Biological Conservation最新文献

{"title":"Understanding unauthorised hunting for effective conservation interventions","authors":"Paulo Wilfred ,&nbsp;Henry Travers ,&nbsp;Lauren Coad ,&nbsp;Venance Mutayoba ,&nbsp;Flora J. Magige ,&nbsp;Cuthbert L. Nahonyo ,&nbsp;E.J. Milner-Gulland","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interventions to deter unauthorised hunting tend to favour national parks over less strictly protected game reserves. A more effective approach, however, would be to base interventions on a better understanding of the underlying factors driving unauthorised hunting. Katavi National Park and Ugalla Game Reserve, Tanzania, sit within the same landscape. They both face the challenge of controlling unauthorised hunting, but differ in their protection status. Using focus group discussions, an indirect questioning technique, and household surveys, we determined levels of unauthorised wild meat hunting and consumption, the wildlife species preferred, and factors influencing participation in or deterrence from hunting. The findings suggest a wide range of wildlife species is used for wild meat, best estimates ranging from 17 % of households in villages along the main roads around Ugalla hunting for food over the last 12 months, to 47 % of households in trading centres around Katavi buying wild meat for consumption. Consumption was most common among people from larger households. The primary objective of hunting was to generate income, and the wild meat trade largely operated in local black markets. Factors leading to unauthorised hunting included a lack of conservation awareness, economic hardship, and limited alternative income sources. Conservation education, positive relationships between communities and protected areas, law enforcement, community engagement, and affordable game meat were commonly reported factors that could mitigate against unauthorised hunting. Our findings can inform more focussed and effective interventions to address unauthorised hunting by people living both close to and further away from protected areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 111336"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond classical invasions hypotheses: Investigating the impact of agricultural landscape simplification on wild pig populations","authors":"Marcella do Carmo Pônzio ,&nbsp;Marina Zanin ,&nbsp;Nielson Pasqualotto ,&nbsp;Adriano Garcia Chiarello ,&nbsp;Renata Pardini","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Worldwide intensive agriculture has caused simplification of landscapes, reducing not only native vegetation cover but also landscape heterogeneity. Yet, how landscape simplification may affect biological invasion is uncertain. This is because classical hypotheses of biological invasion focus on single predictors, making contradictory predictions on its effects. Here, we explore combinations of predictors from classical hypotheses to investigate how landscape simplification affects one of the most harmful invasive species worldwide – the wild pigs (<em>Sus scrofa</em>). We rely on a hierarchical sampling design across 55 landscapes maximizing uncorrelated variation between landscape heterogeneity and native vegetation cover. By comparing Royle and Nichols models of wild pig abundance, we consider linear and non-linear, and simple, additive and interactive effects of three groups of predictors: landscape disturbance (changes in landcovers), landscape heterogeneity (changes in landcover diversity/configuration) and biotic interactions (predator presence/absence and changes in native species richness). All best-ranked models included an interactive effect between landscape heterogeneity and open vegetation cover. Our findings suggest no support to classical hypotheses of biological invasion. We find no support for either biotic control, native vegetation loss or a linear impact of landscape heterogeneity on wild pig abundance. Instead, results suggest a strong context dependence, with landscape heterogeneity effects depending on the quantity of open vegetation cover. These results challenge a general nature-based guideline to invasion control in agroecosystems and suggest the relevance that investigations embrace a mosaic view of landscapes and the complex relationship of predictors, giving support to context-specific guidelines to invasion control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 111321"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UAV-assisted deep learning to support results-based agri-environmental schemes: Facilitating Eco-Scheme 5 implementation in Germany","authors":"Deepak H. Basavegowda ,&nbsp;Inga Schleip ,&nbsp;Sonoko Dorothea Bellingrath-Kimura ,&nbsp;Cornelia Weltzien","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Results-based agri-environmental schemes (AES) hold significant potential to promote biodiversity and ecosystem services within agricultural landscapes. However, a key obstacle to their widespread adoption is the practical challenge of verifying target species (result indicators) accurately and cost-effectively. This study presents a digital and automated approach to verify (result) indicators in grasslands to facilitate the implementation of Eco-Scheme 5, a results-based AES introduced in Germany. The presented approach employs a deep learning-based object detection framework to automatically detect indicator plant species in high-resolution RGB images acquired using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Additionally, the study explores whether incorporating ground-based imagery into the UAV training dataset could enhance model performance on UAV imagery, hypothesizing robust generalization across these image domains. The Baseline model, trained exclusively on UAV imagery, achieved an average precision (AP₅₀) of 74.0, with performance affected primarily by insufficient training data and class imbalance, particularly affecting species with fewer instances. In contrast, the Enhanced model, trained on UAV imagery enriched with ground-based data, achieved a significantly higher AP₅₀ of 94.2 on the UAV test dataset, demonstrating improved detection accuracy and robust cross-domain generalization. These findings validate the benefits of cross-domain training in improving model performance and emphasize the potential of UAV-integrated artificial intelligence for efficient biodiversity monitoring and supporting the implementation of results-based AES.