African Journal of Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and clinical presentation of HIV positive female psychiatric inpatients.","authors":"H Uys","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Literature on the prevalence and clinical presentation of South African psychiatric HIV positive patients as well as their management is lacking. This study was performed to investigate these parameters.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A prospective study to investigate the prevalence and clinical presentation of HIV positive psychiatric female patients admitted to an acute ward (female psychiatric ward Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, East London Hospital Complex) was undertaken for a one year period from June 2009 to May 2010. Additional factors such as demographic profile, associated substance abuse, pre-existing psychiatric disorders and management were also studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During this one year period 158 female patients were admitted to the acute female psychiatric ward for assessment and treatment. Of these 158 admissions 21 (13%) were HIV positive, but only 19 (12%) consented to the study. Ten of the 19 HIV positive patients (53%) had an Axis I diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder secondary to HIV, most commonly mood disorder (mania) with psychotic symptoms. Nine of the 19 HIV positive patients (47%) had a pre-existing primary psychiatric diagnosis, most commonly Bipolar Disorder, recent episode mania with psychotic symptoms. The most common psychotic symptoms were grandiose delusions followed by auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusions and visual hallucinations. The most common mood symptom was euphoria. Substance abuse was uncommon amongst the patients in the study group. Sixteen of the 19 patients (84%) were on antipsychotics, 14 of these 16 patients were on haloperidol. The most commonly used mood stabilizer was sodium valproate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study mania with psychotic symptoms was the most common presentation in both the group with a pre-existing primary psychiatric disorder and in the group without a primary psychiatric disorder. The prevalence of HIV positive admitted psychiatric females in this study was 12%. Co-morbid substance abuse was uncommon. Most patients tolerated low doses of typical antipsychotics in combination with a mood stabilizer (valproate being the most common).</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":"23-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31245967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training psychiatrists in South Africa.","authors":"C P Szabo","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of specialist training is perennial as disciplinesconstantly seek to ensure that qualified specialists aresuitably equipped to perform the tasks they are registeredto perform. This requires continuous review andrefinement. There are a multitude of factors that impact onthe training of specialists, with such factors extending fromthe undergraduate to the postgraduate and ultimatelywork based specialist settings. The content which followsis not exhaustive, with a selective focus on certain issues.","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":"3-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31245964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mirtazapine and ondansetron: a dual pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction.","authors":"R Lozano","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31336921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of a nurse facilitated cognitive group intervention among mild to moderately-depressed-women in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.","authors":"D Chetty,&nbsp;M E Hoque","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of a nurse-facilitated-cognitive-group (NFCG) intervention as an adjunct to antidepressant medication, in mild to moderately, depressed women.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHOD\u0000This was a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent, control group design study. A sample of 30 consenting participants was selected from an urban, community psychiatric clinic, and the participants were randomly allocated to the control and the intervention groups. The effectiveness of the intervention was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000After six weeks of implementation of the NFCG intervention, there was a decrease in the BDI scores of the intervention group, and an increase in the BDI scores in the control group (CG) - but the difference in scores was not significant (Student's t-test=1.076, p=0.291). After 12 weeks of the group intervention, the BDI scores for the intervention group, showed a considerable reduction in their levels of depression, whilst the participants of the control group had a further increase in their scores. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups, with respect to the BDI scores (p<0.001). The Friedman test indicated that the mean BDI scores, were statistically significant (p<0.001) within the intervention group, meaning that the BDI scores improved, at the end of the intervention for all the participants. Analysis of the BDI scores, using the Friedman test, showed that there was no improvement in the control group (p=0.597).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000The NFCG intervention, as an adjunct to antidepressant medication, contributed to a reduction in depressive symptoms.","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":"29-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31245968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring the prevalence of methamphetamine-related presentations at psychiatric hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa.","authors":"A Plüddemann,&nbsp;S Dada,&nbsp;C D H Parry,&nbsp;R Kader,&nbsp;J S Parker,&nbsp;H Temmingh,&nbsp;S van Heerden,&nbsp;C de Clercq,&nbsp;I Lewis","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to determine a demographic profile of methamphetamine (MA)-related admissions to major psychiatric services in Cape Town, obtain a substance use profile from admitted patients, a profile of common MA-related symptoms encountered during the assessment of the patients presenting with MA-related problems, and a brief profile of the psychiatric diagnoses made.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Staff in six psychiatric hospitals or wards in Cape Town collected data on methamphetamine related admissions between July and December 2008 using a one-page record review form. The data collection form consisted of the patient's demographic details, presenting symptoms, previous admission details, current MA and other substance use information, and DSM-IV diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 235 forms were completed. Most patients were male (69%) and the mean age was 25 years. The most common presenting symptoms were aggressive behaviour (74%), followed by delusions (59%) and hallucinations (57%). Males were two times more likely to present with aggression as compared to females, while females were significantly more likely to present with depressed mood or euphoric/elevated mood. The majority of patients had substance-induced psychotic disorder (41%), followed by schizophrenia (31%). Twelve percent (12%) had bipolar mood disorder.