Applied Acoustics最新文献

{"title":"Multi-Rotor unmanned aerial vehicle Rotor-Strut interaction tonal noise","authors":"Ruixuan He ,&nbsp;Michael J. Kingan ,&nbsp;Xinjing Wang ,&nbsp;Xianghao Kong ,&nbsp;Huachen Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A frequency domain method is presented to predict rotor-strut interaction tonal noise. The method directly relates each harmonic of tonal noise to the unsteady loading harmonics on the rotor/strut surfaces using the frequency-domain Green’s function. The formulation shows that each harmonic of rotor tonal noise is composed of contributions from all harmonics of rotor loading, whereas each harmonic of strut tonal noise is produced exclusively by the corresponding harmonic of strut loading. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to predict the unsteady loading on a practical multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) rotor-strut system. This loading is used as input to the frequency-domain method and the results are compared with experimental measurements, showing reasonable agreement to within 3 dB at most observer positions. It is observed that the rotor-strut interaction generates an acoustic pressure impulse, which is weakened as the rotor-strut spacing increases. Additionally, the noise radiated from the loading sources on the struts is found to vary significantly with azimuthal angle. Using unsteady CFD simulations to predict the unsteady loading is time-consuming and ill-suited for design process applications. Therefore, an analytical model is developed to quickly estimate this unsteady loading. The analytical model is applied to a practical rotor-strut system, and the resulting noise radiation is calculated using the frequency-domain method. The predictions are found to be in reasonable agreement (overall sound pressure level within 3 dB) with the numerical simulations and experimental measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111054"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A theoretical model of leakage noise for the extraction of physical features for leak detection in water supply pipelines","authors":"Yi Zhang ,&nbsp;Suzhen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient monitoring of leakage in urban water supply pipelines is of great significance for water resource conservation and ensuring the safety of residential water usage. This study conducts both theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of leakage noise generation in water supply pipelines. A theoretical model for the power spectral density of the acoustic source of orifice leakage noise in pipelines is established, followed by experimental validation and parameter sensitivity analysis. Based on the theoretical model, an effective physical feature for leak detection is proposed, addressing the limitations of existing methods that overly rely on data-driven features. A field leakage simulation test is conducted on a long-distance operational water supply pipeline to validate the effectiveness of the proposed physical indicators. The results demonstrate that the leak detection accuracy in the in-situ test reaches 96.94%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111057"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the acoustic environment in popular indoor badminton gyms","authors":"Kangying Huang ,&nbsp;Linda Liang ,&nbsp;Lingling Liu ,&nbsp;Chengcai He","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the relationships among acoustic factors, emotional factors, and customers' evaluations of acoustic comfort in badminton gym environments. Six popular badminton gyms in Nanning were selected as research sites. Sound pressure level (SPL) measurements, reverberation time assessments, and questionnaire surveys were conducted to analyze the acoustic characteristics and user perceptions in these venues. The results indicate that background noise in badminton gyms fluctuates considerably. The gym with the highest visitor volume recorded the highest <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>Aeq</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> at 75.1 dB(A), and the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>90</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> differences in all gyms exceeded 10 dB(A), indicating substantial variation in noise levels. Fewer than half of the respondents expressed satisfaction with the acoustic environment. A significant positive correlation was found between acoustic comfort and overall environmental comfort, stronger than the correlation between thermal comfort and overall comfort. Perceived loudness showed only a weak negative correlation with acoustic comfort, and SPL itself had minimal explanatory power, suggesting that sound intensity alone does not determine acoustic comfort. The shuttlecock impact sound, while central to the badminton experience and generally favored by users, can negatively affect comfort when perceived as excessively loud. Notably, enjoyment of badminton was positively correlated with acoustic comfort, indicating that emotional engagement influences environmental perception. Therefore, when assessing recreational spaces such as badminton gyms, it is essential to consider not only acoustic measurements but also user preferences and adaptability within the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111048"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constrained optimization of acoustic contrast for personal sound zones based on array effort control","authors":"Yang Zhao ,&nbsp;Xueliang Li ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Zhigang Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Personal sound zone (PSZ) systems leverage loudspeaker arrays to deliver individualized audio content to multiple listeners within a shared acoustic space. A fundamental challenge in such systems lies in simultaneously achieving high acoustic contrast between bright and dark zones while maintaining low signal distortion in the listening zone, attributable to constraints in array geometry and the inherent complexity of the sound field. To maximize the utilization of loudspeaker array capability through quantitative trade-offs between acoustic contrast and signal distortion, constrained optimization with acoustic contrast as the primary objective has been explored. However, existing approaches exhibit high sensitivity to fixed regularization parameters, often leading to issues such as acoustic contrast oversaturation or excessive