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 111323"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144500973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial ecology of recolonized elk in agricultural landscapes of the Northern Great Plains","authors":"Tabitha A. Hughes ,&nbsp;Todd Nordeen ,&nbsp;Luke Meduna ,&nbsp;Sam P. Wilson ,&nbsp;John F. Benson","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mitigating human-wildlife conflict for recolonized populations of large mammals requires understanding spatial responses to variation in natural and anthropogenic landscape features. Elk recolonized Nebraska, USA in the 1960's and have since expanded geographically and numerically. Elk are a high-profile species of management concern that cause agricultural crop depredation but are valued as a harvested species. Managers lack empirical understanding of their spatial ecology in agriculturally dominated landscapes of much of the Northern Great Plains, resulting in uncertainty for depredation and harvest management. We quantified home range size and seasonal movements of 153 GPS-collared elk (103 females, 50 males) in Nebraska across gradients of natural habitat and agriculture. Elk used smaller home ranges in areas with greater vegetative cover, more cornfields, and more evenly distributed forage. Elk used larger home ranges in areas with more roads and development. Thus, human disturbance fragments the landscape for elk, while also providing agricultural subsidies. Elk moved greater distances to leave areas with greater risk to access areas with substantial cropland when establishing calving and fall ranges. Additionally, elk moved greater distances between seasonal home ranges when transitioning from areas with reduced natural forage. Our results suggest that elk shift space use seasonally to exploit both natural and agricultural forage, but that increased availability of natural forage may reduce seasonal movements of elk into cropland. Thus, management of elk in agricultural landscapes should prioritize providing quality natural habitat to mitigate human-wildlife conflict. Our work highlights the disparate influence of human disturbance on wildlife space use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 111315"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Satellite-based remote sensing can enable cost-effective conservation of Eastern North Pacific blue whales: A value of information analysis","authors":"Richard Bernknopf ,&nbsp;Andrew Steinkruger ,&nbsp;Sophie Pesek ,&nbsp;Yusuke Kuwayama","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We estimate the economic value of satellite-based remote sensing for prospective regulation of marine shipping to conserve Eastern North Pacific blue whales in the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States. Outcomes are driven by application of two data products that can be used to inform the location and timing of vessel speed reductions to limit ship strikes. In the reference case, vessel speed limits are determined using species distribution data from shipboard surveys. In the counterfactual case, speed limits are determined using species distributions predicted by WhaleWatch, a data product incorporating information from several remote sensing technologies. We define the economic value of the remotely sensed information as the cost savings to vessel operators when ocean managers choose vessel speed reductions using the remotely sensed information rather than information based on shipboard surveys. We develop a decision model and an economic framework that allows for estimation of these vessel compliance costs under the two information cases. Using this model and framework, we estimate that the potential annual value of WhaleWatch information ranges between $11 and $636 million (in 2023 USD), depending on the conservation goal that ocean managers seek to achieve. The economic value of the remotely sensed information increases as ocean managers seek to conserve more blue whales and avert more ship strikes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 111328"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies to engage local communities in forest biodiversity conservation had limited effectiveness in Madagascar: Lessons from the literature","authors":"Julien Blanco ,&nbsp;Norotiana Rasambo ,&nbsp;Clémentine Durand-Bessart ,&nbsp;Josoa R. Randriamalala ,&nbsp;Jérôme Queste ,&nbsp;Nathalie Becker ,&nbsp;Julien Sarron ,&nbsp;Harizoly Razafimandimby ,&nbsp;Conscient Zafitody ,&nbsp;Stéphanie M. Carrière ,&nbsp;Verohanitra M. Rafidison","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the current biodiversity crisis, various conservation approaches have been implemented worldwide to engage local communities in biodiversity conservation. In Madagascar, a biodiversity hotspot, these approaches include protected areas, community-based conservation, and market-based conservation. However, their respective ecological, socio-economic, and socio-cultural effectiveness remains poorly understood. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap through a systematic literature review. Out of 480 publications on forest conservation in Madagascar identified through standardized searches and screening, 156 were selected for in-depth full-text analysis. By combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, our results revealed generally positive ecological outcomes but negative socio-economic and cultural impacts. While the literature presents mixed findings on the effectiveness of conservation actions in reducing deforestation, protected forests have demonstrated improved biodiversity outcomes. However, these ecological gains come at a cost to local communities, especially the poorest households, who often receive inadequate compensation. Alternative livelihood activities proposed by conservation programs are often ill-suited to local contexts, and local elites tend to capture most conservation benefits, exacerbating