Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr最新文献_第3页

Lipase pretreatment enhances biochar-assisted anaerobic digestion of food waste

IF 3.2 4区生物学

Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.2705

Yue Ouyang, Ying Liu, Longjin Tian, Yongyu Ding, Guozhi Fan, Cheng Pan, Qunpeng Cheng

引用次数: 0

Nitrifying bacteria for the remediation of organic nitrogen-contaminated waters: a review

IF 3.2 4区生物学

Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.2700

Kelvin Adrian Sanoja-López, Nikolt S. Loor-Molina, Rafael Luque

{"title":"Nitrifying bacteria for the remediation of organic nitrogen-contaminated waters: a review","authors":"Kelvin Adrian Sanoja-López, Nikolt S. Loor-Molina, Rafael Luque","doi":"10.1002/bbb.2700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2700","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of the world's population and its environmental impact has increased the demand for effective water treatment methods. Surface water systems, including rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds, have suffered contamination, leading to the urgent need for effective contaminant removal. Organic nitrogen compounds and nitrates are of particular concern because they pose risks to health and can cause environmental damage. However, traditional water-treatment methods often prove ineffective for addressing these issues. For this reason, this research focuses on harnessing the capabilities of nitrifying bacteria to denitrify organic nitrogen compounds in water, exploring various bacterial strains, their functions, and their ability to obtain sources of carbon. The study also investigates innovative approaches such as biofilm systems, mixed cultures, and combined processes, which have shown stronger potential for nitrogen removal. Overall, it provides valuable insights into the use of nitrifying bacteria-based technologies for water remediation in the face of growing environmental challenges.","PeriodicalId":55380,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr","volume":"19 1","pages":"250-259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A review on lactic acid production via microbial fermentation from biowaste: insights on scaling up to industrial process

IF 3.2 4区生物学

Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.2704

Nur Izzah Nabilah Haris, Shanti Faridah Salleh, Cirilo Nolasco-Hipolito, Awang Ahmad Sallehin Awang Husaini, Mohd Hafizz Wondi, Nur Haninah Harun, Nurliyana Abdul Raof

{"title":"A review on lactic acid production via microbial fermentation from biowaste: insights on scaling up to industrial process","authors":"Nur Izzah Nabilah Haris, Shanti Faridah Salleh, Cirilo Nolasco-Hipolito, Awang Ahmad Sallehin Awang Husaini, Mohd Hafizz Wondi, Nur Haninah Harun, Nurliyana Abdul Raof","doi":"10.1002/bbb.2704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2704","url":null,"abstract":"Lactic acid (LA), the starting material for polylactic acid, is currently in high demand owing to rising bioplastic production. Large-scale production of LA typically uses a first-generation feedstock, namely food-grade sugars, owing to the absence of contaminants and ease of processing. However, it is not ethically correct to grow crops exclusively for LA production as the available land, water and resources should be utilized for food. Utilizing biowaste as a feedstock, which does not compete with the supply of the food chain, is a more responsible strategy. This review intends to address the most critical aspect of recent advances in laboratory- and pilot-scale LA production that utilizes biowaste as the substrate. Based on the review, the biowastes used for LA fermentation can be categorized into four main groups: starchy materials, lignocellulosic materials, food and dairy wastes. A flowchart that summarizes the process of developing a pilot scale LA production is proposed. It covers essential parameters to be considered, such as the substrate, fermentation process and inoculum. The future insights concerning LA production are critically addressed at the end of this review.","PeriodicalId":55380,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr","volume":"19 2","pages":"437-452"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Opportunities for biogas production from algal biomass

IF 3.2 4区生物学

Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.2702

Thuane M Anacleto, Nathália B Soares, Diego-Caetano C de Lelis, Vinícius P de Oliveira, Alex Enrich-Prast

