Australian Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Looking ahead – global sandalwood production and markets in 2040, and implications for Pacific Island producers","authors":"L. Thomson","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1841441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1841441","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sandalwood has distinct, high-value end uses that function to underpin its price and maintain demand in different market segments and regions. These uses and markets include essential oil from its heartwood as an ingredient (providing woody base notes and fixative properties) in fine perfumes, exclusive natural body-care products and new pharmaceuticals, especially for European and North American markets; in solid furniture, carvings, traditional medicines and religious uses in China, the Republic of Korea and Japan; for attars 1 1 Attars are fragrant essential oils used pure or as a base for perfume in South Asia and the Middle East. funeral pyres and chewing tobaccos in India; and customary uses in the Middle East. The markets for sandalwood heartwood and oils from Pacific Island countries have been strong and have continually diversified since exports to China commenced over 200 years ago. The global sandalwood market remains buoyant, with 2019 wholesale prices of Santalum album oil ranging from USD 1750 kg−1 (unlicensed production through Dubai) to USD 2100 kg−1 for licensed production from India and USD 2000–2500 kg−1 as wholesale price for Australian S. album plantation oil. The wholesale price for S. austrocaledonicum oil is USD 1500–1750 kg−1. The heartwood (air-dried) of S. album is mostly traded by growers for more than USD 100 kg−1. The price for Fiji’s S. yasi heartwood (partly to fully air-dried, ‘village gate’ price) for carving, furniture, and oil distillation has increased steadily to USD 50 kg−1 in 2019 while the price for grade 1 S. austrocaledonicum heartwood (partly to fully air-dried; ‘on the beach’ price) is USD 35 kg−1. The global market for sandalwood products, sustainably sourced from a growing plantation resource in Australia, Asia and the Pacific Islands, is predicted to remain strong up to and beyond 2040. The high rate of increase in sandalwood prices in recent decades is unlikely to continue, however, due to both an expanding supply from increasingly better-managed plantations and the likelihood that, in the longer term, genetic improvement and the adoption of technological innovations will induce earlier and greater heartwood yields in planted sandalwood. Nevertheless, sandalwood prices will remain sufficiently high to make agroforestry cultivation a commercially attractive proposition for efficient Pacific Island sandalwood growers. This paper provides a prognosis for the production of and demand for sandalwood in 2040 for major sandalwood producer regions (Australia, India, Indonesia, Timor-Leste and the Pacific Island nations) and markets (China, Europe, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Middle East, North America and the United Kingdom). These estimates of production and demand were made to inform prospective sandalwood growers, and especially smallholders in Pacific Island countries, on the likelihood that the current strong demand and prices will continue and the extent to which export/international m","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1841441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47605471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sandalwood trade and development in Papua New Guinea","authors":"G. Rome, R. Turia, L. Oa, T. Page, G. Applegate, C. Saliau","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1855005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1855005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The harvest and trade of sandalwood (Santalum macgregorii) from natural stands began in Papua New Guinea (PNG) in the late nineteenth century. Sporadic harvesting has occurred intermittently since then and continues to this day, with little active management to promote regeneration. This study was undertaken to determine the state of natural sandalwood resources in PNG, clarify the associated regulations for monitoring its trade and export, and identify practical options for local resource restoration through family and clan plantings. We studied export permit data, interviewed resource owners and traders, evaluated forestry legislation and regulation and engaged landowners in three areas of the country to establish sandalwood plantings. We found few regulations or monitoring protocols for sandalwood harvesting and trade in PNG. Export declarations are the only means for reporting the grades and volumes traded. There is evidence that both grades and prices have been underdeclared at point of export. No export permits in the last eight years contained records of any high-grade (A) products, and declared export values were lower than domestic prices paid to resource owners. Export records since 1997 reveal that significant volumes of up to 126 tonnes annually were traded in the early 2000s. The natural resource is yet to fully recover, with much lower volumes exported. To address the reduction in availability of natural sandalwood, we engaged landowners in three locations to establish sandalwood plantings. The results demonstrate that sandalwood, grown in agroforestry systems, can be productive in PNG, with mean basal stem diameter increments of up to 2.0 cm y−1 recorded. To further develop the sandalwood sector in PNG, we make four recommendations: (1) establish a ten-year moratorium on the sandalwood trade to enable the recovery of natural populations; (2) develop a product grading and sales registry system to improve trade transparency and monitoring; (3) reallocate the tax revenues generated from sandalwood exports to the PNG Forest Authority to fund the monitoring of harvesting and trade; and (4) promote options for resource restoration through family garden, boundary and enrichment plantings. The sandalwood industry in PNG has the potential to be viable and sustainable if the proposed recommendations are adopted by appropriate stakeholders to manage production and regulate the trade in the country and internationally.