Przeglad Menopauzalny最新文献

{"title":"Effect of lifestyle changes on liver enzymes, triglycerides, sex hormones, and daytime sleepiness in polycystic ovarian syndrome women with obstructive sleep apnea and fatty liver - a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Ali Mohamed Ali Ismail, Nehad Mohamed AbdElnabi Mousa, Sami Kamal Mohamed Elgendy, Asmaa M Al-Emrany, Orchid Saber AbdelFadil Saber, Sahar Mohamed Adel Elhakk, Dina Mohamed, Heba Ahmed Mousa Ghaleb","doi":"10.5114/pm.2025.152991","DOIUrl":"10.5114/pm.2025.152991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lifestyle changes are one of the main therapeutic approaches for women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This 8-week study aimed to assess the effect of lifestyle modifications on liver enzymes, triglycerides (TG), sex hormones, and daytime sleepiness in PCOS women with NAFLD and mild and moderate OSA.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This study included 40 women. The included obese PCOS women with OSA and NAFLD were assigned randomly to the study group and control group (<i>n</i> = 20 for each PCOS group). Besides the low-calorie diet (LCD), both PCOS groups received 500 mg of metformin tablets consumed three times daily. The study group additionally received free 30-minute walking exercise daily. Besides aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and TG, the following outcomes were assessed in all PCOS women with OSA and NAFLD: waist circumference, neck circumference, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, serum testosterone, ratio of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, apnea-hypopnea index, dehydroepiandrosterone, and Epworth sleepiness scale (to assess excessive daytime sleepiness).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant improvement in the value of all outcomes was achieved in both PCOS groups, but the improvements were high in the study group. Also, the designed between-group comparison of post values of PCOS women's outcomes showed a significant improvement in the study group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adding eight weeks of free-walking exercise to LCD and administration of metformin resulted in significantly greater improvements in PCOS than LCD and administration of metformin alone in women with NAFLD and OSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":55643,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Menopauzalny","volume":"24 2","pages":"94-101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12327225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144801000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linzagolix - new perspectives in the pharmacotherapeutic management of uterine fibroids and endometriosis.","authors":"Tomasz Paszkowski","doi":"10.5114/pm.2025.152947","DOIUrl":"10.5114/pm.2025.152947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Uterine fibroids and endometriosis are among the most common conditions encountered in gynaecological practice. Fibroids affect 30-70% of women, with up to half experiencing symptoms that significantly impair quality of life (QoL), including anaemia, pain, and pressure-related symptoms. Additionally, fibroids are the sole cause of infertility in 1-3% of women. Endometriosis is the most common gynaecological cause of chronic pelvic pain syndrome and one of the leading causes of infertility. This condition affects between 2% and 10% of women, leading to symptoms that often have a detrimental impact on QoL. For decades, efforts have been underway to develop pharmacological treatments for oestrogen-dependent conditions that would offer both high efficacy and good tolerability. A significant advancement in the treatment of oestrogen-dependent diseases was the introduction into clinical practice of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists. In recent years, publications have demonstrated the promising therapeutic potential of linzagolix in the management of uterine fibroids and endometriosis. It is an oral, small-molecule, non-peptide GnRH antagonist that induces dose-dependent suppression of ovarian function. The aim of this literature review was to evaluate current evidence on the potential applications of linzagolix for the treatment of uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Linzagolix, with or without add-back therapy, significantly alleviates the symptoms of both uterine fibroids and endometriosis in a dose-dependent manner - the therapeutic effect is rapid and sustained. This drug constitutes a valuable addition to existing methods for treating oestrogen-dependent diseases because it enables treatment personalisation allowing for dose adjustment and the optional use of add-back therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":55643,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Menopauzalny","volume":"24 2","pages":"126-130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12327220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144801002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of regenerative technologies for treatment of delayed fracture union in patient with menopausal osteoporosis.","authors":"Serhii Maslennikov, Maksym Kozhemyaka, Maksym Golovakha","doi":"10.5114/pm.2025.152148","DOIUrl":"10.5114/pm.2025.152148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Delayed fracture union is a common complication in orthopedic practice, particularly in patients with osteoporosis. Advances in regenerative medicine, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within the stromal-vascular fraction, have introduced novel therapeutic approaches to address this challenge. This case describes a patient with postmenopausal osteoporosis and a congenital anomaly of the left lower limb who sustained a proximal tibial fracture with fragment displacement. Osteoporosis