Applied Acoustics最新文献

{"title":"STEM: spatial speech separation using twin-delayed DDPG reinforcement learning and expectation maximization","authors":"Muhammad Salman Khan ,&nbsp;Sania Gul","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although many high-performing speech separation models have been proposed recently, little attention has been paid to making them lightweight. In this paper, a novel speech separation algorithm is proposed that integrates the twin-delayed deep deterministic (TD3) policy gradient reinforcement learning (RL) agent with the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm for clustering the spatial cues of individual sources separated on azimuth. For stationary sources, the proposed system gives satisfactory performance in terms of quality, intelligibility, and separation speed, and generalizes well with the test data from a mismatched speech corpus. Its perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) score is 0.55 points better than a self-supervised learning (SSL) model and almost equivalent to the diffusion models at computational cost and training data which is many folds lesser than required by these algorithms. Additionally, it reduces the required training data by 39 times, training time by 36 times, model size by 6 times, real time factor (RTF) by 1 point, and multiply-accumulate operations (MACs) by 9 times compared to a recently proposed lightweight transformer-based encoder-decoder framework, while offering a slight decrease in PESQ score (by 0.45 points).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 111022"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-ventilated sound absorption lamina metamaterial with labyrinth structure","authors":"Chaolin Wu ,&nbsp;Jiayu Fan ,&nbsp;Cong Gao ,&nbsp;Xing Li ,&nbsp;Jiali Ma ,&nbsp;Yuanwu Shi ,&nbsp;Yingzhou Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Studies on ultra-ventilated sound absorption metamaterials hold considerable importance in both acoustic research and engineering. However, due to the weak dissipation at low frequency (&lt; 500 Hz), it is hard to achieve efficient absorption while maintaining a free transmission channel without any additional structures. To tackle this difficulty, a low-profile lamina metamaterial based on labyrinthine structure and weak coupling between elements is reported in this Letter. High-efficiency and broadband sound absorption are achieved experimentally, which is demonstrated through theoretical analysis, and simulations. The lamina exhibits superior airflow efficiency with a ventilation area ratio of 80 %, and its wind speed ratio, as measured experimentally, exceeds 95 %. Based on these results, labyrinthine ultra-ventilated sound absorption lamina metamaterial is expected to play an important role in the field of ventilated sound absorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 111025"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An online modeling and control algorithm for narrowband active noise control","authors":"Li Rao ,&nbsp;Tianyou Li ,&nbsp;Chengyou Lei ,&nbsp;Haishan Zou ,&nbsp;Jing Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The narrowband FxLMS (NBFxLMS) algorithm is specifically designed for narrowband active noise control (NANC) systems and requires only the secondary path’s frequency response at the noise frequency, rather than the entire secondary path. The NBFxLMS algorithm converges only when the phase deviation of the secondary path’s frequency response is less than 90°. However, in some scenarios, variations in the secondary path may cause the phase deviation to exceed 90°, leading to algorithm divergence. To address this issue, this paper proposes an online modeling and control algorithm for NANC systems. Unlike conventional approaches that use white noise as auxiliary noise, the proposed algorithm employs two single-frequency signals near the noise frequency as auxiliary noise. It models the secondary path’s frequency response online and obtains the frequency response at the noise frequency through interpolation, which is then used for the control filter coefficient iteration. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can accurately model and converge even in cases of abrupt secondary path changes. Compared to existing algorithms, it exhibits faster convergence, superior noise reduction performance, lower computational complexity, and avoids the issue of inconsistent results under the same parameters encountered in conventional auxiliary white noise online modeling algorithms. Real-time experiments are carried out in a common room and the results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 111011"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compact Metamaterial Micro-Slit Panel Absorbers for Low-Frequency Tonal and Broadband Noise Control","authors":"Wenguang Zhao,&nbsp;Jiayu Wang,&nbsp;Sahan Wasala,&nbsp;John Kennedy,&nbsp;Tim Persoons","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel compact micro-slit panel absorber (C-MSPA) designed to improve low-frequency noise absorption while conserving material and space. The C-MSPA utilizes optimized slit and air cavity geometry, achieving reduced panel thickness and greater cavity depth for enhanced acoustic performance. Analytical models are developed to predict C-MSPA performance and validated via numerical simulations and impedance tube measurements. Three analytical impedance models are compared to refine the sound absorption predictions, and parametric studies assess the influence of slit width, panel thickness, and air cavity depth. Optimization techniques integrating analytical models are applied to maximize C-MSPA performance. Additionally, 3-D finite element analysis (FEA) simulations examine sound absorption under normal and grazing incidence sound waves, corroborated by experimental data in an impedance tube. Testing with an 80 mm counter-rotating (CR) fan (nominal speed of 12000/11300 RPM, axial-flow Mach number of 0.047), commonly found in data center servers, shows that C-MSPAs achieve superior noise reduction compared to hardwall and industrial acoustic foam setups, with over 6 dB reduction at target frequencies of 600 Hz, 1200 Hz, and 900–1800 Hz versus a hardwall, and more than 1.5 dB versus standard industrial acoustic foam. C-MSPAs minimally impact aerodynamic performance, with only a 0.5% deviation from the baseline <em>P</em>-<em>Q</em> curve. These results highlight C-MSPAs as effective noise control solutions for CR fans in compact electronics cooling applications, providing significant noise reduction without compromising airflow performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 111014"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aeroacoustics of breath sounds in trachea and upper airway","authors":"Walid Ashraf ,&nbsp;Jeffrey J. Fredberg ,&nbsp;Zahra Moussavi","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tracheal breathing sounds (TBS) are widely used in assessing respiratory disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea but a mechanistic relationship between airway morphology and aero-acoustics remains undefined. Here we use a realistic upper airway model reconstructed from a human CT scan to investigate aerodynamic and acoustic effects of velopharyngeal constriction on TBS. A hybrid aero-acoustic modeling approach was employed, combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with acoustic finite element simulation. The model was validated against recorded TBS and showed strong agreement in both amplitude and resonant frequencies. Simulation of four graded degrees of velopharyngeal constriction demonstrated a significant influence of geometric narrowing on airflow dynamics. Specifically, the pressure drop across the velopharyngeal segment (ΔP_velopharynx) followed a power law relationship with the percent area change (ΔA_velopharynx) with an exponent of 4.93 (R² = 0.998). Similarly, the dimensionless pressure coefficient (C_p) exhibited a strong correlation with (ΔA_velopharynx), with a power law exponent of 1.47 (R² = 0.999). Wall shear stress (WSS) at the velopharyngeal area increased dramatically with constriction severity, increasing 15-fold from 0.8 Pa to 12 Pa in the most severe case. These aerodynamic changes were closely linked to acoustic responses, leading to upward shifts in resonant frequencies within the [1000–1700] Hz range as the velopharyngeal area increased. These findings indicate a strong relationship between airway geometry and acoustic response, thus suggesting that TBS could be a valuable tool for quantitative non-invasive assessment of the upper airway in healthy and obstructive sleep apnea populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 111021"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase velocity measurements of sound in granular media: a time-domain approach based on deconvolution","authors":"Anže Železnik,&nbsp;Jurij Prezelj","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel method for measuring phase velocities of airborne sound in porous materials, focusing on granular media. Using a single-microphone setup within an extended impedance tube, a time-domain method based on spectral division deconvolution was developed to isolate and analyse transmitted sound waves. Granular materials, including various size fractions of recycled silica sand, were used to investigate the frequency-dependent speed of sound and associated phase velocities, addressing the need for efficient, scalable techniques for measuring high-transmission-loss media. Results revealed that phase velocities in granular materials are highly dependent on particle size, with smaller granules exhibiting higher high-frequency tortuosity limits. The measured sound absorption values aligned closely with predictions from the Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge (JCAL) model for larger granules, though deviations were observed for smaller fractions due to structure-borne resonances. The proposed method proves effective for measuring phase velocities in granular media, offering a streamlined alternative to traditional approaches. Future research could apply this technique to other granular media and refine it for a broader range of environmental conditions. The efficiency and scalability of this method make it a valuable tool for advancing acoustic studies of porous materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 111018"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying and optimizing the aeroacoustic source regions of a slot air diffuser","authors":"Philipp Ostmann,&nbsp;Martin Kremer,&nbsp;Dirk Müller","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although the primary goal of ventilation system is to maintain thermal comfort by providing conditioned fresh air to indoor environments, they also emit noise borne from the airflow itself. Air diffusers are the last component of a ventilation system and therefore their acoustic emissions can not be reduced easily by including silencers. Therefore, this paper presents a methodology to identify the aeroacoustic source regions. Using this methodology, targeted measures to reduce noise emission of a slot air diffuser are developed. A coupled aeroacoustic flow model for the investigated slot air diffuser is developed using the commercial software STAR-CCM+. Employing aerodynamic measurements, Laser-Doppler anemometry and acoustic measurements with a low-noise microphone the computed flow results are validated within a tolerance of up to <figure><img></figure> and <figure><img></figure>. The primary aeroacoustic source regions are identified and then localized by evaluating the sound pressure level at several receiver locations and on cut-sections of the diffuser. It is found that the flow regions inside the slots are primarily responsible for the acoustic emissions. A geometric modification is proposed that effectively prevents the development of a large-scale recirculating flow structure in the slots. The modification leads to a reduction of the overall sound pressure level by <figure><img></figure>. The modification is manufactured as a prototype which achieves a reduction of the measured sound pressure level by <figure><img></figure>. The achieved reduction of sound emissions enables an increase of the volume flow rates without violating regulatory limits on the perceived sound pressure level or an increased acoustic comfort at the same volume flow rate. This paper provides valuable insights into the optimization of slot air diffuser or similar devices during the early development stage. The presented results can serve as baseline for the development of more simple flow models to save on computational effort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 