations we need a better understanding of healthcare services' current levels of knowledge and LGBT awareness. Some studies of Speech-Language Therapists' (SLTs') experience and confidence working with transgender individuals have recently been undertaken in the United States (US). However, little research has been carried out in Asia. <b>Aims:</b> To investigate Taiwanese SLTs' knowledge, attitudes and experiences of providing transgender individuals with relevant therapy. <b>Method:</b> A cross-sectional self-administered web-based survey hosted on the Qualtrics platform was delivered to 140 Taiwanese SLTs. <b>Results:</b> Taiwanese SLTs were, (i) more familiar with the terminology used to address \"lesbian, gay, and bisexual groups\" than with \"transgender\" terminology, (ii) generally positive in their attitudes toward transgender individuals, and (iii) comfortable about providing clinical services to transgender clients. However, the majority of participants did not feel that they were sufficiently skilled in working with transgender individuals, even though most believed that providing them with voice and communication services fell within the SLT scope of practice. <b>Conclusion:</b> It is important for clinicians to both be skilled in transgender voice and communication therapy and to be culturally competent when providing services to transgender individuals. This study recommends that cultural competence relating to gender and sexual minority groups should be addressed in SLTs' university education as well as in their continuing educational programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":56012,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transgenderism","volume":"20 1","pages":"87-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15532739.2018.1553693","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38540945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex work, social support, and stigma: Experiences of transgender women in the Dominican Republic.","authors":"Adrienne N Milner,&nbsp;Kristine R Hearld,&nbsp;Nicole Abreau,&nbsp;Henna Budhwani,&nbsp;Rosa Mayra Rodriguez-Lauzurique,&nbsp;Robert Paulino-Ramirez","doi":"10.1080/15532739.2019.1596862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1596862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Transgender populations, and especially those in resource-limited settings, are at an elevated risk of experiencing stigma and discrimination. <b>Aims:</b> This study sought to examine the relationship between parental, familial, and other social support, experiences of stigma and discrimination, quality of life, and sex work in a national sample of transgender women in the Dominican Republic (<i>n</i> = 291). <b>Methods:</b> Descriptive analyses for the outcome variable, sex work, as well as for measures associated with socio-demographics, social support, stigma, quality of life, and experiences of abuse and violence were performed. Bivariate analysis examined differences between respondents involved in sex work and those not involved in sex work. <b>Results:</b> We found that participation in sex work was associated with low social support and quality of life and increased experiences of stigma, discrimination, and abuse. Specifically, Dominican transgender women involved in sex work received less social support than their non-sex working peers; they experienced heightened arguments and problems with non-parental family members, professors or bosses, classmates, and close friends, as well of loss of friendships. Involvement in sex work was also associated with higher levels of stigma and discrimination, lower quality of life, and experiences of sexual abuse, torture, and experiences of attempted murder on one's life. <b>Discussion:</b> Transgender women participating in sex work require more rather than less social support from family members and loved ones, especially in areas where workplace discrimination policies that affect transgender individuals are nebulous, such as the Dominican Republic.</p>","PeriodicalId":56012,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transgenderism","volume":"20 4","pages":"403-412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15532739.2019.1596862","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38440164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influences of health care access on resilience building among transgender and gender non-binary individuals.","authors":"Jessamyn Bowling,&nbsp;Aleta Baldwin,&nbsp;Phillip W Schnarrs","doi":"10.1080/15532739.2019.1595807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1595807","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background: Health care disparities between transgender/gender non-binary individuals and the general population are well-documented and related to both interpersonal and institutional discrimination. Resilience has been found to buffer the negative health effects of discrimination among gender diverse individuals as well as other stigmatized populations. Aims: The purpose of this study was to identify and understand resilience related to health and health care among a community sample of transgender and gender non-binary individuals in the southern United States. Methods: We conducted 35 longitudinal photo elicitation interviews with 21 participants among a community sample of transgender and gender non-binary individuals in the Southern US. Interview transcripts were coded using thematic analysis and themes were organized according to the Resilience Activation Framework. Results: Overall, individual and community-level resources within the domains of social and human capital were frequently activated to navigate challenges related to seeking and receiving health care. Lack of access