therapy was initiated, and the fracture was managed using external fixation and compression. Despite an improvement in bone mineral density over an eight-month period, radiographic assessment revealed no evidence of fracture union. Consequently, local administration of MSCs combined with needling at the fracture site was performed, followed by a series of autologous concentrated plasma (ACP) injections. Within three months, radiographic signs of bone callus formation were observed, ultimately leading to complete fracture union six months after the initiation of regenerative therapy. Although the limited number of cases in our clinic prevents definitive conclusions regarding the primary contributing factor in fracture healing, existing literature suggests that the mobilization of endogenous resources at the fracture site in high concentrations promotes tissue regeneration. This process is further facilitated by physical activity and adjunctive pharmacological treatment. Regenerative therapy integrating MSCs and ACP-derived growth factors represents a promising adjunctive approach for managing fracture complications in patients with systemic osteoporosis. This strategy has the potential to enhance bone healing while potentially delaying or even avoiding the need for more invasive surgical interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":55643,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Menopauzalny","volume":"24 2","pages":"137-142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12327223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144801006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring zinc-α2-glycoprotein as a mediator of infertility in polycystic ovarian syndrome: a comparative study from a metabolic perspective.","authors":"Dina Akeel Salman, Wassan Nori, Wisam Akram","doi":"10.5114/pm.2025.152414","DOIUrl":"10.5114/pm.2025.152414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a leading cause of infertility linked to insulin resistance and obesity. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is an adipokine involved in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that reduced ZAG serum levels among PCOS cases could predict fertility odds. The aim is to examine ZAG's relationship with fertility parameters and to test its role as a predictor for fertility potential.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A comparative cross-sectional study recruited PCOS cases into two groups: the infertile and fertile group; <i>n</i> = 60 for each. Women's anthropometric (age, body mass index - BMI, waist circumference) hormonal (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), total testosterone, and prolactin) metabolic parameters and ZAG serum levels, estimated <i>via</i> ELIZA/ELISA were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Body mass index was significantly high in infertile cases; ZAG levels were significantly lower among the infertile group (37.08 ±3.885 vs. 54.25 ±14.71 µg/ml; <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Zinc-α2-glycoprotein was inversely and significantly correlated to BMI, waist circumference (<i>r</i> = -0.81, -0.78; <i>p</i> < 0.0001), and all hormonal and metabolic parameters. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein cut-off value of > 42 µg/ml predicted fertility potential in PCOS, with 67% sensitivity, 97.50% specificity, and <i>p</i> < 0.0001, but it did not surpass AMH.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Zinc-α2-glycoprotein is a potential biomarker for fertility that links metabolic and reproduction dysfunction in PCOS women. It mediates 13.5% of obesity's inverse effect on fertility. Restoring normal ZAG levels may improve fertility odds and can have prognostic value in following the therapy in those populations. Further longitudinal, larger-sized studies are recommended to explore newer diagnostic and prognostic avenues to improve reproduction potential among PCOS cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":55643,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Menopauzalny","volume":"24 2","pages":"120-125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12327221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144801001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful consecutive pregnancies following two uterine artery embolization procedures for symptomatic fibroids.","authors":"Dzordze Stojnev, Angel Yordanov","doi":"10.5114/pm.2025.152138","DOIUrl":"10.5114/pm.2025.152138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is a minimally invasive method that has been proven to be an effective alternative to hysterectomy and myomectomy for the treatment of symptomatic fibroids, though its impact on fertility and obstetric outcomes remains controversial. This case report presents a 31-year-old nulliparous woman with a history of fibroid-enlarged uterus (about the size of a 16-20-week pregnancy), who underwent UAE treatment, became pregnant, and delivered a healthy child by cesarean section. At the age of 35, a second UAE was performed due to recurrence of symptoms, followed by a successful conception and delivery of a second child. This report explores the clinical course, management strategies and the role of a multidisciplinary approach in achieving successful outcomes. Although substantial evidence has accumulated in the literature about the safety and effectiveness of UAE as a non-surgical option for uterine fibroids treatment, this procedure still raises questions about its impact on future fertility and obstetric outcomes, including the risk of miscarriage, placenta previa, and preterm delivery. Uterine artery embolization is a promising minimally invasive alternative to myomectomy for women with fibroids who want to preserve their fertility. The present case demonstrates that successful conception and childbirth are possible when patients undergo close follow-up and individualized management.