AutomaticaPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112808
Hai-Tao Zhang , Jiayu Zou , Xingjian Liu
{"title":"Cooperative optimal surface coverage control of multi-agent systems in non-convex surface environments","authors":"Hai-Tao Zhang , Jiayu Zou , Xingjian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It has long been a challenging task for optimal coverage control of multi-agent systems (MASs) in non-convex surface environments often encountered in real coordinated detection applications. To this end, this paper develops a surface cooperative control scheme for MASs to perform coverage operations. First, a coverage surface partition protocol is devised to divide a non-convex surface into multiple sectorial sub-surfaces. Accordingly, a performance index in surface coverage is established considering the curvature spatial evolution of the surface environments. Thereby, a random-initial-point algorithm is designed to minimize the performance index, and a surface-constrained optimal control law is developed to deploy MASs at niche positions. Significantly, sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee the asymptotical stability of the present scheme. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the present surface coverage design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55413,"journal":{"name":"Automatica","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 112808"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AutomaticaPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112783
Linghuan Kong , Wei He , Carlos Silvestre
{"title":"A two-layer adaptive control framework for prescribed performance in unmanned aerial vehicles","authors":"Linghuan Kong , Wei He , Carlos Silvestre","doi":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a novel two-layer prescribed performance control strategy for underactuated unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with unknown mass. Unlike conventional approaches that heavily rely on barrier functions—often producing large control signals and potential instability due to actuator limitations—the proposed method introduces soft and hard performance bounds on position and velocity errors. A smooth switching mechanism selectively activates the barrier function, thereby reducing its usage and enhancing system robustness. To accommodate these bounds, a new integral-multiplicative barrier-like (IMBL) Lyapunov function is developed to determine the desired thrust. Second-order linear systems are employed as low-pass filters in the backstepping design, lowering computational complexity and improving robustness against disturbances. An adaptive law is integrated into the framework for real-time mass estimation, and torque inputs are derived accordingly. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and validate the theoretical analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55413,"journal":{"name":"Automatica","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 112783"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AutomaticaPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112746
Kaikai Zheng , Dawei Shi , Sandra Hirche , Yang Shi
{"title":"Information-triggered learning with application to learning-based predictive control","authors":"Kaikai Zheng , Dawei Shi , Sandra Hirche , Yang Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Learning-based control has attracted significant attention in recent years, especially for plants that are difficult to model based on first-principles. A key issue in learning-based control is how to make efficient use of data as the abundance of data becomes overwhelming. To address this issue, this work proposes an information-triggered learning framework and a corresponding learning-based controller design approach with guaranteed stability. Specifically, we consider a linear time-invariant system with unknown dynamics. A set-membership approach is introduced to learn a parametric uncertainty set for the unknown dynamics. Then, a data selection mechanism is proposed by evaluating the incremental information in a data sample, where the incremental information is quantified by its effects on shrinking the parametric uncertainty set. Next, after introducing a stability criterion using the set-membership estimate of the system dynamics, a robust learning-based predictive controller (LPC) is designed by minimizing a worst-case cost function. The closed-loop stability of the LPC equipped with the information-triggered learning protocol is discussed within a high-probability framework. Finally, comparative numerical experiments are performed to verify the validity of the proposed approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55413,"journal":{"name":"Automatica","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 112746"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AutomaticaPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112811
Luca Consolini, Mattia Laurini, Marco Locatelli