loudspeaker weight amplitudes. To eliminate manual regularization parameter selection—thus improving the practicality and robustness of PSZ design, we propose a novel acoustic contrast-constrained optimization method incorporating adaptive array effort control. By dynamically adjusting regularization parameters, the method achieves a balanced trade-off between acoustic contrast control accuracy and loudspeaker weight amplitude restriction. Furthermore, compared to conventional adaptive regularization techniques based on loudspeaker weight energy constraint, our method demonstrates superior control over array energy gain, thereby preventing the excessive loudspeaker power demand for generating desired bright zone acoustic energy under high-contrast conditions. When the predefined acoustic contrast target exceeds system capability, the proposed method automatically relaxes the requirement to the maximum achievable contrast under the given array effort constraint. Finally, we investigate the effects of array effort control degree and filter length on system performance, evaluating both frequency-domain design performance and time-domain filtering behavior with comparative simulations and experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111058"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FNSE-SBGAN: Far-field speech enhancement with Schrödinger bridge and generative adversarial networks","authors":"Tong Lei ,&nbsp;Qinwen Hu ,&nbsp;Ziyao Lin ,&nbsp;Andong Li ,&nbsp;Rilin Chen ,&nbsp;Meng Yu ,&nbsp;Dong Yu ,&nbsp;Jing Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prevailing strategy for neural speech enhancement employs purely-supervised deep learning with simulated pairs of far-field noisy-reverberant speech (i.e., mixtures) and clean speech. However, trained models frequently reveal restricted generalizability to real-recorded mixtures. This limitation is primarily due to the inherent discrepancies between simulated and real-world acoustic environments. To address this issue, this study investigates training enhancement models directly on real mixtures. Specifically, we revisit the single-channel far-field to near-field speech enhancement (FNSE) task, focusing on real-world data characterized by low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), high reverberation, and mid-to-high-frequency attenuation. We propose FNSE-SBGAN, which presents a unique solution by merging a Schrödinger Bridge (SB)-based diffusion model with generative adversarial networks (GANs). The framework is specifically crafted to directly enhance real-world far-field speech signals. Our experimental results demonstrate FNSE-SBAN's exceptional performance across multiple metrics. It notably decreases the character error rate (CER) by up to 14.58% compared to far-field signals while preserving superior subjective quality, establishing a new benchmark for real-world far-field speech enhancement. Additionally, we introduce an evaluation framework leveraging matrix rank analysis in the time-frequency domain, providing systematic insights into model performance and revealing the strengths and weaknesses of different generative methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111050"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust shape optimization of acoustic diffusers for spatial sound distribution using Co-Kriging metamodel","authors":"Thanasak Wanglomklang ,&nbsp;Koji Shimoyama ,&nbsp;Frédéric Gillot ,&nbsp;Sébastien Besset","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a robust shape optimization approach using a Co-Kriging metamodel constructed from hierarchical fidelity simulation. We apply to design the acoustic diffuser panels, which play a crucial role in improving spatial sound distribution across listener areas in large auditorium enclosures. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) uncertainty propagation is applied to identify output distributions, aiming to compute both performance and robustness. The optimal results are demonstrated on the Pareto front by implementing the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). The proposed method achieves a reduction in the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) difference from the baseline, validating an improvement in sound uniformity while accounting for performance variance. A deterministic optimal solution was also investigated, achieving a lower SPL difference than the mean performance, but without guaranteed robustness. This study highlights the potential of multi-fidelity-assisted robust optimization as an efficient strategy to leverage multiple sources of data while maximizing the performance under uncertainty in acoustically desirable design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111047"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near-zero density fractal acoustic metamaterials for acoustic modulation","authors":"Chuan He,&nbsp;Feifei Feng,&nbsp;Lei Diao,&nbsp;Jingyong Cai,&nbsp;Meng Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-performance acoustic wave modulation has been an important goal of acoustic research. At present, multifunctional acoustic metamaterials with stable acoustic wave modulation and a single structure are still lacking. In this paper, we introduce the fractal self-similarity principle and design a two-dimensional fractal acoustic metamaterial with sub-wavelength scale by combining the concept of spatial curvature. The band structure of the fractal acoustic metamaterial is firstly numerically calculated, and its band gap formation mechanism is explained from the perspective of modal analysis. Then, the equivalent acoustic parameters of the fractal acoustic metamaterials were obtained by inversion using the equivalent parameter method. The results show that the first- and second-order fractal structures exhibit excellent near-zero density properties near 1456 Hz and 884 Hz, respectively. Subsequently, the acoustic modulation properties of fractal acoustic metamaterials, including wavefront shaping, acoustic stealth, multichannel acoustic transmission, and acoustic demultiplexer, are studied in depth. Finally, samples of the fractal acoustic metamaterial structure were fabricated based on 3D printing technology, and the transmission coefficients of the samples were experimentally tested. The results show that the experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical calculations, proving the accuracy of the calculations and the validity of the structure, and indicating