Australian Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Prescribed burning in Australasia: the science, practice and politics of burning the bush","authors":"N. Cheney","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1823085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1823085","url":null,"abstract":"At first glance this book is formidable—three parts and 35 chapters amounting to 303 pages in small print (9pica). However, the format of the book is clever. The chapters are mostly individual pape...","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1823085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43409850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of resistance drilling to genetic studies of growth, wood basic density and bark thickness in Eucalyptus globulus","authors":"H. Nickolas, D. Williams, G. Downes, P. Harrison, R. Vaillancourt, B. Potts","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1808276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1808276","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Tree breeders are increasingly using resistance drilling (RESI) for the non-destructive assessment of wood basic density, but its application to the measurement of stem diameter at breast height (DBH) and bark thickness is less reported. Using Eucalyptus globulus progeny trials established with open-pollinated families from native trees representing 13 subraces, and adjusting bark thickness for its inherent phenotypic relationship with DBH, we: (1) quantified the genetic correlation between RESI and analogous traditional measurements of these traits; and (2) studied their genetic architecture and associations with subrace home-site climate. Significant variation was detected for all traditional and RESI-derived traits at the family and subrace level. High family and subrace-level correlations (>0.90) were found between RESI and traditional methods for all three traits. Bark thickness exhibited among the highest subrace differentiation (QST > 0.63) reported to date for E. globulus, signalling divergent selection. Increasing bark thickness was positively associated with home-site temperature annual range and seasonality. Although subrace differentiation for wood density (RESI and traditional measures) was less (QST = 0.18–0.21), a similar climate association was detected, and the subrace-level correlation with bark thickness was positive and significant (0.61–0.75). However, the non-significant correlations between bark thickness and wood density at the family level suggest that selective covariance rather than pleiotropy have caused the correlated patterns of subrace variation. Variation in bark thickness (adjusted) and wood density was independent of DBH at the family and subrace level. Given the importance of these traits, RESI provides a useful approach for non-destructive assessments for silvicultural, genetics and ecological studies of forest trees.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1808276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46061667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficiency of nutrient use for biomass production of a Eucalyptus clone as a function of planting density in short-rotation cropping","authors":"P. Medeiros, G. C. Silva, E. M. Oliveira, C. O. Ribeiro, J. M. S. Silva, A. Pimenta","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1774958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1774958","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the effects of planting density on nutrient use efficiency (NUE) in the production of biomass of a hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis. Twelve planting densities were evaluated at 36 months of age, ranging from 498 to 2564 plants ha−1. Three trees were harvested in each treatment to determine biomass production and allocation (per plant and per area), concentration (g kg−1), amount (kg ha−1), and NUE of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in the biomass of leaves, branches, bark and wood. In summary, the increase in planting density resulted in: higher biomass production per area; a reduction in biomass production per plant; a reduction in homogeneity; an increase in the concentration of N, P and K in leaves, of N, Ca, Mg and S in bark, and of N, P and K in wood; a higher amount of nutrients exported by harvesting; and a higher NUE for wood production. The increase in NUE indicates a possible nutritional deficit in trees at higher stocking rates at the age of three years. The higher the planting density, the sooner the site will require re-fertilisation.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1774958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43315034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the productivity, cost and stem breakage of two- and three-machine harvest systems clearfelling a mature Pinus radiata stand","authors":"M. Strandgard, R. Mitchell","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1775379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1775379","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Damage to trees and logs during harvest and transport can result in major losses of wood volume and value. The study compared a harvester/forwarder (two-machine) harvest system, which typically is used in Australia, with a feller-buncher/processor/forwarder (three-machine) harvest system in terms of productivity, cost and felling stem breakage when clearfelling a 29-year-old Pinus radiata plantation in eastern Victoria, Australia. The study aimed to determine whether the three-machine harvest system reduced felling tree breakage while maintaining or improving on the productivity and delivered cost of the two-machine harvest system. The harvest systems were compared on adjacent sites (~1 ha each) using an elemental time study. Machine productivity was derived from cycle times using StanForD stem files to obtain merchantable tree volumes and forwarder load weights from the forwarder’s onboard scales. The three-machine harvest system was more productive and resulted in considerably less felling stem breakage than the two-machine harvest system (two broken stems compared with 21 broken stems). However, it was approximately 41% more expensive than the two-machine harvest system in terms of cost per m3 of logs delivered to roadside. Because chiplogs were cut from broken stem sections where possible, and it was unlikely that sawlog volume was lost through stem breakage (based on the minimum sawlog specifications and the length and large-end diameter of the broken stem sections), any financial losses resulting from the additional breakage in the two-machine harvest system were insignificant compared with the extra cost per m3 of logs delivered for the three-machine harvest system.