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1855005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41663107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial","authors":"T. Page","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1850031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1850031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1850031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45903320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and heartwood variation of Santalum macgregorii in Papua New Guinea","authors":"T. Page, G. Jeffrey, P. Macdonell, D. Hettiarachchi, M. Boyce, A. Lata, L. Oa, G. Rome","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1841440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1841440","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Santalum macgregorii (sandalwood), which is endemic to the southern part of Papua New Guinea (PNG), has been heavily exploited for its fragrant heartwood and is classified as threatened across its natural range. Domestication and smallholder agroforestry offer the means to preserve remaining diversity. This study was undertaken to understand the extent of remaining natural variation to support the species’s conservation and domestication. We evaluated morphological, heartwood and essential oil characters in 126 S. macgregorii trees in five populations (districts) in PNG’s Central, Gulf and Western provinces. The heartwood oil of this species is characterised by extreme tree-to-tree variation in key fragrant compounds. Proportions of individual compounds range from negligible to high for (Z)-α-santalol (0.5–51%), (Z)-β-santalol (0–24.2%), (Z)-nuciferol (0–40.5%) and (Z)-lanceol (0–72%). Despite the wide variation found within populations, an ordination of seven oil constituents revealed broad provenance-based variation in which trees from the eastern provinces (i.e. Central and Gulf) were more influenced by (Z)-nuciferol content and the trees from the Western Province site were more strongly influenced by (Z)-lanceol. The driver of this variation was the different associations between oil constituents, with (Z)-α- and (Z)-β-santalol both negatively correlated with (Z)-nuciferol for sites in the eastern provinces and (Z)-lanceol in Western Province. No evidence of distinct chemotypes was found, with continuous variation demonstrated across all major oil constituents. Of the trees surveyed with a basal diameter of >10 cm, 79% had heartwood. Mean heartwood percentage was 15.8% of basal area, with no significant differences between sites. Significant tree-to-tree variation in heartwood percentage (0–61%) was found. A modest positive correlation was found between stem and heartwood diameter (r = 0.39). Heartwood percentage and heartwood oil quality varied independently and, therefore, independent selection of these traits may be required for their simultaneous improvement. The population in Western Province is non-contiguous with those in the eastern part of the species distribution. It also has a distinct phenotype based on oil composition, leaf shape, flower colour and potential reproductive failure. It is possible that sandalwood in Western Province is more closely related to the proximal populations of S. lanceolatum in Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, than the more distant populations of S. macgregorii in PNG. While these phenotypic features do not necessarily discriminate a new species, molecular genetic research is required to determine the potential existence of a cryptic species of sandalwood. The implications of the variation found in S. macgregorii are discussed with respect to its domestication and conservation.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1841440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47387978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participatory value chain study for yasi sandalwood (Santalum yasi) in Fiji","authors":"L. Thomson, D. Bush, M. Lesubula","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1841442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1841442","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Santalum yasi (yasi) was first exploited in Fiji in the early 1800s and has been harvested periodically but heavily ever since. Yasi produces one of the most valuable sandalwoods, being high in α- and β-santalols and typically meeting the East Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) ISO standard for sandalwood oil. Although wild yasi stands are now near to commercial extinction, they are being replaced by rapidly expanding smallholder plantings throughout the Fiji archipelago. A value chain study is presented for yasi in Fiji for a 35-year period (1984–2018). The study was undertaken in 2018–2019, in a participatory manner, through interviews and consultations with the key value actors, comprising yasi owners and growers, buyers, local buyers and processors, international buyers and processors, and the Fiji Government’s Ministry of Forestry. The study’s focus was on the main yasi-producing and -processing islands of Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Kadavu and the Lau Group. The yasi value chain has been operating suboptimally, with modest returns to tree owners, growers and the Fiji Government, a failure to develop a local yasi-oil and value-adding industry, and, until recently, a lack of yasi replanting. An ongoing constraint to increased plantings of yasi in Fiji is a lack of practical and efficient regulatory and trading frameworks that can provide security of investment for growers, including legal verification (chain of custody) to meet market requirements and curb illegal harvesting. Key findings of this study are: (1) there is a lack of yasi brand recognition and development in the international marketplace due to its substitution for S. album, adversely affecting all actors along the value chain; and (2) there is an opportunity for branding based on yasi’s natural properties and competitiveness. Recommendations are provided to improve the functioning of the yasi value chain in both the short and long terms for yasi tree owners (i-Taukei and smallholder growers), the Fiji Ministry of Forestry, and sandalwood buyers, processors and exporters. Given its high value and non-perishability, yasi has major and near-unique potential to contribute cash income to Fijian communities in remote island archipelagos. Fiji is well placed to develop a highly competitive and sustainable yasi sandalwood industry that delivers greater returns to tree owners, growers and processors through the development of high-quality plantings, enhanced governance and chain of custody, a yasi branding strategy, the development of local value-adding, and cooperation with major perfume houses and body-care-product companies.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1841442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48756788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rise and rise of natural capital: what role for forestry?","authors":"A. O'Grady, G. S. Smith, F. Ascui, E. Pinkard","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1820653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1820653","url":null,"abstract":"Increased pressure on natural resources is expressed globally through land degradation, biodiversity decline and global climate change. In response to recognition that these challenges must be addr...","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1820653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58647584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing terrestrial laser scanners’ ability to measure tree height and diameter in a managed forest environment","authors":"C. Brack, M. Schaefer, T. Jovanović, D. Crawford","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1807097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1807097","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) instruments