</p>","PeriodicalId":55643,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Menopauzalny","volume":"24 2","pages":"143-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12327222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144801005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of menopausal status on sleep quality in different populations - a narrative review.","authors":"Klaudia Skibiak, Jan Dębski, Józef Przybyłowski, Maciej Walędziak, Anna Różańska-Walędziak","doi":"10.5114/pm.2025.150450","DOIUrl":"10.5114/pm.2025.150450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the World Health Organization, menopause occurs between 45-55 years old and is correlated with woman's family constitution, genetic and environmental factors, place of residence and ethnicity. Menopause is defined as no menstrual bleeding for 12 consecutive months without any pathological or pathophysiological or iatrogenic causes. Hormonal changes may lead to various sleep and mental disorders. Poor sleep quality, difficulty falling asleep or waking up during sleep are among the most important sleep disorders associated with insomnia. Without treatment, insomnia results in chronic daily fatigue, impaired concentration and depressive symptoms. The aim of this review was to conduct an analysis of available studies on the influence of menopausal status on the sleep quality. Cochrane and PubMed databases were searched for original articles, published in 2010-2023, which analyzed the correlation between menopausal status in women of different ethnic groups and their sleep quality. The analysis shows a correlation between the menopausal status and sleep quality, with different intensity in different populations. Most studies show that postmenopausal status is associated with insomnia and poor sleep quality. It is suggested that development of individualized healthcare strategies adjusted for cultural, social and psychological factors would be more effective for women from different populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":55643,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Menopauzalny","volume":"24 1","pages":"53-65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions and attitudes towards menopause and perceived satisfaction with life.","authors":"Klaudia Żmuda, Magdalena Leszko, Karol Karasiewicz","doi":"10.5114/pm.2025.149997","DOIUrl":"10.5114/pm.2025.149997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Menopause is a natural phase in a woman's life, typically occurring in mid-adulthood, and is characterised by various biological, psychological, and social changes. This study explores the relationship between women's perceptions of menopause, their attitudes toward it, and their overall life satisfaction during this period. Additionally, it examines the impact of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the different stages of menopause on these perceptions and attitudes.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 267 women aged 40-65 years were enrolled in the study. An online form was distributed across social platforms. The menopause rating scale, the <i>skala oceny menopauzy</i> (menopause attitude scale), and the satisfaction with life scale were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There is a negative correlation between severity of menopausal symptoms and life satisfaction [<i>r</i> = -0.488; <i>p</i> < 0.001; CI95 = (-1; -0.407)]. Menopausal symptoms assessment was found to correlate with the generalised attitude towards menopause [<i>r</i> = -0.657; <i>p</i> < 0.001; CI95 = (-1; -0.596)]. A positive correlation was found between attitudes towards menopause and life satisfaction [<i>r</i> = 0.596; <i>p</i> < 0.001; CI95 = (0.526; 1)]. Generalised attitudes toward menopause partially mediate the relationship between the assessment of menopausal symptoms and perceived life satisfaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The menopausal stage affects how symptoms and attitudes toward menopause are evaluated. The use of HRT also differentiates these factors. Results show links between symptom evaluation, life satisfaction, and general attitudes toward menopause. Moreover, general attitudes toward menopause influence the relationship between symptom evaluation and life satisfaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":55643,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Menopauzalny","volume":"24 1","pages":"25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep traits and risk of premature ovarian insufficiency - two-sample and multivariate mendelian randomisation analysis.","authors":"Lili Wei, Baoman Ma, Dan Wu, Le Wang, Xueting He, Ying Gong, Chujuan Lin","doi":"10.5114/pm.2025.150594","DOIUrl":"10.5114/pm.2025.150594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), a cause of hormonal imbalance and infertility, may be linked to sleep patterns, but the exact relationship is unclear. This study uses Mendelian randomisation (MR) to investigate the causal link between sleep traits and POI, aiming to uncover new treatment methods.