African Journal of Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated factors in long-term patients in a specialist psychiatric hospital in South Africa.","authors":"K Maaroganye,&nbsp;M Mohapi,&nbsp;C Krüger,&nbsp;P Rheeder","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.53","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of metabolic disorders in long-term psychiatric patients, and the relationship between known risk factors and these metabolic disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All psychiatric in-patients ≥18 years, who had been admitted ≥six months were invited to participate. Eighty-four patients participated. They were interviewed, examined, measured and blood tests conducted to determine several demographic and clinical variables including age, gender, weight, blood pressure and fasting blood glucose.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of the metabolic disorders were: metabolic syndrome 32%, hypertension 32%, diabetes mellitus 8%, cholesterol dyslipidaemia 32%, triglyceride dyslipidaemia 29%, low density lipoprotein (LDL) dyslipidaemia 50%, overweight 37%, and obesity 24%. Black African and female patients were more likely to have metabolic syndrome. Female patients were more likely to have cholesterol dyslipidaemia and obesity. Hypertension was associated with age. Ninety-six percent of patients with dyslipidaemia were newly diagnosed during the study. Three out of the seven previously diagnosed diabetic patients had raised fasting blood glucose levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of metabolic syndrome falls towards the lower limits of the expected prevalence rate. Race and gender showed a moderate statistical association with metabolic syndrome. There is a lack of screening for dyslipidaemia in this setting. Diabetic patients should be referred to specialist diabetic clinics for better monitoring and control.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.53","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40279358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding cohort differences in appraisals of reconstruction priorities of mental health systems in postconflict Liberia.","authors":"D A Gray,&nbsp;C P Borba,&nbsp;B L Harris,&nbsp;S Dominguez,&nbsp;R Boxill,&nbsp;E K Wang,&nbsp;D C Henderson","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.56","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study analyzes the relationship between informants' age and their assessment of mental health needs in postconflict society and examines if mental health needs assessment priorities differ depending upon whether or not the informant was exposed to the Liberian civil war.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>cross-sectional survey was conducted in March 2009 to obtain data on mental health needs of Liberian children, adolescents and young adults. A total of 171 individuals were interviewed. The data were analyzed using a two- way ANOVA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Elder respondents expressed a preference for young adults to receive services in a church/mosque (F = 4.020, p < .05); for adolescents in volunteer programs (F = 3.987, p < .05) and for children in sports programs (F = 4.396, p < .05). Experiencing conflict did exert some influence on treatment setting preferences. Those who resided outside Liberia during the conflict cited a preference for traditional healers and medical clinics. However, this preference was for the children and young adult age categories. Those who experienced the civil war reported significantly higher preferences for adolescent services to be located in medical clinics, with traditional healers, and in churches/mosques.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides additional support for the premise that the utilization of psychiatric services needs to be viewed from the perspective of Liberians and that there are differences in preferences across groups. Our results suggest that service providers and policy makers take into account the age of the patient when deciding where to locate treatment settings for the population.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.56","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40279359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mild cognitive impairment and dementia in a heterogeneous elderly population: prevalence and risk profile.","authors":"S Ramlall,&nbsp;J Chipps,&nbsp;B J Pillay,&nbsp;A L Bhigjee","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.58","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the demographic, clinical and risk profile of Mild Cognitive Impairment and dementia in a sample of elderly South Africans within a residential setting.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>One hundred and forty participants residing in a group of residential homes for the elderly were assessed by psychiatrists and assigned diagnoses of dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Participants diagnosed with dementia were also offered haematological investigations and a CT scan of the brain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample consisted of 140 participants comprising 46.4% White, 29.3% Coloured, 20% Asian and 4.3% Black participants. There were 97 (69.3%) females and 106 (75.7%) participants had less than 12 years of education. Eleven (7.9%) dementia and 38 (27.1%) MCI cases were diagnosed. Increasing age was associated with cognitive impairment (MCI and dementia) (p=.020) but there was no association between gender and cognitive impairment (p=.165). MCI was significantly associated with a lower education level (p=.036) and no association was found between depression (current-p=.646; past-p=.719) and dementia or MCI. The presence of vascular risk factors (n=140) ranged from 66.4% (hypertension) to 14.3% (stroke). Subjective memory complaints were significantly associated with cognitive impairment (p=.001). Except for the use of the telephone (p=.225) and the television (p=.08), impairment in all domains of instrumental activities of daily living that were assessed were significantly associated with a dementia diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study showed that cognitive impairment was associated with increasing age and low education levels. The presence of vascular risk factors places this population at risk for future cognitive decline.