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MA-related psychiatric admissions pose serious challenges to all health services dealing with these patients. Further training and treatment protocol development and distribution is indicated.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":"45-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31336917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic criteria and suicidal ideation in a South African Police sample.","authors":"R Steyn,&nbsp;N Vawda,&nbsp;G E Wyatt,&nbsp;J K Williams,&nbsp;S N Madu","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Exposure to traumatic events may precipitate suicidal ideation. Once an individual is diagnosed with PTSD, a suicide risk assessment often follows. This study explores how PTSD symptom criteria correlate with suicidal ideation in a sample of police officers. While the psychometric measures of PTSD often mirror the DSM-IV-TR criteria, focusing on exposure, symptom, and duration criteria, suicidal ideation measures often focus on concepts quite different from that. In this report the focus was on investigating how PTSD symptom criteria correlate with the suicidal ideation.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A group of South African police officers (N = 217) were assessed by means of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale and a short version of the Adult Suicide Ideation Questionnaire. Linear and hierarchical regressions were used to determine which PTSD symptom criteria best predict suicidal ideation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hyperarousal was the primary predictor of suicidal ideation (R(2) [adjusted] = 0.249). Intrusive thoughts added only marginally to the model, contributing a further 2.5% to the declared variance. The contributions of the other two symptom types were negligible.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study hyperarousal correlated significantly with suicidal ideation. It is suggested that practitioners be alert to these symptoms as possible indicators of suicidal ideation. Implications for suicide risk assessment and prevention measures are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":"19-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31245966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting referral practices of traditional healers of their patients with a mental illness: an application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour.","authors":"K Sorsdahl,&nbsp;D J Stein,&nbsp;A J Flisher","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although many studies indicate that traditional healers are willing to collaborate with Western practitioners in South Africa, none focus specifically on mental health care, and none use a theory of health behaviour to explain their findings. The present study applies the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to predict traditional healer referral practices of patients with a mental illness.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>One hundred traditional healers were first interviewed to assess the TPB variables and were contacted again 5 months later to measure self-reported behaviour.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Herbalists were less likely than other types of healers to refer patients with a mental illness to Western health professionals. From the TPB application, the following cognitive variables were found to predict intentions: attitudes (β = 0.612, p< 0.01); perceived behavioural control (β = 0.355, p< 0.01); and past behaviour (β = 0.704, p< 0.01). Subjective norms and knowledge of mental illness did not predict intentions. Finally, past behaviour (β = 0.297, p = 0.040) and intentions to refer patients (β = 0.758, p< 0.01) predicted greater self-reported behaviour.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The TPB may be a useful theoretical model for predicting the referral practices of traditional healers. The empirical data here may be useful for future work designing interventions to provide traditional healers with the information and skills they require to appropriately refer patients with mental illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":"35-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31245969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing community based and hospital based treatment in psychiatry: what does my experience reveal?","authors":"S Ramful","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":"55-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31336920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing psychosocial problems among persons living with HIV.","authors":"A Kagee","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v15i6.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v15i6.53","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The large number of persons living with HIV in Southern Africa has implications for mental health services for this population. Data have emerged in recent years showing that a substantial number of persons living with HIV also have mental health problems. Yet, the practice of routine screening for psychiatric disorders in the context of HIV care is controversial. Moreover, common mental health problems, if left undetected and untreated, may have severe consequences for adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), which in turn will likely lead to severe health consequences for patients. There are high costs associated with employing professional psychologists, counsellors, and social workers to provide psychosocial support to ART users. As a result, in many contexts lay counsellors and patient advocates have been employed as a less costly alternative. High standards of training of lay counsellors, as well as on-going supervision and support to patient advocates is necessary to ensure optimal outcomes/results.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 6","pages":"424-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v15i6.53","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31057283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research in lower middle income countries - recommendations for a national mental health research agenda in South Africa.","authors":"J Chipps,&nbsp;S Ramlall","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v15i6.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v15i6.55","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the current mental health environment in South Africa, the development of a relevant mental health research agenda poses several challenges. This paper provides a brief overview of the current state of published research in mental health and, using a translation research framework, makes recommendations for five strategic directions to be considered in the development of a national mental health research agenda.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"15 6","pages":"432-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v15i6.55","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31057285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}