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1775379","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46462416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dendroecology: principles and practice","authors":"K. Allen","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1771649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1771649","url":null,"abstract":"Trees are long-lived organisms that are influenced by both their biotic and abiotic environments. Dendrochronology can be characterised as the study of trees to provide information about past environments. Dendrochronologists have been using tree rings to understand how the environment has varied at annual, decadal and centennial scales for almost a century. Dendrochronology has provided the foundation for insights into climate variability, forest stand development patterns, and the impacts of fires, insects, windstorms and other disturbances. The science of tree rings has advanced rapidly and become diversified over the past half-century. This has included, but not been limited to, complex timeseries analyses, isotope and wood properties analyses, processbased modelling of xylogenesis, and ecosystem-level experiments. As such, the arrival of a new book on the study of tree rings is always of interest. In Dendroecology: principles and practice, Richard Phipps and Thomas Yanosky provide an introduction to the dendrochronological techniques available to study environmental history, as recorded in trees. The book begins with a very brief overview of the history of dendrochronology (in the US only), tree structure and different types of wood structure. It then outlines the basics of sample collection and issues to consider in the field, followed by a description of the crucial processes of crossdating and the standardisation of tree-ring series. Chapters 4–7 present information about, and examples of, how tree rings can assist in understanding past environmental events. Finally, Chapter 8 briefly discusses the use of tree rings in climate studies. The authors lean almost exclusively on their experience with the angiosperm species of the eastern US, and they provide a number of interesting anecdotal studies to demonstrate the application of basic principles. They especially emphasise the use of basal area increment (BAI) in their studies. Overall, I found the book disappointing for several reasons. First, given the title, I expected a stronger emphasis on the ecological aspects of dendrochronology and the integration of a far broader range of studies conducted in North America, South America and Asia that have emerged in the past 20–30 years. Second, much of the information in the book is outdated, and in some instances it is dangerously primitive. For example, any discussion of standardisation—the statistical process used to remove non-climatic information from tree rings— should acknowledge regional curve standardisation (and its variations) and signal-free standardisation, two major developments in the quantitative analysis of tree-ring time series since the mid-1990s. The seminal works of Keith Briffa, Tom Melvin, Jan Esper and Ed Cook (e.g. Cook & Kariukstis 1990; Melvin & Briffa 2008; Esper et al. 2010; Briffa et al. 2013) are easily accessible, and yet reference to them is almost entirely missing from this volume. Several other commonly used st","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1771649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42455548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is under these dying trees? An urban soil environment survey*","authors":"W. Wang","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1748270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1748270","url":null,"abstract":"Urban disturbances cause severe challenges to street tree growth. Street trees, as a vital part of urban green infrastructure, are subject to multiple and severe constraints that influence their survival and growth. However, not all street trees respond similarly to these adverse growth conditions, and it has been observed in the older suburbs of Canberra that trees of the same species on street verges planted at the same time are displaying very different health and growth characteristics. Trees established in relatively short stretches of street verge will have similar aboveground conditions (e.g. weather, roadside disturbances), and I hypothesise that the belowground soil environment could be a key factor contributing to the different growth and health of street trees. The highly disturbed urban soils and their poor characteristics have been shown in many studies to have negative impacts on urban tree establishment and development. Soil compaction and its associated low soil porosity, high soil bulk density and low water infiltration rate are the common soil constraints that trigger tree health decline. On the basis that soil physical properties can cause damage to street tree growth, the aim of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that healthy street trees grow in soils with better soil properties (mainly soil infiltration rate) than unhealthy street trees. Paired observations (including two healthy and two unhealthy trees in each street) were made for eight streets in Canberra. Tree health conditions were assessed using a crown scoring system. Tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were also measured and it was found that healthy trees had relatively larger diameters than unhealthy trees. Conversely, some unhealthy trees of a given DBH were taller than healthy trees. This morphological difference may be due to long-term water stress, and further work is recommended to determine if these results are due to larger-diameter trees storing more water resources for tree growth and taller trees facing more severe hydraulic resistance under drought conditions. Soil infiltration observations did not show that healthier trees occurred on soils with better water infiltration rates. Most trees studied were on soils with low surface infiltration rates and subsoil hydraulic conductivity. Our field observations and measurements indicate that the presence of soil