Rebecca L Vega Thurber, Denise Silva, Lauren Speare, Aldo Croquer, Alex J Veglia, Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip, Jesse R Zaneveld, Erinn M Muller, Adrienne M S Correa
{"title":"Coral Disease: Direct and Indirect Agents, Mechanisms of Disease, and Innovations for Increasing Resistance and Resilience.","authors":"Rebecca L Vega Thurber, Denise Silva, Lauren Speare, Aldo Croquer, Alex J Veglia, Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip, Jesse R Zaneveld, Erinn M Muller, Adrienne M S Correa","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-011123-102337","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-marine-011123-102337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As climate change drives health declines of tropical reef species, diseases are further eroding ecosystem function and habitat resilience. Coral disease impacts many areas around the world, removing some foundation species to recorded low levels and thwarting worldwide efforts to restore reefs. What we know about coral disease processes remains insufficient to overcome many current challenges in reef conservation, yet cumulative research and management practices are revealing new disease agents (including bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotes), genetic host disease resistance factors, and innovative methods to prevent and mitigate epizootic events (probiotics, antibiotics, and disease resistance breeding programs). The recent outbreak of stony coral tissue loss disease across the Caribbean has reenergized and mobilized the research community to think bigger and do more. This review therefore focuses largely on novel emerging insights into the causes and mechanisms of coral disease and their applications to coral restoration and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":" ","pages":"227-255"},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Douglas J McCauley, Samantha Andrzejaczek, Barbara A Block, Kyle C Cavanaugh, Hannah C Cubaynes, Elliott L Hazen, Chuanmin Hu, David Kroodsma, Jiwei Li, Hillary S Young
{"title":"Improving Ocean Management Using Insights from Space.","authors":"Douglas J McCauley, Samantha Andrzejaczek, Barbara A Block, Kyle C Cavanaugh, Hannah C Cubaynes, Elliott L Hazen, Chuanmin Hu, David Kroodsma, Jiwei Li, Hillary S Young","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-050823-120619","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-marine-050823-120619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advancements in space-based ocean observation and computational data processing techniques have demonstrated transformative value for managing living resources, biodiversity, and ecosystems of the ocean. We synthesize advancements in leveraging satellite-derived insights to better understand and manage fishing, an emerging revolution of marine industrialization, ocean hazards, sea surface dynamics, benthic ecosystems, wildlife via electronic tracking, and direct observations of ocean megafauna. We consider how diverse space-based data sources can be better coupled to modernize and improve ocean management. We also highlight examples of how data from space can be developed into tools that can aid marine decision-makers managing subjects from whales to algae. Thoughtful and prospective engagement with such technologies from those inside and outside the marine remote sensing community is, however, essential to ensure that these tools meet their full potential to strengthen the effectiveness of ocean management.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":" ","pages":"381-408"},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madelaine G Rosevear, Bishakhdatta Gayen, Catherine A Vreugdenhil, Benjamin K Galton-Fenzi
{"title":"How Does the Ocean Melt Antarctic Ice Shelves?","authors":"Madelaine G Rosevear, Bishakhdatta Gayen, Catherine A Vreugdenhil, Benjamin K Galton-Fenzi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040323-074354","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040323-074354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present-day state and future of the Antarctic Ice Sheet depend on the rate at which the ocean melts its fringing ice shelves. Ocean heat must cross many physical and dynamical barriers to melt ice shelves, with the last of these being the ice-ocean boundary layer. This review summarizes the current understanding of ice-ocean boundary-layer dynamics, focusing on recent progress from laboratory experiments, turbulence-resolving numerical simulations, novel observations, and the application to large-scale simulations. The complex interplay between buoyant meltwater and external processes such as current shear leads to the emergence of several melting regimes that we describe, as well as freezing processes. The remaining challenges include developing new parameterizations for large-scale ice-ocean models based on recent advances and understanding the coevolution of melt and basal topography.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":" ","pages":"325-353"},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ian Hewson, Mitchell R Johnson, Brandon Reyes-Chavez
{"title":"Lessons Learned from the Sea Star Wasting Disease Investigation.","authors":"Ian Hewson, Mitchell R Johnson, Brandon Reyes-Chavez","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040623-082617","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040623-082617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marine invertebrate mass mortality events (MMEs) threaten biodiversity and have the potential to catastrophically alter ecosystem structure. A proximal question around acute MMEs is their etiologies and/or environmental drivers. Establishing a robust cause of mortality is challenging in marine habitats due to the complexity of the interactions among species and the free dispersal of microorganisms from surrounding waters to metazoan microbiomes. The 2013-2014 sea star wasting disease (SSWD) MME in the northeast Pacific Ocean highlights the difficulty in establishing responsible agents. In less than a year of scientific investigation, investigators identified a candidate agent and provided at the time convincing data of pathogenic and transmissible disease. However, later investigation failed to support the initial results, and critical retrospective analyses of experimental procedures and reinterpretation of early findings disbanded any candidate agent. Despite the circuitous path that the investigation and understanding of SSWD have taken, lessons learned from the initial investigation-improving on approaches that led to misinterpretation-have been successfully applied to the 2022 <i>Diadema antillarum</i> investigation. In this review, we outline the history of the initial SSWD investigation, examine how early exploration led to spurious interpretations, summarize the lessons learned, provide recommendations for future work in other systems, and examine potential links between the SSWD event and the <i>Diadema antillarum</i> MME.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":" ","pages":"257-279"},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kyle C Cavanaugh, Tom W Bell, Karen E Aerni, Jarrett E K Byrnes, Seth McCammon, Madison M Smith
