African Journal of Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Public attitudes toward mental illness in Africa and North America.","authors":"K O St Louis, P M Roberts","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.16","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Public attitudes toward mental illness in two widely disparate cultures, Canada and Cameroon, were compared using an experimental version of a survey instrument, the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Mental Illness or POSHA-MI(e).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>120 respondents rated POSHA-MI(e) items relating to mental illness on 1-9 equal appearing interval scales: 30 in English and 30 in French in both Cameroon and Canada. Additionally, 30 matched, monolingual English, American respondents were included as a comparison group.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>In Canada (and in the USA), attitudes were generally more positive and less socially stigmatizing toward mental illness than in Cameroon. Differences between countries were much larger than differences between language groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Consistent with other research, beliefs and reactions of the public regarding mental illness reflect stigma, especially in Cameroon. Cultural influences on these public attitudes are more likely important than language influences. Results of this field test of the POSHA-MI(e), documenting differences in public attitudes toward mental illness in two divergent cultures, support its further development.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 2","pages":"123-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31366359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SADAG targets suicidal behaviour in SA youth: over 380 schools and counting -one class at a time.","authors":"L Taljaard","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 2","pages":"144, 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31366361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of schizophrenia: recent developments.","authors":"O Esan","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 2","pages":"93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31366354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of distress and anxiety during pregnancy.","authors":"A Roos, S Faure, C Lochner, B Vythilingum, D J Stein","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.15","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>There is a high incidence of distressing psychological symptoms including anxiety in pregnancy. Nevertheless, predictors of distress and anxiety during pregnancy have not been well characterized. We determined whether temperament and character, trait anxiety, resilience, and social support predicted distress and anxiety symptoms in pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Pregnant women (n=105) with low risk singleton pregnancies were recruited from Midwife Obstetric Units. Assessments of distress (using the K-10) and anxiety (using the Spielberger State Inventory) were undertaken in trimester 2 and 3. Measures of temperament and character, trait anxiety, resilience and social support were undertaken at the same time points. Regression analyses were used to determine predictors of distress and anxiety at each trimester.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Predictors of distress and anxiety were lower selfdirectedness, higher harm avoidance, higher trait anxiety, lower resilience, and lower social support, at each time point.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Understanding predictors of distress and anxiety in pregnancy may be useful in developing interventions for addressing such symptoms, as well as perhaps in preventing potential sequelae such as anxiety and mood disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 2","pages":"118-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31366358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Problem drinking and associated factors in older adults in South Africa.","authors":"K Peltzer, N Phaswana-Mafuya","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.13","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Alcohol abuse poses special risks for increased morbidity and mortality among older adults. Little attention has focused on assessing alcohol use and associated factors among older adults in transitional societies such as South Africa. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of alcohol use and associated factors in older South Africans who participated in the Study of Global Ageing and Adults Health (SAGE) in 2008.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a national population-based cross-sectional study with a sample of 3840 aged 50 years or older in South Africa in 2008. In this study we analysed data from all 2144 participants who were over 60 years old. The questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics, alcohol intake as well as comorbidity. Risky drinking was defined in two ways: heavy drinkers (>7 drinks/week) and binge drinkers (>3 drinks/one occasion/week).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four percent of participants reported heavy drinking and 3.7% binge drinking. Male gender (Odds Ratio (OR) =3.79, Confidence Interval (CI) =1.38-10.37) and white population group (OR=3.01, CI=1.31-6.89) were associated with risky drinking in multivariate analysis; as well as tobacco use (OR=5.25, CI=2.20-12.52) and not being obese (OR=0.14, CI=0.05-0.35). Hypertension, diabetes and depression were not associated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals moderate rates of risky drinking among older adults (60 years and more) in South Africa that puts them at risk of morbidity. Alcohol problems among older adults are commonly under-recognized, indicating a need for health care worker intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 2","pages":"104-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405025/pdf/emss-63021.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31366356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The outcome of mental health care users admitted under Section 40 of the South African Mental Health Care Act (No 17 of 2002).","authors":"G Jonsson, M Y Moosa, F Y Jeenah, E Musenge","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.12","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the outcomes of mental health care users (MHCU's) admitted in terms of Section 40 of the South African Mental Health Care Act (No 17 of 2002) (MHCA) and the factors, if any, that are associated with these outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study was a retrospective record review of MHCU's, 18 years and older, referred by the South African Police Service (SAPS) to Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital (CHBH). All mental health care users handed over to CHBH by SAPS with completed MHCA form 22's during the period July 2007 to December 2007 were included in the study. The outcomes, demographics and clinical characteristics of these referrals were obtained from hospital records.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the six-month study period, 718 MHCU's were referred by members of SAPS to the CHBH Emergency Department. Associations were found between discharged MHCU's and i) being male, ii) being less than 35 years of age, iii) being unemployed, iv) having a lower level of education, v) having a past history of substance abuse and/or vi) a past psychiatric illness. Females were twice as likely to be unemployed and admitted to hospital (either to a psychiatric or general medical ward). MHCU's diagnosed with delirium were more likely to be admitted into a medical ward as compared to a psychiatric ward.