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.58","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40277722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The accuracy of interpreting key psychiatric terms by ad hoc interpreters at a South African psychiatric hospital.","authors":"S Hagan,&nbsp;L Swartz,&nbsp;S Kilian,&nbsp;B Chiliza,&nbsp;P Bisogno,&nbsp;J Joska","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.54","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined the competence and accuracy of ad hoc interpreters in interpreting key psychiatric terms at a South African psychiatric hospital</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine individuals were asked to translate key psychiatric terms from English to Xhosa. These translations were then back-translated by independent translators, who do not have knowledge of psychiatric terminology. These back-translations were then compared with the original English.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was clear that not all the participants were fully competent in English. None had formal training in interpreting or psychiatric terminology. Not all of the participants were familiar with the psychiatric concepts that clinicians use and they often made mistakes while interpreting.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The competency levels of interpreters are unsatisfactory to ensure the optimal delivery of mental health care. It is clear that there is a need for trained interpreters in South Africa, as the continuous use of untrained interpreters compromises the effectiveness of mental health care and could lead to adverse health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.54","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40277721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving mental health systems in Africa.","authors":"C P Szabo","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.50","url":null,"abstract":"Africa is a vast and diverse continent. The diversity relates not only to geography but also languages, cultures, religions and histories. However, conflict, disease, poverty and political instability are common characteristics. Notwithstanding commonalities, to pronounce on Africa in general is problematic. To comment on mental health systems in Africa, and how to strengthen them - one needs an understanding of weaknesses. Again, to presume that one can pronounce on Africa as a continent may indeed be presumptuous. That having been said, the content which follows will provide, at worst, points of departure for discussion and debate - with the intention of identifying a way forward for a continent without losing sight of country specific issues.","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.50","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40277718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post traumatic stress disorder and resilience in veterans who served in the South African border war.","authors":"M A Connell,&nbsp;O Omole,&nbsp;U Subramaney,&nbsp;S Olorunju","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.55","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The psychological impact of the South African border war on veterans has received little or no attention. This study determined the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and extent of resilience among a cohort of veterans.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Of 1527 former students who matriculated from a Johannesburg high school from 1975 to 1988, only 109 were reachable for convenience and snowballing recruitment into this study. An anonymous, internet-based questionnaire was used to obtain information on demography, combat exposure, drug and alcohol use, traumatic events in later life, and recourse to medication and counselling. The Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R) assessed for PTSD and the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRISC) measured resilience. Data were processed with STATA; version 11 statistical software package. Analysis included Chi square test and regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The response rate was 49.5% (n=54). The prevalence of PTSD was 33% and significantly associated with combat exposure (p=.012). Despite high prevalence of PTSD in those exposed to combat, 94% showed normal to above-normal level of resilience. CD-RISC scores showed no association with the IES-R. Only current cannabis use was significantly linked with PTSD (p=.044).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the prevalence of PTSD found in this sample was higher than in comparable international studies, this cohort of former SA national servicemen, showed high levels of resilience. The current use of cannabis within the context of prior exposure to military national service or combat should prompt clinicians to screen for the presence of PTSD-associated symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.55","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40279356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium valproate for the treatment of mania in a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.","authors":"S Kumar Kar,&nbsp;A K Panda,&nbsp;A Kamboj,&nbsp;O Praskash","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.52","url":null,"abstract":"?? Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), also known as Hereditary Sensory Motor Neuropathy (HSMN) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy and it can follow autosomal dominant, Xlinked, autosomal recessive and even a sporadic inheritance pattern. 1Very few studies have evaluated psychiatric problems in this disease 2,3 , but there is a 30% lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorder in patients with CMT. 2 Depression and phobic disorder are commonly occurring psychiatric comorbidities. 