111002"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144865043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Audio injection based combined noises annoyance suppression: Quantification and modeling","authors":"Hao Li,&nbsp;Kean Chen,&nbsp;Yunyun Deng,&nbsp;Fancheng Liu,&nbsp;Jianfeng Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional noise control strategies reduce acoustic energy, while the Audio Injection Method (AIM) mitigates the combined noise annoyance from an auditory perspective by introducing additional sound to be added into the target noises. Previous AIM evaluations lacked direct comparability with traditional methods and often ignored the significant influence of individual participant differences (non-acoustic factors). This study investigates the quantitative evaluation and modeling of annoyance resulting from the application of AIM to substation and range hood noise. Different controllable sounds were injected, and particular emphasis was placed on incorporating non-acoustic factors of participants—specifically, their preference for the controllable sounds and their acceptance of the AIM—into the evaluation of annoyance variations. The Auditory Equivalent Noise Reduction Conversion (AENRC) method was employed, utilizing 50 dB(A) white noise as a standard sample, which converts the change in annoyance into an equivalent change in the SPL(A) of the standard sample, enabling robust quantitative evaluation and analysis of AIM annoyance suppression effectiveness. A multiple linear regression model was developed using the differences in acoustic parameters between the target noises and controllable sounds as independent variables, which significantly improved the fitting effect of the model. Additionally, cluster analysis based on the two non-acoustic factors classified participants into four distinct groups. Subsequently, a mixed-effects modeling approach revealed the significant impact of these non-acoustic factors on the annoyance of the combined sound. Key findings include: (1) The AENRC facilitates reliable quantitative evaluation of AIM’s annoyance suppression effect, potentially reducing experimental variability. (2) Music was the most effective controllable sound, yielding an annoyance suppression effect equivalent to a 6.35 dB(A) reduction in the reference 50 dB(A) white noise. (3) Non-acoustic factors significantly influenced the combined noise annoyance. A statistically significant difference was observed between the participant clusters exhibiting the lowest and highest acceptance/preference (Cluster 1 vs. Cluster 4), with a mean annoyance difference of 1.76 scale units and a corresponding 35.2 % difference in the annoyance suppression effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 111016"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-based modeling of propeller tip-vortex cavitation noise for realistic acoustic ship signature","authors":"Youngjoo Kim ,&nbsp;Cheolsoo Park ,&nbsp;Dokyung Shin ,&nbsp;Seunghwan Kim ,&nbsp;Keunhwa Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Propeller tip-vortex cavitation (TVC) noise significantly influences the acoustic signature of a navigating vessel; however, its detailed simulation has not been extensively developed thus far, owing to the complexity of TVC noise. This paper proposes an advanced data-based method for generating propeller TVC noise to enhance the realism of passive sonar simulators. Generative adversarial networks are applied to randomly create waveforms of TVC noise sources, and a probabilistic representation of TVC occurrences is adopted to continuously generate them depending on the ship speed. The proposed method is validated using the performance metrics of statistical measures and auditory features. The signals simulated by the proposed method effectively represent the time–frequency characteristics of the propeller TVC noise depending on the ship speed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 111004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bass amplification impacts emotional, neural and physiological responses to music","authors":"Nicolas Epain ,&nbsp;Samuel Moulin ,&nbsp;Camille Mingam ,&nbsp;Mérové Wallerich ,&nbsp;Etienne Corteel ,&nbsp;Luc H. Arnal","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.110993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.110993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Live music is highly appreciated for its emotional impact, often enhanced by louder sound levels to boost audience arousal and engagement. As high sound levels cause hearing damage and disturb nearby residents, focusing on audio quality offers a safer way to enhance emotional responses to music. However, how quality parameters, such as the balance between low and high frequencies, impact and link emotional, neural and physiological responses is unclear.</div><div>This study examines how low-frequency amplification affects listeners' arousal and its connection to neural and physiological responses during music listening. Two experiments were conducted: (i) in controlled laboratory conditions and (ii) in more ecological, live settings.</div><div>Subjective reports indicate that amplified bass significantly increases arousal, with a lesser but noticeable effect on valence. Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings show that early auditory components are unaffected by bass amplification, but the arousing effect is linked to enhanced oscillatory features in the low delta (2-5 Hz) frequency range, suggesting active, predictive tracking of music.</div><div>In natural music-listening settings, portable electrodermal activity (EDA) sensors were used to measure emotional and physiological responses. Results confirm that bass amplification increases arousal and that EDA better captures emotional integration in response to bass amplification than EEG. This suggests that low frequencies engage additional sensory or emotional circuits beyond traditional auditory pathways, and that EDA provides a more objective and practical measure of emotional responses in naturalistic environments.</div><div>Overall, bass amplification effectively enhances the emotional music experience, and EDA is a valuable tool for objectively capturing emotional responses in live settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 110993"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144865044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}