that the proposed fractal acoustic metamaterials can be applied to acoustic wave modulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111043"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the application of serrated trailing edge propellers for drone noise reduction","authors":"Paolo Candeloro ,&nbsp;Daniele Ragni ,&nbsp;Tiziano Pagliaroli","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates a widely researched passive noise control strategy for reducing propeller trailing edge noise. The research aims to demonstrate how serrated drone blades can mitigate broadband noise components while simultaneously reducing tonal noise components. An experimental study involving the design, manufacture, and testing of 23 propellers was performed to establish a relationship between serration geometry and noise mitigation. Acoustic characterization during hovering was carried out at a constant rotational speed of <span><math><mi>Ω</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4000</mn></math></span> RPM using near-field microphone measurements. Subsequently, detailed aerodynamic and acoustic investigations were performed, employing load cells, Particle Image Velocimetry, and microphone array measurements in an anechoic wind tunnel. The tests were carried out at a constant rotational speed of <span><math><mi>Ω</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5000</mn></math></span> RPM and different advance ratios. The results indicate that by properly tuning the serration geometry, a significant reduction in both tonal and broadband noise components can be achieved, with reductions of 3 and 4 dB respectively. However, this comes with the drawback of a nearly 20% loss in thrust coefficient during advanced flight, as well as a 20% reduction in energy consumption. Broadband noise reduction is attributed to the cancellation of spanwise correlation length, while tonal noise is influenced by the reduced load on the blade and tip vortices intensity. Average and root mean square velocity fields reveal that serrated trailing edges promote the break up of peak vorticity in the tip-vortex region, potentially reducing interaction noise between the tip vortex and surrounding drone structures. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis of the velocity field shows that serrations reduce trailing edge vorticity and tip vortices by shifting energy from large-scale to small-scale structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111045"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the horn effect of loaded patterned tires","authors":"Ning-Xue Li ,&nbsp;Yong-Bin Zhang ,&nbsp;Chuan-Xing Bi ,&nbsp;Liang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the progressive optimization of powertrain noise and the rapid advancement of pure electric vehicles, tire/road noise has become the dominant component of overall vehicle noise. Consequently, it has become a critical factor in user evaluations of vehicle performance. Among the mechanisms contributing to tire/road noise, the horn effect plays an important role. It amplifies the noise by up to 10–20 dB as sound propagates through the horn-like space between the tire tread and the road surface. Previous studies on the horn effect have mainly focused on slick tires. In contrast, this paper experimentally analyzes the horn effect for patterned tires, which more closely resemble actual traffic conditions. The horn effect amplification factors were measured for three tire types: a slick tire, a tire with longitudinal grooves, and a tire with both longitudinal and transverse grooves. Measurements were taken under both loaded and unloaded conditions. Based on the experimental results, the influence of tread patterns on the horn effect is investigated. The results demonstrate significant differences in amplification factors between patterned tires and the slick tire. These differences are attributed to resonance mechanisms within the contact patch’s pipe network and the increased complexity of sound wave reflection paths on patterned tire surfaces. Furthermore, these differences become more pronounced when observing tire noise away from the direct front of the tire.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 111053"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional impact of the number and combination of sound sources in green and blue spaces: An auditory study","authors":"Shuping Huang ,&nbsp;Yao Huang ,&nbsp;Youheng Bai ,&nbsp;Jiehui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuhong Wang ,&nbsp;Fanhua Kong ,&nbsp;Qunyue Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.111052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how combinations of sound sources in green and blue spaces influence emotional responses, thereby elucidating the mechanisms through which these acoustic elements affect mood and contribute to positive soundscape experiences. Seven common sound sources were selected to create 64 audio combinations, using stream sounds as background and incorporating various geophysical sounds (rain drops, wind blowing, tree rustling) and biological sounds (bird songs, frog songs, insect sounds). The listening experiment involved 120 university students who evaluated these soundscape combinations through emotional ratings across three dimensions: pleasure, arousal, and dominance. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models, exploratory data analysis, and piecewise linear regression techniques. The findings revealed that: (1) sound source types significantly affected emotional responses: compositions featuring geophysical sounds substantially enhanced relaxation and calmness, whereas those containing biological sounds markedly increased participants’ arousal and pleasure levels; (2) individuals with varying anxiety levels demonstrated distinct emotional responses to identical audio stimuli: participants with mild anxiety reported significantly higher pleasure ratings compared to other groups, while those without anxiety exhibited reduced tension; (3) as the number of sound sources increased, pleasure gradually diminished, while arousal and dominance levels significantly intensified. Additional analysis identified that the optimal range for eliciting positive emotional experiences such as pleasure, calmness, and relaxation was between 1–5 sound sources, with excessive sound layering diminishing these beneficial effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 111052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}