{"title":"A convex reformulation for speed planning of a vehicle under the travel time and energy consumption objectives","authors":"Luca Consolini, Mattia Laurini, Marco Locatelli","doi":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper we address the speed planning problem for a vehicle along a predefined path. A weighted sum of two conflicting objectives, energy consumption and travel time, is minimized. After deriving a non-convex mathematical model of the problem, we prove that the feasible region of this problem is a lattice. Moreover, we introduce a feasibility-based bound-tightening technique which allows us to derive the minimum and maximum element of the lattice, or establish that the feasible region is empty. We prove the exactness of a convex relaxation of the non-convex problem, obtained by replacing all constraints with the lower and upper bounds for the variables corresponding to the minimum and maximum elements of the lattice, respectively. After proving some properties of optimal solutions of the convex relaxation, we exploit them to develop a dynamic programming approach returning an approximate solution to the convex relaxation, and with time complexity <span><math><mrow><mi>O</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, where <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span> is the number of points into which the continuous path is discretized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55413,"journal":{"name":"Automatica","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 112811"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AutomaticaPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112780
Mohammed M.J. Alyaseen, Nikolay Atanasov, Jorge Cortes
{"title":"Safety-critical control of discontinuous systems with nonsmooth safe sets","authors":"Mohammed M.J. Alyaseen, Nikolay Atanasov, Jorge Cortes","doi":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper studies the design of controllers for discontinuous dynamics that ensure the safety of non-smooth sets. The safe set is represented by arbitrarily nested unions and intersections of 0-superlevel sets of differentiable functions. We show that the satisfaction of the point-wise active safety constraints only does not necessarily imply safety. This rules out the standard techniques developed for safety of continuous dynamics. This motivates the introduction of the notion of transition functions, which allow us to incorporate even the inactive safety constraints without falling into unnecessary conservatism. These functions allow system trajectories to leave a component of the nonsmooth safe set to transition to a different one. The resulting controller is then defined as the solution to a convex optimization problem, which we show is feasible and continuous wherever the system dynamics is continuous. We illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design approach in a multi-agent coverage control problem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55413,"journal":{"name":"Automatica","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 112780"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145822801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AutomaticaPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112757
Shidong Zhai , Ji Xiang Cao , Wei Zhu
{"title":"Exploring the complex relationship between virus transmission and opinion evolution: An individual-based approach","authors":"Shidong Zhai , Ji Xiang Cao , Wei Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper delves into the intricate interplay between individual opinions on viruses and the transmission of infectious diseases. A new network model is proposed, integrating epidemic dynamics with the evolution of opinions, taking into account factors such as persuasion sensitivity, competitive interactions, and public vigilance. By introducing an opinion-dependent reproduction number, a comprehensive analysis of the model’s dynamics is conducted. The paper thoroughly investigates various equilibrium states and their stability, providing valuable insights into how opinions can affect the disease transmission process and potential containment measures. Furthermore, the paper outlines strategies for epidemic mitigation, including adjusting transmission dynamics and influencing public sentiment, offering practical guidance for authorities seeking to manage outbreaks effectively. Finally, the paper presents numerical simulations and validation using real data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55413,"journal":{"name":"Automatica","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 112757"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AutomaticaPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112747
Pedro Henrique Silva Coutinho , Iury Bessa , Victor Hugo Pereira Rodrigues , Tiago Roux Oliveira
{"title":"Systematic LMI approaches to design multivariable sliding mode controllers for uncertain systems","authors":"Pedro Henrique Silva Coutinho , Iury Bessa , Victor Hugo Pereira Rodrigues , Tiago Roux Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper addresses sliding mode control for uncertain multivariable systems. In this sense, we present systematic procedures to design variable structure controllers (VSCs) and unit-vector controllers (UVCs) for stabilization and tracking in finite time. Although these controller classes are known to be effective, the literature lacks systematic design methods. By using appropriate representations of the closed-loop system, we derive sufficient conditions that enable the systematic design of robust sliding mode controllers based on semidefinite programming with linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) constraints. The proposed approach ensures that the origin of the closed-loop system is finite-time stable. Additionally, since the reaching time depends on initial conditions and the decay rate, the design approach uses convex optimization problems to minimize the reaching time for a given set of initial conditions. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55413,"journal":{"name":"Automatica","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 112747"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AutomaticaPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112796