{"title":"Opportunities for biogas production from algal biomass","authors":"Thuane M Anacleto, Nathália B Soares, Diego-Caetano C de Lelis, Vinícius P de Oliveira, Alex Enrich-Prast","doi":"10.1002/bbb.2702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2702","url":null,"abstract":"Energy security is a critical global challenge in the transition to sustainable development. Anaerobic digestion (AD) offers a promising renewable energy solution that mitigates environmental impacts. Algae, as biomass feedstock, have shown significant potential for bioenergy production; however, their complex chemical composition poses challenges to the efficiency of the AD process. To address these limitations, various pretreatment methods have been applied to enhance biogas production. In this study, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of different pretreatments on methane (CH₄) yields from both microalgae and macroalgae. Our results demonstrate that biological, physical, and combined chemical–physical pretreatments significantly improve CH₄ production in microalgae, with increases of up to 141%, 125%, and 151%, respectively. For macroalgae, physical pretreatments were the most effective, leading to a 129% increase in CH₄ yield. We also estimate that utilizing just 10% of the global algal biomass production (3.6 Mt) could generate over 5.5 TWh y−1 of energy. This potential could be doubled with the application of appropriate pretreatment strategies. These findings highlight the role of algae in advancing renewable energy production and contribute to the growing body of knowledge on optimizing AD processes for cleaner energy generation.","PeriodicalId":55380,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr","volume":"19 1","pages":"163-173"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bbb.2702","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Corn biomass as a feedstock for biorefinery: a bibliometric analysis of research on bioenergy, biofuel and value-added products

IF 3.2 4区生物学

Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.2693

Rafael Gabriel da Rosa, Vanessa Cosme Ferreira, Tiago Linhares Cruz Tabosa Barroso, Luiz Eduardo Nochi Castro, Tânia Forster-Carneiro

{"title":"Corn biomass as a feedstock for biorefinery: a bibliometric analysis of research on bioenergy, biofuel and value-added products","authors":"Rafael Gabriel da Rosa, Vanessa Cosme Ferreira, Tiago Linhares Cruz Tabosa Barroso, Luiz Eduardo Nochi Castro, Tânia Forster-Carneiro","doi":"10.1002/bbb.2693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2693","url":null,"abstract":"Limited research has been dedicated to exploring the potential reuse and creation of value-added products from corn stover. Existing gaps in current research underscore the need for waste biorefineries that adhere to the principles of a circular bioeconomy to maximize the value of corn stover. This review uses bibliometric analysis from the past decade to examine the potential and pathways for converting corn stover into energy and value-added products within the biorefinery framework. The data were processed using the Web of Science® database and analyzed with the VosViewer® bibliometric software's, Bibliometrix package in R and Gephi, generating keyword-based maps. A total of 2557 experimental articles and 30 reviews on corn stover research were analyzed. The bibliometric study revealed that the primary research focuses on pretreatment technologies for converting corn stover into value-added products, bioenergy and biofuels. The main technologies employed include acid, alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as torrefaction anaerobic digestion and steam explosion. The pretreatment processes yield sugars, xylooligosaccharides and organic acids. Additionally, the studies explored the use of corn stover biochar for soil remediation and adsorption processes. This review aims to enhance the understanding of technological pathways explored in previous research, contributing to the evaluation of sustainable processes for utilizing corn stover byproducts. Ultimately, it promotes environmentally conscious agroindustry practices that align with circular economy principles and sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":55380,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr","volume":"19 1","pages":"206-230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fruit and vegetable waste as a raw material for obtaining functional antioxidants and their applications: A review of a sustainable strategy

IF 3.2 4区生物学

Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.2698

Adilson G. García-González, Pasiano Rivas-García, Carlos Escamilla-Alvarado, Mónica A. Ramírez-Cabrera, David Paniagua-Vega, Uriel Galván-Arzola, José J. Cano-Gómez, Carlos E. Escárcega-González