to resources in economic and political capital domains constrained resilience. Discussion: This work demonstrates how stakeholders can identify target areas for interventions and policy change aimed at improving resilience in transgender and gender non-binary communities by utilizing the Resilience Activation Framework. In our sample, we found that resources should be directed toward building economic and political capital at the community level so participants have the ability and opportunity to marshal such resources.","PeriodicalId":56012,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transgenderism","volume":" ","pages":"205-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15532739.2019.1595807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38442169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of a Gender Affirming Surgery Class for Transgender and non-binary Patients and their Caregivers in an Integrated Healthcare Setting.","authors":"Joanna Poceta,&nbsp;Stephanie Cousins,&nbsp;Conrad Wenzel,&nbsp;Kellyn Lakhardt,&nbsp;Carlo Hojilla,&nbsp;Lisa Marlowe,&nbsp;Julie Ayoob,&nbsp;Miranda Ritterman Weintraub,&nbsp;Eve F Zaritsky","doi":"10.1080/15532739.2018.1528920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1528920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Gender affirming surgeries are increasingly accessible to transgender and non-binary individuals due to changes in health care coverage policies and rising numbers of trained providers. Improved access to care has led to an increase in the number of individuals pursuing gender affirming surgeries. Little is known about how to optimally prepare patients for these surgeries. <b><i>Aims:</i></b> This evaluation examined attendees' assessment of a four-hour single-session class developed to prepare transgender and non-binary patients and their caregivers for gender affirming surgeries in a multi-disciplinary transgender clinic within an integrated health care system. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A multi-disciplinary group of providers within a health maintenance organization in Northern California designed and facilitated two separate curricula, one for patients preparing for metoidioplasty/phalloplasty and the other preparing for vaginoplasty. Between November 2015 and June 2017, 214 patients and caregivers took one of the two versions of the class and completed the post-class survey evaluating perceived favorability of the class and preparedness regarding surgery options, complications and postoperative care. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the Likert scale questions, with 1 showing the least improvement and 5 showing the most. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 214 patients and caregivers that completed the survey, the majority reported that they were better informed about their surgical options (mean: 4.4, SD: 0.7), more prepared for surgery (mean: 4.5, SD: 0.6), better informed about possible complications (mean: 4.5, SD: 0.7), and better understood their postoperative care needs (mean: 4.6, SD: 0.6). Of the respondents, 204 (95%) reported they would recommend the course to a friend preparing for gender affirming surgery. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> Our findings demonstrate that a single-session class is a favorable method for preparing transgender and non-binary patients to make informed decisions regarding the perioperative gender affirming surgical process, from preoperative preparedness, to surgical complications, and postoperative care.</p>","PeriodicalId":56012,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transgenderism","volume":"20 1","pages":"81-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15532739.2018.1528920","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38443376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nipple areolar complex reconstruction is an integral component of chest reconstruction in the treatment of transgender and gender diverse people.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/15532739.2019.1568343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1568343","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a growing trend for insurance companies in the United States to deny coverage of nipple areolar reconstruction for transgender patients undergoing chest masculinization. We, the undersigned, representing the national leaders in gender affirming surgical treatment are writing to state our joint and expert opinion that nipple and areolar reconstruction in trans masculine chest surgery is an inherent and irrefutable part of treatment for transgender and gender diverse individuals undergoing mastectomy for gender dysphoria. We cite our concerns regarding insurance denials for this medically necessary procedure. The nipple areolar complex (NAC) is considered a humanizing and foundational subunit of the chest (Beckenstein, Windle, & Stroup, 1996; Djohan et al., 2010; Kasai et al., 2015). There are numerous conditions in which the absence of a NAC is considered pathologic and surgical interventions exist to correct these abnormalities. A symmetric and natural NAC helps to regain balance and chest appearance, and reconstruction of the NAC has been correlated with a significant and positive impact on patient wellbeing (Wellisch, Schain, & Noone, 1987). It is well established that patients with gender dysphoria are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, have a lower socioeconomic status, and be more likely to self-harm, and attempt and commit suicide (Bouman et al., 2017; Dhejne, Van Vlerken, Heylens, & Arcelus, 2016; Drescher, 2010; Marshall, Claes, Bouman, Witcomb, & Arcelus, 2016; Witcomb et al., 2018). In the transgender population, nipple size and shape