Rebecca L Vega Thurber, Denise Silva, Lauren Speare, Aldo Croquer, Alex J Veglia, Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip, Jesse R Zaneveld, Erinn M Muller, Adrienne M S Correa
{"title":"Coral Disease: Direct and Indirect Agents, Mechanisms of Disease, and Innovations for Increasing Resistance and Resilience.","authors":"Rebecca L Vega Thurber, Denise Silva, Lauren Speare, Aldo Croquer, Alex J Veglia, Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip, Jesse R Zaneveld, Erinn M Muller, Adrienne M S Correa","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-011123-102337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-011123-102337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As climate change drives health declines of tropical reef species, diseases are further eroding ecosystem function and habitat resilience. Coral disease impacts many areas around the world, removing some foundation species to recorded low levels and thwarting worldwide efforts to restore reefs. What we know about coral disease processes remains insufficient to overcome many current challenges in reef conservation, yet cumulative research and management practices are revealing new disease agents (including bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotes), genetic host disease resistance factors, and innovative methods to prevent and mitigate epizootic events (probiotics, antibiotics, and disease resistance breeding programs). The recent outbreak of stony coral tissue loss disease across the Caribbean has reenergized and mobilized the research community to think bigger and do more. This review therefore focuses largely on novel emerging insights into the causes and mechanisms of coral disease and their applications to coral restoration and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madelaine G Rosevear, Bishakhdatta Gayen, Catherine A Vreugdenhil, Benjamin K Galton-Fenzi
{"title":"How Does the Ocean Melt Antarctic Ice Shelves?","authors":"Madelaine G Rosevear, Bishakhdatta Gayen, Catherine A Vreugdenhil, Benjamin K Galton-Fenzi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040323-074354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040323-074354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present-day state and future of the Antarctic Ice Sheet depend on the rate at which the ocean melts its fringing ice shelves. Ocean heat must cross many physical and dynamical barriers to melt ice shelves, with the last of these being the ice-ocean boundary layer. This review summarizes the current understanding of ice-ocean boundary-layer dynamics, focusing on recent progress from laboratory experiments, turbulence-resolving numerical simulations, novel observations, and the application to large-scale simulations. The complex interplay between buoyant meltwater and external processes such as current shear leads to the emergence of several melting regimes that we describe, as well as freezing processes. The remaining challenges include developing new parameterizations for large-scale ice-ocean models based on recent advances and understanding the coevolution of melt and basal topography.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Serendipity of Discovery: Life of a Geochemist.","authors":"Willard S Moore","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-050823-103645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-050823-103645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>My strategy for writing this autobiography is to use examples of how working on seemingly different projects can often lead to outcomes more important than originally envisioned. Serendipity is a happy accident-specifically, the accident of discovering something useful without directly looking for it. This often occurs when two research projects converge unexpectedly. The main text contains examples of how serendipity has led me to important discoveries, including (<i>a</i>) finding surprisingly high 228Ra activities in the ocean; (<i>b</i>) developing a means of rapidly and quantitatively extracting radium from seawater; (<i>c</i>) devising a rapid, sensitive method of measuring 224Ra and 223Ra; (<i>d</i>) realizing the scale and biogeochemical importance of submarine groundwater discharge; and (<i>e</i>) conceiving a method to estimate the total flux of submarine groundwater discharge to the Atlantic Ocean. The <b>Supplemental Material</b> fleshes out details of these discoveries and places them in the context of my other investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Douglas J McCauley, Samantha Andrzejaczek, Barbara A Block, Kyle C Cavanaugh, Hannah C Cubaynes, Elliott L Hazen, Chuanmin Hu, David Kroodsma, Jiwei Li, Hillary S Young
{"title":"Improving Ocean Management Using Insights from Space.","authors":"Douglas J McCauley, Samantha Andrzejaczek, Barbara A Block, Kyle C Cavanaugh, Hannah C Cubaynes, Elliott L Hazen, Chuanmin Hu, David Kroodsma, Jiwei Li, Hillary S Young","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-050823-120619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-050823-120619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advancements in space-based ocean observation and computational data processing techniques have demonstrated transformative value for managing living resources, biodiversity, and ecosystems of the ocean. We synthesize advancements in leveraging satellite-derived insights to better understand and manage fishing, an emerging revolution of marine industrialization, ocean hazards, sea surface dynamics, benthic ecosystems, wildlife via electronic tracking, and direct observations of ocean megafauna. We consider how diverse space-based data sources can be better coupled to modernize and improve ocean management. We also highlight examples of how data from space can be developed into tools that can aid marine decision-makers managing subjects from whales to algae. Thoughtful and prospective engagement with such technologies from those inside and outside the marine remote sensing community is, however, essential to ensure that these tools meet their full potential to strengthen the effectiveness of ocean management.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christian R Voolstra, Rachel Alderdice, Luigi Colin, Sebastian Staab, Amy Apprill, Jean-Baptiste Raina
{"title":"Standardized Methods to Assess the Impacts of Thermal Stress on Coral Reef Marine Life.","authors":"Christian R Voolstra, Rachel Alderdice, Luigi Colin, Sebastian Staab, Amy Apprill, Jean-Baptiste Raina","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-024511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-024511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Earth's oceans have absorbed more than 90% of the excess, climate change-induced atmospheric heat. The resulting rise in oceanic temperatures affects all species and can lead to the collapse of marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Here, we review the range of methods used to measure thermal stress impacts on reef-building corals, highlighting current standardization practices and necessary refinements to fast-track discoveries and improve interstudy comparisons. We also present technological developments that will undoubtedly enhance our ability to record and analyze standardized data. Although we use corals as an example, the methods described are widely employed in marine sciences, and our recommendations therefore apply to all species and ecosystems. Enhancing collaborative data collection efforts, implementing field-wide standardized protocols, and ensuring data availability through dedicated, openly accessible databases will enable large-scale analysis and monitoring of ecosystem changes, improving our predictive capacities and informing active intervention to mitigate climate change effects on marine life.