{"title":"Fruit and vegetable waste as a raw material for obtaining functional antioxidants and their applications: A review of a sustainable strategy","authors":"Adilson G. García-González,  Pasiano Rivas-García,  Carlos Escamilla-Alvarado, Mónica A. Ramírez-Cabrera, David Paniagua-Vega,  Uriel Galván-Arzola, José J. Cano-Gómez, Carlos E. Escárcega-González","doi":"10.1002/bbb.2698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2698","url":null,"abstract":"The growing concern about environmental sustainability and increasing fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) generation have stimulated research into their potential valorization. This paper explores using this type of waste to obtain beneficial antioxidants in various fields of study. It is imperative to delve into the problems associated with FVW, shedding light on the staggering amounts generated and the environmental and economic challenges of waste disposal. The biochemical composition of FVW reveals the diverse array of components present, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and of course antioxidants, which can be obtained through different extraction methods, depending on the conditions, the efficiency and the purpose that is required during the process of separation of these compounds from the organic matter. Antioxidants are compounds that can neutralize free radicals, which contributes to combating various conditions and diseases to promote and preserve human health. Several groups of antioxidants have been described, such as polyphenolic compounds in significant amounts in plant biomass as FVW. These antioxidants demonstrate benefits, efficacy and potential applications in industries like medicine, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and functional foods. The valorization of FVW as a source of antioxidants presents a promising avenue for sustainable waste management and the production of natural antioxidants. This approach contributes to environmental preservation and promotes circular economy principles by transforming waste into valuable resources. This paper provides valuable insights into the vast potential of FVW valorization for antioxidant production and its application across diverse industries.","PeriodicalId":55380,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr","volume":"19 1","pages":"231-249"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scale sensitivity of ethanol production via consolidated bioprocessing with consideration of feedstock cost

IF 3.2 4区生物学

Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.2691

Madeline Hoey, Robin Clark, Erin Webb, Lee Lynd

{"title":"Scale sensitivity of ethanol production via consolidated bioprocessing with consideration of feedstock cost","authors":"Madeline Hoey, Robin Clark, Erin Webb, Lee Lynd","doi":"10.1002/bbb.2691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2691","url":null,"abstract":"We examine feedstock cost and minimum selling price for ethanol production from corn stover as a function of scale, stover yield, participation rate, and price incentives for two conversion technologies: a conventional base case featuring thermochemical pretreatment with added cellulase, and an advanced case featuring consolidated bioprocessing with cotreatment (C-CBP). Delivered feedstock cost ranged from $85 Mg−1 at small (10 million gallons year−1 or ~38 million L year−1) scale with high yield and participation rates to $124 Mg−1 at large scale (60 million gallons year−1 or 227 million L year−1) and low yield and participation rates. The minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) was approximately twofold lower for the advanced case compared with the base case. The payback period was several times lower for the advanced case compared with the base case, with increasing disparity at smaller scales, and was highly sensitive to ethanol price supports. For both C-CBP and the conventional processing paradigm, MESP decreased with increasing scale, indicating that the cost penalty due to higher feedstock transport distances was more than outweighed by lower capital costs. However, the cost penalty for operation at small scale, expressed in $ gallon−1 ethanol, is lower for C-CBP than for the conventional paradigm by roughly twofold. Particularly for initial applications of C-CBP, we speculate that this cost penalty will likely be modest compared with the anticipated benefits of small-scale operation such as increased opportunity to use existing infrastructure, easier plant siting and supply chain establishment, and lower total investment required.","PeriodicalId":55380,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr","volume":"19 1","pages":"9-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bbb.2691","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of the biological removal of nickel and copper ions from aqueous solutions using mixed microalgae

IF 3.2 4区生物学

Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.2689

Hadis Geraei, Hanieh Shokrkar

{"title":"Investigation of the biological removal of nickel and copper ions from aqueous solutions using mixed microalgae","authors":"Hadis Geraei, Hanieh Shokrkar","doi":"10.1002/bbb.2689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2689","url":null,"abstract":"The use of mixed microalgae offers an effective solution for the management of contamination risks in cultivation while enhancing economic viability. In this study, mixed microalgae were used for the first time for the removal of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) from aqueous solutions. The characteristics of the adsorbents were examined thoroughly, and the adsorption process was assessed using isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Particle size, concentration, contact time, temperature, and pH were among the variables assessed. The findings demonstrated that, at an initial concentration of 100 mg L–1 and a pH of 6, the maximum adsorption of Cu with a particle size of 1 mm (90.20%) took place in 60 min. The highest adsorption rate (78.25%) was found for Ni. Microalgae performed best over 180 min at room temperature and at pH values that promoted metal dissolution. The removal percentages of wet and dried microalgae were comparable, and the wet adsorbent was more economical. It was feasible to remove both metals at the same time. Up to three cycles of adsorbent reuse were possible, with sodium hydroxide treatment offering superior removal to hydrochloric acid. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that this process, which results in a disordered state, is exothermic and spontaneous.","PeriodicalId":55380,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr","volume":"19 1","pages":"18-33"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using soybean byproducts: applications in catalysis