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As has been the case in most countries where police services have been incorporated into mental health acts, South Africa's new Mental Health Care Act (No 17 of 2002) has resulted in a large number of referrals by the police to mental health services. However, many of these referrals may not be necessary as most MHCU's end up not being admitted. The characteristics of police referrals suggest that the receiving facility should have the capacity to identify factors that favour outpatient care (especially substance abuse problems) and divert MHCU's presenting with such factors to appropriate treatment facilities without admitting them to the hospital.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 2","pages":"94-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31366355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between schizoaffective, schizophrenic and mood disorders in patients admitted at Mathari Psychiatric Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.","authors":"D M Ndetei, L Khasakhala, L Meneghini, J L Aillon","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.14","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i2.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The prevalence of schizoaffective disorder (SAD) and the relationship between schizophrenia (SCZ), SAD and mood disorders (MD) in non-Western countries is unknown. To determine the prevalence of SAD and the relationship between SCZ, SAD and MD in relation to socio-demographic, clinical and therapeutic variables in 691 patients admitted at Mathari Psychiatric Hospital, Kenya.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional comparative study using both clinician and SCID-1 for DSM-IV diagnoses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately twenty three percent (n=160) met DSM-IV criteria for SAD using SCID-1. There were significant differences between SCZ, SAD and MD regarding: affective and core symptoms of schizophrenia (with the exception of core symptoms of schizophrenia between SCZ and SAD); presence of past trauma; a past suicide attempt; and comorbidity with alcohol and drug abuse disorders. SAD and MD patients took significantly more mood stabilizers than SCZ patients. There were no significant differences between the three groups regarding socio-demographic variables, brief psychiatric rating scale scores, cognitive performance, anxiety and depressive symptoms, presence of obsessions, and usage of both antipsychotics and antidepressants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is no distinct demarcation between the three disorders. This lends support to recent evidence suggesting that SAD might constitute a heterogeneous group composed of both SCZ and MD patients or a middle point of a continuum between SCZ and MD.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 2","pages":"110-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31366357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional distress among caregivers of patients with epilepsy in Katsina State, Northern Nigeria.","authors":"A J Yusuf, F T Nuhu, V O Olisah","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.7","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Caregivers of patients with epilepsy experience onsiderable emotional distress. The study aimed to assess the magnitude of the problem in a developing country.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total 166 patients-caregivers were enrolled for the study. They were interviewed using a socio-demographic data collecting sheet and the Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale (HADS). Data obtained were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Windows version 13. All statistical tests were carried out at a 5% level of probability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the caregivers was 45.44 ± 6.67 years. Emotional distress was found among 109(65.7%) of the caregivers. This is was significantly associated with male gender of both care giver and patient as well as residing in a rural area.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrated a high level of emotional distress associated with caring for patients with epilepsy, which is comparable to other studies carried out in other parts of the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":"41-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31245970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dementia masquerading as mania--when should it be suspected?","authors":"R Shah, S K Mattoo, K Kodakandla","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":"53-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31336919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and clinical presentation of HIV positive female psychiatric inpatients.","authors":"H Uys","doi":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.4","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ajpsy.v16i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Literature on the prevalence and clinical presentation of South African psychiatric HIV positive patients as well as their management is lacking. This study was performed to investigate these parameters.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A prospective study to investigate the prevalence and clinical presentation of HIV positive psychiatric female patients admitted to an acute ward (female psychiatric ward Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, East London Hospital Complex) was undertaken for a one year period from June 2009 to May 2010. Additional factors such as demographic profile, associated substance abuse, pre-existing psychiatric disorders and management were also studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During this one year period 158 female patients were admitted to the acute female psychiatric ward for assessment and treatment. Of these 158 admissions 21 (13%) were HIV positive, but only 19 (12%) consented to the study. Ten of the 19 HIV positive patients (53%) had an Axis I diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder secondary to HIV, most commonly mood disorder (mania) with psychotic symptoms. Nine of the 19 HIV positive patients (47%) had a pre-existing primary psychiatric diagnosis, most commonly Bipolar Disorder, recent episode mania with psychotic symptoms. The most common psychotic symptoms were grandiose delusions followed by auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusions and visual hallucinations. The most common mood symptom was euphoria. Substance abuse was uncommon amongst the patients in the study group. Sixteen of the 19 patients (84%) were on antipsychotics, 14 of these 16 patients were on haloperidol. The most commonly used mood stabilizer was sodium valproate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study mania with psychotic symptoms was the most common presentation in both the group with a pre-existing primary psychiatric disorder and in the group without a primary psychiatric disorder. The prevalence of HIV positive admitted psychiatric females in this study was 12%. Co-morbid substance abuse was uncommon. Most patients tolerated low doses of typical antipsychotics in combination with a mood stabilizer (valproate being the most common).</p>","PeriodicalId":55549,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"16 1","pages":"23-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31245967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}