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Desiccation and Catastrophic Refilling of the Mediterranean: 50 Years of Facts, Hypotheses, and Myths Around the Messinian Salinity Crisis.","authors":"Marco Roveri, Stefano Lugli, Vinicio Manzi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-021723-110155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-021723-110155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to some authors, the Messinian salinity crisis was ended by a giant waterfall or megaflood 5.33 million years ago, when the Atlantic Ocean reconnected in a catastrophic way with the desiccated Mediterranean, creating the Strait of Gibraltar. An erosional surface deeply cutting upper Miocene or older rocks and sealed by lower Pliocene sediments is the geological feature that inspired this fascinating hypothesis. The hypothesis, which recalls several ancient myths, is well established in the scientific community and often considered to be a fact. However, several studies are suggesting that the Atlantic-Mediterranean connection through the Strait of Gibraltar was probably active before and during the entire Messinian salinity crisis. This allows us to consider the possibility that long-lived, more gradual physical processes were responsible for the evolution of the strait, opening the idea of a nondesiccated Mediterranean Sea.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141899042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily F Eidam, Nina Stark, Jaap H Nienhuis, Molly Keogh, Jeff Obelcz
{"title":"Arctic Continental-Shelf Sediment Dynamics.","authors":"Emily F Eidam, Nina Stark, Jaap H Nienhuis, Molly Keogh, Jeff Obelcz","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040423-023827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040423-023827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sediments covering Arctic continental shelves are uniquely impacted by ice processes. Delivery of sediments is generally limited to the summer, when rivers are ice free, permafrost bluffs are thawing, and sea ice is undergoing its seasonal retreat. Once delivered to the coastal zone, sediments follow complex pathways to their final depocenters-for example, fluvial sediments may experience enhanced seaward advection in the spring due to routing under nearshore sea ice; during the open-water season, boundary-layer transport may be altered by strong stratification in the ocean due to ice melt; during the fall storm season, sediments may be entrained into sea ice through the production of anchor ice and frazil; and in the winter, large ice keels more than 20 m tall plow the seafloor (sometimes to seabed depths of 1-2 m), creating a type of physical mixing that dwarfs the decimeter-scale mixing from bioturbation observed in lower-latitude shelf systems. This review summarizes the work done on subtidal sediment dynamics over the last 50 years in Arctic shelf systems backed by soft-sediment coastlines and suggests directions for future sediment studies in a changing Arctic. Reduced sea ice, increased wave energy, and increased sediment supply from bluffs (and possibly rivers) will likely alter marine sediment dynamics in the Arctic now and into the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141861750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kyle C Cavanaugh, Tom W Bell, Karen E Aerni, Jarrett E K Byrnes, Seth McCammon, Madison M Smith
{"title":"New Technologies for Monitoring Coastal Ecosystem Dynamics.","authors":"Kyle C Cavanaugh, Tom W Bell, Karen E Aerni, Jarrett E K Byrnes, Seth McCammon, Madison M Smith","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040523-020221","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040523-020221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, our view of coastal ecosystems has expanded and come into greater focus. We are currently making more types of observations over larger areas and at higher frequencies than ever before. These advances are timely, as coastal ecosystems are facing increasing pressures from climate change and anthropogenic stressors. This article synthesizes recent literature on emerging technologies for coastal ecosystem monitoring, including satellite monitoring, aerial and underwater drones, in situ sensor networks, fiber optic systems, and community science observatories. We also describe how advances in artificial intelligence and deep learning underpin all these technologies by enabling insights to be drawn from increasingly large data volumes. Even with these recent advances, there are still major gaps in coastal ecosystem monitoring that must be addressed to manage coastal ecosystems during a period of accelerating global change.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141768054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oyster Restoration to Recover Ecosystem Services.","authors":"Rachel S Smith, Jessica L Pruett","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040423-023007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040423-023007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oyster reef loss represents one of the most dramatic declines of a foundation species worldwide. Oysters provide valuable ecosystem services (ES), including habitat provisioning, water filtration, and shoreline protection. Since the 1990s, a global community of science and practice has organized around oyster restoration with the goal of restoring these valuable services. We highlight ES-based approaches throughout the restoration process, consider applications of emerging technologies, and review knowledge gaps about the life histories and ES provisioning of underrepresented species. Climate change will increasingly affect oyster populations, and we assess how restoration practices can adapt to these changes. Considering ES throughout the restoration process supports adaptive management. For a rapidly growing restoration practice, we highlight the importance of early community engagement, long-term monitoring, and adapting actions to local conditions to achieve desired outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141728377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Environmental and Climatic Changes on Coral Reef Islands.","authors":"Paul S Kench","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-030921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-030921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coral reef islands are low-lying, wave-deposited sedimentary landforms. Using an eco-morphodynamic framework, this review examines the sensitivity of islands to climatic and environmental change. Reef island formation and morphological dynamics are directly controlled by nearshore wave processes and ecologically mediated sediment supply. The review highlights that reef islands are intrinsically dynamic landforms, able to adjust their morphology (size, shape, and location) on reef surfaces in response to changes in these processes. A suite of ecological and oceanographic processes also indirectly impact hydrodynamic and sediment processes and thereby regulate morphological change, though the temporal scales and magnitudes of impacts on islands vary, leading to divergent morphodynamic outcomes. Climatic change will modify the direct and indirect processes, causing complex positive and negative outcomes on islands. Understanding this complexity is critical to improve predictive capabilities for island physical change and resolve the timescales of change and lag times for impacts to be expressed in island systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141728376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}