IF 3.2 4区生物学

Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.2692

Evangelina Setien, Lucas Ponzio, Diego F. Acevedo, Fernando Moyano

{"title":"Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using soybean byproducts: applications in catalysis","authors":"Evangelina Setien, Lucas Ponzio, Diego F. Acevedo, Fernando Moyano","doi":"10.1002/bbb.2692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2692","url":null,"abstract":"This study demonstrates the feasibility of extracting lecithin from oil industry byproducts in an eco-friendly manner, with minimal use of water and without harmful chemicals. Liposomes can be generated directly from this extracted lecithin, enhancing the value of these byproducts and enabling the production of catalytic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Thin-layer chromatography of the extracted lecithin revealed a phospholipid composition primarily consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, and surface tension studies demonstrated similar behavior between the extracted and commercial lecithin. Liposome formation using sustainable lecithin (LPn) resulted in structures that were stable for at least 10 days, exhibiting a low polydispersity index (0.395) and uniform size (approximately 214 ± 7 nm). Gold nanoparticles were synthesized successfully in LPn loaded with [HAuCl4] by using different photoreduction methods: ultraviolet (UV) lamp, pulsed laser 355 nm, and sunlight irradiation. The AuNPs exhibited characteristic sizes (ranging from 5.03 to 6.78 nm) and optical properties typical of nanoparticles, including a distinct surface plasmon resonance. As a proof of concept, we also demonstrated that the synthesized AuNPs exhibited catalytic activity in UV-induced cis-trans isomerization reactions. Overall, the study highlights the potential of sustainable soy lecithin extraction for diverse applications, including nanoparticle synthesis and catalysis.","PeriodicalId":55380,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr","volume":"19 1","pages":"55-67"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strategies to reduce the culture medium costs for a high-yield and high-selectivity bio-based 2,3-butanediol production

IF 3.2 4区生物学

Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.2695

Daniel Tinôco, Lucy Seldin, Paulo Luiz de Andrade Coutinho, Denise Maria Guimarães Freire

{"title":"Strategies to reduce the culture medium costs for a high-yield and high-selectivity bio-based 2,3-butanediol production","authors":"Daniel Tinôco, Lucy Seldin, Paulo Luiz de Andrade Coutinho, Denise Maria Guimarães Freire","doi":"10.1002/bbb.2695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2695","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-based 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) production on a large scale depends on critical factors, such as culture medium, oxygen supply, pH and biosafety. In this study, three strategies for reducing culture medium costs were investigated: carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio; low-cost nitrogen sources (crude yeast extract, brewer's yeast extract, corn steep liquor, urea, sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate and dibasic ammonium phosphate); and microbial pH autoregulation. Batch fermentations were performed in a microaerobic environment using wild-type and safe Paenibacillus peoriae NRRL BD 62. The yield and selectivity of 2,3-BDO were used as control variables. A ratio between 2,3-BDO production and glucose consumption (YP/S) of almost 80% and an optical purity of 87% levo-2,3-BDO, with no acetoin accumulation, were achieved in an NH4Cl-based medium at C/N = 8.5 g/g and without external pH control, considering an initial glucose of 10 g/L. Based on Free on Board prices, a 63% savings in culture medium costs was achieved by replacing commercial yeast extract at pH 5. Validation assays with higher initial glucose concentrations showed a YP/S of 0.40 g/g and an optical levo-/meso-2,3-BDO ratio of 1:0.8, with negligible acetoin accumulation. Therefore, the NH4Cl-based medium at C/N = 8.5 g/g and without pH control was considered economically promising for high-yield and high-selectivity bio-based 2,3-BDO production.","PeriodicalId":55380,"journal":{"name":"Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr","volume":"19 1","pages":"85-108"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0