like the Zebedee (including the Zeb-1 and its derivatives) and Dual-Wavelength Echidna LiDAR (DWEL) can usefully measure tree diameter, height and annual height growth for trees up to at least 10 m tall in a forest plantation setting. In a case study at the National Arboretum Canberra, these two types of scanner were compared with traditional methods (diameter tape and height stick) in the measurement of tree diameter, height and growth rate. The TLS instruments were accurate with height measurement correlations of not different to 1:1 and with r 2 = 0.99 and 0.98 (Zeb-1 and DWEL, respectively), whereas comparing measurements of height growth over a two-year period, the TLS instruments displayed an agreement of 83% and 93%, respectively. The Zebedee instruments also correlated significantly with diameter at breast height (DBH; r 2 = 0.97), although limited tests with the DWEL collected at a single point in inventory plots did not find a significant correlation. The additional detail provided by TLS instruments such as Zeb-1and DWEL has the potential to substantially improve data collected about the spatial distribution, canopy dimensions and trunk parameters of numerous trees in an operational inventory of a forest stand. However, there may be difficulties in developing and testing new reference definitions of these parameters, especially ‘diameter’, that would allow historical comparisons and improved future use for foresters and ecologists.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1807097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44083412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing Indigenous commercial forestry in northern Australia","authors":"J. Meadows, M. Annandale, M. Bristow, R. Jacobsen, L. Ota, S. Read","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1799518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1799518","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Indigenous communities in northern Australia own and manage around 46 million ha of forest. Some of these forests currently support a small and socioeconomically important Indigenous commercial forestry and forest products industry. There is much unrealised potential for the further development of this culturally appropriate industry for remote northern Australian Indigenous communities. This study presents new and existing data on forests and forestry in regions across northern Australia and uses a literature review and stakeholder consultations to explore the growth potential of Indigenous commercial forestry in these regions. Relevant literature was mapped to identify trends, biases and gaps; three regional forums were held; and case studies were prepared for three Indigenous commercial forestry enterprises—one in western Cape York Peninsula in Queensland and one each in east Arnhem Land and the Tiwi Islands in the Northern Territory. These three regions have substantial Indigenous commercial forestry growth potential. The case studies and subsequent discussions point to key opportunities, challenges and needs for the further development of the Indigenous commercial forestry industry in northern Australia. The discussion centres around four emergent themes—commercial native forests, plantation forestry, mine rehabilitation and capacity building. Policy, investment and other priority research and development needs are outlined. These include native forest inventory, silvicultural trials and long-term monitoring; new plantation forestry trials; pre-mining forest salvage harvesting and integrated product utilisation; the processing of local timbers in community sawmills for local applications; multiple-use community forestry in mine rehabilitation; locally designed, field-based ‘forest ranger’ training programs; technical and tertiary professional forestry education pathways; and business development support, including mentoring. The findings can inform decision-making by regional development researchers, policymakers and investors to support local Indigenous commercial forestry initiatives for community, environmental and livelihood benefits in northern Australia and elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1799518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43524448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silviculture and fire effects on understorey flowering in jarrah forest","authors":"B. Ward, A. Wills, V. Tunsell","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1787935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1787935","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Long-term forest monitoring undertaken by Forestcheck since 2001 has examined the effects of silvicultural treatment on floral diversity and assemblage composition in the jarrah forest of southwest Western Australia. Both prescribed burns and wildfires have overlain the network of Forestcheck monitoring sites, providing the opportunity to examine fire and silviculture interactions in natural experiments and allowing experimental control of time-since-fire effects on the flora. We report here two opportunistic experiments. First, the early effects of prescribed burns in spring on the flowering of the vascular flora were compared with closely paired sites that were long unburnt. Second, the early effects of a wildfire in summer on the flowering of the vascular flora were compared between silvicultural treatments. Flowering richness tended to be less on burnt grids in the non-peak period in the first two years after fire in one experiment, but there were no differential effects of silviculture on flowering assemblages arising from interaction with wildfires. Flowering assemblages varied from year to year and the extent to which they varied differed between locations but not as a result of silvicultural treatments. We conclude that no special management with respect to plant flowering is required to remedy outcomes of interaction between wildfire and silvicultural treatments. Further information is needed to understand the long-term implications of variability in flowering assemblages and how it affects the reproductive viability of understorey species and their interactions with pollinator networks in the face of a changing climate.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1787935","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46996241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecology and conservation of the regent honeyeater","authors":"R. Crates, L. Rayner, D. Stojanović, M. Webb, R. Heinsohn","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1805888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1805888","url":null,"abstract":"The critically endangered regent honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia has suffered a severe population decline since the mid-nineteenth century. The contemporary population is estimated to consist of 200...","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1805888","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43875988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}