{"title":"New Technologies for Monitoring Coastal Ecosystem Dynamics.","authors":"Kyle C Cavanaugh, Tom W Bell, Karen E Aerni, Jarrett E K Byrnes, Seth McCammon, Madison M Smith","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040523-020221","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040523-020221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, our view of coastal ecosystems has expanded and come into greater focus. We are currently making more types of observations over larger areas and at higher frequencies than ever before. These advances are timely, as coastal ecosystems are facing increasing pressures from climate change and anthropogenic stressors. This article synthesizes recent literature on emerging technologies for coastal ecosystem monitoring, including satellite monitoring, aerial and underwater drones, in situ sensor networks, fiber optic systems, and community science observatories. We also describe how advances in artificial intelligence and deep learning underpin all these technologies by enabling insights to be drawn from increasingly large data volumes. Even with these recent advances, there are still major gaps in coastal ecosystem monitoring that must be addressed to manage coastal ecosystems during a period of accelerating global change.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":" ","pages":"409-433"},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141768054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Desiccation and Catastrophic Refilling of the Mediterranean: 50 Years of Facts, Hypotheses, and Myths Around the Messinian Salinity Crisis.","authors":"Marco Roveri, Stefano Lugli, Vinicio Manzi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-021723-110155","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-marine-021723-110155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to some authors, the Messinian salinity crisis was ended by a giant waterfall or megaflood 5.33 million years ago, when the Atlantic Ocean reconnected in a catastrophic way with the desiccated Mediterranean, creating the Strait of Gibraltar. An erosional surface deeply cutting upper Miocene or older rocks and sealed by lower Pliocene sediments is the geological feature that inspired this fascinating hypothesis. The hypothesis, which recalls several ancient myths, is well established in the scientific community and often considered to be a fact. However, several studies are suggesting that the Atlantic-Mediterranean connection through the Strait of Gibraltar was probably active before and during the entire Messinian salinity crisis. This allows us to consider the possibility that long-lived, more gradual physical processes were responsible for the evolution of the strait, opening the idea of a nondesiccated Mediterranean Sea.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":" ","pages":"485-509"},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141899042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Environmental and Climatic Changes on Coral Reef Islands.","authors":"Paul S Kench","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-030921","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-030921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coral reef islands are low-lying, wave-deposited sedimentary landforms. Using an eco-morphodynamic framework, this review examines the sensitivity of islands to climatic and environmental change. Reef island formation and morphological dynamics are directly controlled by nearshore wave processes and ecologically mediated sediment supply. The review highlights that reef islands are intrinsically dynamic landforms, able to adjust their morphology (size, shape, and location) on reef surfaces in response to changes in these processes. A suite of ecological and oceanographic processes also indirectly impact hydrodynamic and sediment processes and thereby regulate morphological change, though the temporal scales and magnitudes of impacts on islands vary, leading to divergent morphodynamic outcomes. Climatic change will modify the direct and indirect processes, causing complex positive and negative outcomes on islands. Understanding this complexity is critical to improve predictive capabilities for island physical change and resolve the timescales of change and lag times for impacts to be expressed in island systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":" ","pages":"301-324"},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141728376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Land Bridges and Rafting Theories to Explain Terrestrial-Vertebrate Biodiversity on Madagascar.","authors":"Jason R Ali, S Blair Hedges","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-025654","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-025654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Madagascar's celebrated land-vertebrate assemblage has long been studied and discussed. How the ancestors of the 30 different lineages arrived on the island, which has existed since 85 Mya and is separated from neighboring Africa by 430 km of water, is a deeply important question. Did the colonizations take place when the landmass formed part of Gondwana, or did they occur later and involve either now-drowned causeways or overwater dispersal (on vegetation rafts or by floating/swimming)? Following a historical review, we appraise the geological-geophysical evidence and the faunal-suite colonization record. Twenty-six of the clades are explained by temporally stochastic overwater dispersals, spanning 69-0 Mya, while two others are considered Gondwanan vicariant relicts. Due to a lack of information, the remaining two groups cannot be evaluated. The findings thus appear to resolve a debate that has rumbled along, with sporadic eruptions, since the mid-1800s.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":" ","pages":"281-299"},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141322121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lettie A Roach, Madison M Smith, Agnieszka Herman, Damien Ringeisen
{"title":"Physics of the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone.","authors":"Lettie A Roach, Madison M Smith, Agnieszka Herman, Damien Ringeisen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-121422-015323","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-marine-121422-015323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The seasonal sea ice zone encompasses the region between the winter maximum and summer minimum sea ice extent. In both the Arctic and Antarctic, the majority of the ice cover can now be classified as seasonal. Here, we review the sea ice physics that governs the evolution of seasonal sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic, spanning sea ice growth, melt, and dynamics and including interactions with ocean surface waves as well as other coupled processes. The advent of coupled wave-ice modeling and discrete-element modeling, together with improved and expanded satellite observations and field campaigns, has yielded advances in process understanding. Many topics remain in need of further investigation, including rheologies appropriate for seasonal sea ice, wave-induced sea ice fracture, welding for sea ice freeze-up, and the distribution of snow on seasonal sea ice. Future research should aim to redress biases (such as disparities in focus between the Arctic and Antarctic and between summer and winter processes) and connect observations to modeling across spatial scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":" ","pages":"355-379"},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141428328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}