contribute to an individual’s feeling of gender congruence and plays a role in a diagnosis of gender dysphoria. The goal of this reconstruction is not only for patients to feel whole in their bodies, but also comfortable and safe enough to remove their clothing in situations such as locker rooms and outdoor summer activities. Without NAC reconstruction patients are immediately recognizable as being different. It is also well established that gender affirming medical treatments (i.e. hormonal and/or surgical therapies) have been found to relieve distress and improve psychological wellbeing (Costa & Colizzi, 2016; Hembree et al., 2017; Murad et al., 2010). Chest reconstruction or “top surgery” is a key component in gender affirming treatments and significantly improves mental health and quality of life outcomes for patients with gender dysphoria (Owen-Smith et al., 2018; van de Grift et al., 2016, 2018; Weigert, Frison, Sessiecq, Al Mutairi, & Casoli, 2013). We believe that insurance denials are inappropriate and continue to show prejudice toward an already marginalized population. Many transgender individuals are reticent to seek medical care due to mistrust and maltreatment by the medical system. Denial of a standard component of breast reconstruction in transgender and gender diverse individuals highlights barriers faced in accessing the basic standards of care in place for the","PeriodicalId":56012,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transgenderism","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15532739.2019.1568343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38443371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking down barriers and binaries in trans healthcare: the validation of non-binary people.","authors":"Ben Vincent","doi":"10.1080/15532739.2018.1534075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1534075","url":null,"abstract":"The field of gender affirming medical interventions now rests on over one hundred years of modern medical history, with the ‘masculinisation surgery’ (and subsequent legal recognition as male by the state of Prussia) of Herman Karl recorded in 1882 (Lester, 2017). This history owes much to practitioners willing to challenge social and medical expectations regarding sex/gender, yet this was in parallel with an uglier legacy of inflexible gatekeeping practices. This is typified in Garfinkel’s case study of Agnes, a trans woman who in the late 1950s successfully constructed a fictitious intersex narrative in order to access gender affirming surgery otherwise unavailable to her (Garfinkel, 2006). This was only possible because Agnes had secretly taken estrogen, prescribed to her mother, from the age of 12. Agnes’ status as a woman was subject to exceptional scrutiny and was only found valid because she fulfilled clinical expectations of what it meant ‘to be’ a ‘real’ woman to her doctors at the time. Not only was it vital that she had never engaged sexually with her penis, nor experienced attraction to women, but her measurements of 38-25-38, ‘appropriate’ style of dress, and active distain of homosexuality were topics of commentary in her medical records which helped her gain validation. In short, the cultural history of medical practice has a legacy of enforcement of the gender binary. While lessening in terms of the strict enforcement of gender roles and sexist stereotyping, a clinician may still potentially deem ‘excess’ masculinity in a trans woman (or femininity in a trans man) to be a subject of ‘concern’, in a way that gender expression in cis women and men does not disenfranchize their gender identities. For the sake of this editorial, I define non-binary people as those who do not identify (exclusively) as male or female. I also use this as an umbrella term which is inclusive of people who identify themselves as genderqueer, agender/neutrois, and culturally specific conceptualizations of gender that exist outside of the Westernized gender binary (Vincent & Manzano, 2017). Language and identity categories are in a constant state of evolution, with many other terms used to capture particular experiences of (non-binary) gender. For example, genderfluidity indicates a sense of gender which varies over time. A bigender identity involves the experience of two gender identities – either simultaneously or varying (and so therefore may be fluid, or not). Before addressing the ramifications of the history of trans medicine, and developments in gender affirming medicine that are associated with non-binary people, it is necessary to unpack the ontology of non-binary and the implications of the above definition in regards to community identity politics. This allows a rigorous foundation for nuanced, sensitive, and flexible medical practice. Firstly, a discussion of the conceptual complexities and different uses of ‘sex’ versus ‘gender’ is beyond the sco","PeriodicalId":56012,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transgenderism","volume":" ","pages":"132-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15532739.2018.1534075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38540950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The problematic case of gender-neutral pronouns: a transgender writer's response to \"a modest proposal\".","authors":"Jamison Green","doi":"10.1080/15532739.2018.1462750","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15532739.2018.1462750","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56012,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transgenderism","volume":" ","pages":"333-334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6830968/pdf/WIJT_20_1462750.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38440157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}