compaction, soil water repellency and soil surface crusting contributed to these low soil water infiltration capacities. Such poor soil characteristics can influence street tree growth. With continuing urbanisation and its associated disturbances on urban soils, urban trees will face more challenges. It is necessary to improve our understanding of urban soil constraints and their impacts on urban tree health. First, the monitoring of street tree health and growth, and more measurements about soil infiltration, soil compaction and soil water repellency, are needed. Further investigation i","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1748270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43848781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smallholder tree-farmers and forest certification in Southeast Asia: alternative approaches to deliver more benefits to growers","authors":"A. C. Flanagan, S. Midgley, P. Stevens","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1762150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1762150","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The smallholder tree-farm resources of Southeast Asia are generating substantial benefits for growers and support many successful domestic wood processors. They could provide even greater benefits at all levels of the supply and value chains if they enjoyed a sympathetic policy framework; technical and specialised support and training to promote productivity gains; and greater knowledge of market trends and access requirements. This paper reviews current forest certification systems as applied to smallholder tree-farmers in Southeast Asia, with a focus on the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam, and questions whether perceived benefits match operational realities. A critical issue in any form of transactional relationship between two or more people or institutions is to answer to mutual satisfaction the question, ‘Who benefits?’ This is particularly important in transactions between relatively weak and vulnerable and relatively strong and powerful individuals and groups, such as the relationships between smallholder tree-farmers in Southeast Asia and purchasers of certified wood products. We explore factors that drive certification and how they intersect with salient characteristics of smallholder tree-farms restricting the adoption of certification. We argue that new approaches are required to deliver the benefits necessary to expand smallholder participation in wood production supply chains, such as national codes of practice for small-scale forestry and agreed standards that encourage mutual recognition between verification systems. Innovative approaches should be adopted to deliver a fair, equitable and inclusive model that is relevant, practical, feasible and cost-effective for smallholder tree-farmers. As currently practised, certification has many positive aspects for some types of forests and wood producers but rarely for smallholder tree-farmers. A new approach to smallholder forest certification is required to ensure that the answer to the question, ‘Who benefits?’ is, ‘All participants in the supply and value chain, including smallholder tree-farmers’. To achieve this outcome, certification organisations and forest products businesses should remove existing barriers to smallholder participation and develop initiatives to more fairly link smallholder tree-farmers with others in the supply chain, based on enabling and mutually supportive partnerships.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1762150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46979328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: the 2019/20 Black Summer bushfires","authors":"S. Davey, A. Sarre","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1769899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1769899","url":null,"abstract":"In their review of prescribed burning in south-eastern Australia, Morgan et al. (2020) stated that, ‘[t]he increasing extent and occurrence of wildfire disasters in south-eastern Australia indicate...","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1769899","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48965515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1781440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1781440","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1781440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42277992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of tree spacing on branch-size development during early growth of an experimental plantation of Eucalyptus pilularis in subtropical Australia","authors":"P. West, R. G. Smith","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1715016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1715016","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Branch development in trees 1.6–5.7 years after planting was studied in a plantation experiment involving Eucalyptus pilularis in subtropical eastern Australia. The experiment compared stocking densities at planting in the range of 816–1667 stems ha−1 and rectangularities of tree spacing in the range of 1–6. Branch diameters at their bases were measured on the lowest 5 m of the stems of trees judged likely to yield sawn timber of high quality at final harvest. Neither stocking density nor rectangularity had substantial effects on branch numbers or diameters. Particular interest was paid to the presence of branches with diameters in excess of 2.5 cm that might produce knots large enough to degrade the quality of sawn timber. Such branches developed on lower stems between 2–4 years of age. An average of nearly five such branches was found on more widely spaced trees, reducing to 2–3 on more closely spaced trees. The results confirmed other work suggesting that pruning of high-quality eucalypt plantations should start near 2–3 years of age to both limit the development of large branches and restrict the size of knotty cores in logs. There was no evidence that changing the rectangularity of spacing to 3 or a little more, from the more normal practice of close to square, would affect such pruning regimes: increasing the distance between rows can reduce establishment and harvest costs and allow easier access for silvicultural operations.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1715016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49340519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}