Fatemeh Fardno , S. Rasoul Etesami
{"title":"A game-theoretic framework for distributed load balancing: Static and dynamic game models","authors":"Fatemeh Fardno , S. Rasoul Etesami","doi":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Motivated by applications in job scheduling, queuing networks, and load balancing in cyber–physical systems, we develop and analyze a game-theoretic framework to balance the load among servers in static and dynamic settings. In these applications, jobs/tasks are held by selfish entities that do not want to coordinate with each other, yet the goal is to balance the load among servers in a distributed manner. First, we provide a static game formulation in which each player holds a job with a specific processing requirement and wants to schedule it fractionally among a set of heterogeneous servers to minimize its average processing time. We show that this static game is a potential game with a pure Nash equilibrium (NE). In particular, the best-response dynamics converge to such an NE after <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span> iterations, where <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span> is the number of players. Additionally, we bound the price of anarchy (PoA) of the static game in terms of game parameters. We then extend our results to a dynamic game setting, where jobs arrive and get processed, and players observe the load on the servers to decide how to schedule their jobs. In this setting, we show that if the players update their strategies using dynamic best-response, the system eventually becomes fully load-balanced and the players’ strategies converge to the pure NE of the static game. In particular, we show that the convergence time scales only polynomially with respect to the game parameters. Finally, we provide numerical results to evaluate the performance of our proposed algorithms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55413,"journal":{"name":"Automatica","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 112796"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AutomaticaPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112814
Xin Xin , Xiaohui Ji , Ziyu Wang , Yannian Liu
{"title":"Strongly stabilizing the Acrobot by optimizing maximal relative stability via observation point selection","authors":"Xin Xin , Xiaohui Ji , Ziyu Wang , Yannian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we investigate strong stabilization for the Acrobot by optimizing its maximal relative stability through selecting an observation point on its second link. Prior work designed a second-order, strongly stabilizing controller that achieves maximal relative stability (the minimum distance from the closed-loop poles to the imaginary axis) for the plant obtained via a fixed observation point, whose transfer function has a nonnegative real zero. We first determine the value of this nonnegative real zero that maximizes maximal relative stability. We prove that maximal relative stability increases monotonically as this real zero moves toward the origin and attains the maximum when the plant has a double zero at the origin. We then extend the existing controller design to plants with conjugate imaginary-axis zeros, proving that maximal relative stability increases monotonically as these zeros move away from the origin within our identified interval. We also prove that all resulting stable second-order controllers are minimum phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55413,"journal":{"name":"Automatica","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 112814"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AutomaticaPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112816
Jialing Zhou , Guanghui Wen , Yuezu Lv , Xinlei Yi , Tao Yang , Karl Henrik Johansson
{"title":"Distributed Nash equilibrium computation in multi-group resource allocation games over digraphs","authors":"Jialing Zhou , Guanghui Wen , Yuezu Lv , Xinlei Yi , Tao Yang , Karl Henrik Johansson","doi":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.automatica.2025.112816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The existing distributed resource allocation (DRA) algorithms for multi-agent networks can rarely be implemented for multiple interacting groups of agents with conflicts of interest. The directed interaction, together with the hard balance constraint that follows from maintaining supply–demand balance during the execution process, make the DRA more challenging. To address this problem, the paper studies DRA over multiple interacting groups from a game-theoretic perspective, introducing the resource allocation game (RAG). A novel out-Laplacian matrix based methodology is developed for distributed Nash equilibrium (NE) computation. Following this methodology, distributed algorithms are designed using leader-follower tracking protocols to estimate partial derivatives of individual objective functions for the RAG. A reduced-order distributed algorithm is further developed for the RAG by integrating a gradient-tracking mechanism for estimating partial derivatives of group-level objective functions. It is shown that agent states converge to the NE of the games linearly while satisfying the balance constraint during the whole execution process under the proposed algorithms. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is illustrated through numerical examples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55413,"journal":{"name":"Automatica","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 112816"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}