3After obtaining informed consent, we report the case of a patient with Charcot-Marie‐Tooth disease presenting with a manic episode and the treatment thereof with sodium valproate. Mr. L, a 28 year old male, presented with a two month history of talkativeness, irritable mood, increased physical activity and disturbed sleep. At the time of presentation, he was noted to be singing religious songs and had grandiose plans for the future. There was an increased physical activity throughout the day without associated fatigue. At times, he would even dance and he frequently cracked jokes with other patients. He had a history of several similar episodes in the past 10 years, almost one per year. In addition to this, he experienced generalized tonic-clonic seizures as a consequence of a head injury he sustained at the age of 14 years. He received antiepileptic medications (initially Phenytoin sodium and later Divalproex sodium) and remained seizure free for 8 years. There is also a history of progressive weakness and atrophy of his limbs, which had initially started in the distal, followed by the proximal aspects of both lower limbs, and later progressed to affect the upper limbs. As a result, he had difficulty in climbing stairs and getting up from a seated position. The patient’s younger sister, who had a similar history of weakness, atrophy and deformity of her limbs, had suffered from several depressive episodes over a period of 8 years. Investigations of patient i.e. haematology and biochemical tests were found to be normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the patient’s brain as well as visual evoked potential and brainstem auditory evoked response were normal. The nerve conduction studies showed decreased conduction velocity of < 20m/s; with prolonged distal latencies, decreased compound muscle action amplitude and non-recordable sensory nerve axonal potential. Biopsy of the left sural nerve revealed “onion bulb” formation, fibrocystic proliferation, and increased endoneurial connective tissue. After psychiatric evaluation, he was diagnosed as a case of bipolar affective disorder, current episode mania with psychotic symptoms. The diagnosis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease was also entertained after consultation with a team of neurologists and psychiatrists. The patient was commenced on sodium valproate 1000mg per day for treatment of mania. Initially, risperidone 4mg was added to control aggression. Over a period of four weeks, his manic symptoms improved signific","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.52","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40277720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening a heterogeneous elderly South African population for cognitive impairment: the utility and performance of the Mini- Mental State Examination, Six Item Screener, Subjective Memory Rating Scale and Deterioration Cognitive Observee.","authors":"S Ramlall,&nbsp;J Chipps,&nbsp;A L Bhigjee,&nbsp;B J Pillay","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.57","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to report on the prevalence of cognitive impairment, and to assess the performance and utility of subjective, objective and informant screening tools in a heterogeneous community sample.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A sample of 302 elderly participants (>60 years) living in residential homes in a large city in South Africa were screened for the presence of cognitive impairment using objective (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] and Six Item Screener-[SIS]), subjective (Subjective Memory Complaint [SMC]and Subjective Memory Rating Scale [SMRS]) and informant (Deterioration Cognitive Observee [DECO]) screening tools. All tools were compared to the MMSE and the influence of demographic variables on the performance on these tools was considered.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significantly lower MMSE scores were found in participants aged 80-89 years (p=.023) and those who had 8-11 years of education (p=.002). For every one additional year of education, participants were 0.71 times less likely to screen positive on the MMSE. Differential item functioning on various components of the MMSE was demonstrated due to the effects of education, race and gender. There was significant differential performance between the recommended and alternate attention/concentration items (p<.001) with the alternate item favouring better performance. Based on the MMSE cutoff score of < 23, the prevalence of cognitive impairment was 16.9%; the prevalence yielded by the remaining tools ranged from 10.5% using the DECO to 46% as determined by the presence of a SMC. Using the MMSE as the reference standard for the presence of cognitive impairment, the SIS, SMC, SMRS and DECO had sensitivities of 82.3%, 54.6%, 17.0% and 37.5%, and specificities of 71.3%, 57.6%, 87.4% and 96.7% respectively. Age and race influenced performance on the MMSE, SIS and SMRS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Different types of cognitive screening tools yielded varying sensitivities and specificities for identifying cognitive impairment when compared to the MMSE. The influence of race, age and education on test performance highlights the need for suitable, culture-fair screening tools. Locally, the alternate item for attention/concentration should be preferred.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.57","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40279357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homemade heroin substitute causing hallucinations.","authors":"T I Lemon","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.51","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.51","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40277719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usage of 'download of psychiatry' in Africa.","authors":"S Auchincloss,&nbsp;S Pridmore","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i5.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i5.41","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 5","pages":"325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i5.41","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31746458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}