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Data from genome-wide association studies were used to examine 11 sleep traits related to POI. The primary method for assessing causality was the inverse variance weighted (IVW) approach, with MR-Egger regression as a secondary analysis. Sensitivity analyses included Cochrane's Q statistic, the MR-Egger intercept test, leave-one-out cross-validation, and funnel plot inspections. A multivariate MR analysis combined significant exposure factors from 2 independent samples to determine their cumulative impact on POI incidence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The two-sample MR analysis using the IVW method showed a positive causal link between sleep duration and POI (p = 0.037). A negative causal link was found between sleep chronotype and POI (p = 0.032). Cochrane's Q test showed no significant heterogeneity, and MR-Egger intercept analysis indicated no directional pleiotropy. Leave-one-out analysis confirmed the robustness of the findings, and funnel plots showed symmetrical distribution, suggesting no bias. Multivariate MR analysis found no combined causal effect of sleep duration and chronotype on POI risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study suggests a causal link between sleep traits and POI through Mendelian randomisation. Enhancing sleep habits could reduce POI risk, highlighting sleep hygiene's role in women's reproductive health and opening avenues for new prevention and treatment methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":55643,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Menopauzalny","volume":"24 1","pages":"15-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does FIGO 2023 meet clinical needs? An analysis of challenges and limitations.","authors":"Wiktor Szatkowski, Aleksandra Kmieć, Tomasz Kluz, Małgorzata Cieślak-Steć, Małgorzata Urszula Nowak-Jastrząb, Magdalena Śliwińska, Izabela Winkler, Jacek Tomaszewski, Marcin Misiek, Paweł Blecharz","doi":"10.5114/pm.2025.150063","DOIUrl":"10.5114/pm.2025.150063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2023 classification for endometrial cancer (EC) introduces significant changes by integrating molecular subtypes (POLEmut, mismatch repair deficient, p53abn, no specific molecular profile) with traditional anatomical and pathological criteria. Key updates include an expanded number of substages, the incorporation of lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) as a prognostic factor, and a novel division of tumors into aggressive and non-aggressive categories, reflecting advancements in oncology. These updates enhance prognostic precision and inform therapeutic strategies. Non-aggressive tumors, such as low-grade endometrioid carcinomas (G1 and G2), are associated with favorable outcomes and limited invasiveness. For these cases, factors like LVSI and depth of myometrial invasion support individualized approaches, including the potential for therapy de-escalation. Aggressive tumors, including high-grade endometrioid carcinomas (G3), serous and clear cell carcinomas, and p53abn subtypes, exhibit a higher risk of recurrence and metastasis, requiring intensified treatments. However, variability in molecular and histopathological assessments poses challenges to risk stratification within this group. Despite its potential to personalize treatment, the FIGO 2023 system presents implementation challenges. Variability in assessing LVSI, sentinel lymph node ultrastaging, and molecular markers highlights the need for standardized diagnostic criteria. Additionally, tumor heterogeneity complicates classification and therapeutic decisions, necessitating more advanced diagnostic approaches. The future success of the FIGO 2023 classification depends on harmonizing diagnostic standards, improving access to molecular technologies, and validating prognostic implications through prospective studies. While this update represents a significant step forward in tailoring EC management, further refinements are required to address diagnostic and implementation challenges and improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55643,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Menopauzalny","volume":"24 1","pages":"72-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age at menopause and multimorbidity in postmenopausal women.","authors":"Zailing Xing, Russell S Kirby","doi":"10.5114/pm.2025.150028","DOIUrl":"10.5114/pm.2025.150028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>We examined the association between age at menopause and multimorbidity in postmenopausal women in the United States.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2010, 2013-2014, and 2017-2018), which included 3168 postmenopausal women over 40 years old. The exposure variable was age at menopause, while the outcome variable was multimorbidity, defined as having 2 or more health conditions. Health conditions included hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, arthritis, obesity, osteoporosis, thyroid disease, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and liver conditions. Logistic regression models were employed to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. We also used logistic regression models with restricted cubic splines to illustrate the association between continuous menopausal age and multimorbidity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The adjusted OR for multimorbidity in women with age at menopause of < 40, 40-44, and 55+ years were 4.25 (3.07-5.89), 1.46 (1.08-1.99), and 0.61 (0.43-0.85), respectively, compared to age at menopause of 45-54 years. Premature menopause was associated with every health condition and multimorbidity except for liver conditions. Early menopause was related to hypertension and CVD. Continuous menopausal age, regardless of menopausal type, presented inverse and linear associations with multimorbidity. The study found no significant interaction effects between age at menopause and hormone therapy on the association between age at menopause and multimorbidity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Premature or early menopause was associated with increased risks of developing multiple health conditions. Implementing early surveillance and intervention strategies is imperative to mitigate the burden of multimorbidity among women undergoing premature or early menopause.</p>","PeriodicalId":55643,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Menopauzalny","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}