inequalities and local conflicts. All three conservation approaches display similar trends, indicating recurring challenges regardless of the strategy employed. The literature highlights strategies to achieve more effective conservation while balancing ecological outcomes and human well-being. These include sustained investment in local conservation actions, genuine co-management frameworks, community empowerment, and stronger collaboration between researchers and local stakeholders. Although focused on Madagascar, the challenges and solutions identified in this study have broader global relevance for biodiversity conservation stakeholders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 111332"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of artificial light at night on sea turtle hatchling early dispersal: A systematic review of methods, impacts and findings","authors":"Daniel F. Gomez Isaza ,&nbsp;Ross Jones ,&nbsp;Phillipa Wilson ,&nbsp;Kellie Pendoley ,&nbsp;Sabrina Fossette ,&nbsp;Michele Thums","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a rapidly expanding pollutant, raising concerns about its impact on species that rely on natural light cues for critical behaviours, such as for sea turtle early dispersal. After emergence, sea turtle hatchlings orient themselves using natural light cues to quickly crawl to the ocean (sea-finding) and swim offshore. Numerous studies have shown that artificial light disrupts their capacity to orient during their early dispersal with varying consequences, although variability exists in the methodologies used and the results. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature (74 publications) to summarise the methods and findings on the impacts of ALAN on sea turtle hatchlings during early dispersal. The review highlights key findings on how hatchling orientation during early dispersal is disrupted by different light types, light intensity, and distance to the light source. We review the visual capabilities of sea turtles and relate this ability to their behavioural attraction to different light types. Additionally, we discuss the availability of empirical evidence for energetic, behavioural, and physiological costs and consequences of disrupted orientation, along with management strategies that have been proposed to reduce the risk posed by ALAN. We conclude that more studies measuring the consequences of disrupted orientation are required to determine the long-term impacts of artificial lighting for turtle populations. Further, we suggest that research move towards identifying light intensity thresholds for artificial lights of different spectra and develop light exclusion zones to assist with management and promote best practice for lighting in coastal areas to protect these endangered species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 111327"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Declining floral color diversity alters bee color preferences in fragmented habitats","authors":"Hongjun Xie ,&nbsp;Peng Ren ,&nbsp;Chen Zhu ,&nbsp;Juan Liu ,&nbsp;Minghao Sun ,&nbsp;Xingfeng Si ,&nbsp;Ping Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Habitat fragmentation reduces floral color diversity in plant communities, thus resulting in a shift in bee pollinator color preferences, as shown by altered visitation frequency. We conducted a two-year survey of plant-bee interactions on 41 islands and adjacent mainland habitats in a reservoir island system of eastern China. Results showed that bee-blue-green and bee-blue dominated the floral color composition and that a reduction in island area significantly reduced floral color diversity. Visitation frequencies to bee-blue-green, bee-ultraviolet-blue, and bee-ultraviolet-green flowers declined significantly as island area decreased. These changes in floral color diversity altered the color preferences of bees, as shown by the significantly impacted total floral visitation frequencies. The preference for bee-blue-green flowers increased as island area increased, while floral resources showed no significant effect on visitation frequencies. In sum, these results improve our understanding of how pollinators adapt their behavior in fragmented habitats and provide important insights supporting the conservation of floral color diversity as well as the plant species associated with the colors that correspond to a high visitation frequency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 111322"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscape-scale forest cover shapes the complexity of seed-dispersal networks in regenerating forest fragments","authors":"Robert Timmers ,&nbsp;Marina C. Côrtes ,&nbsp;Marijke van Kuijk ,&nbsp;Guilherme G. Canassa ,&nbsp;Romano Staneke ,&nbsp;Fabiana S.O. Rosin ,&nbsp;Maud P.J. van Hooff ,&nbsp;Jorn J.H. Knuit ,&nbsp;Mathias M. Pires ,&nbsp;Merel B. Soons","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the recognition of animal-mediated seed dispersal as a critical driver of forest regeneration, little remains known on plant-frugivore interaction networks in secondary forest fragments. Such knowledge is especially relevant in fragmented landscapes where regenerating forest fragments lie scattered in a human-modified, agricultural matrix, such as in the Atlantic Forest region in Brazil. There, we investigated how habitat connectivity influences the complexity of plant-frugivore interaction networks across a chronosequence of eight secondary and two old-growth forest fragments. By employing camera traps and focal observations over two years, we documented over 10,000 plant-frugivore interactions. Our findings reveal that forest age does not significantly affect animal-mediated seed-dispersal networks; instead, landscape-scale forest cover drives network interaction quantity and structure. Even a modest 5 % increase in forest cover enhances the total number of interactions by as much as 22 %, demonstrating that small gains in connectivity can yield substantial ecological benefits. With increasing forest cover, networks become more modular and specialized, favouring rarer species' interactions and enhancing seed-dispersal functions. Across all fragments, birds with high occurrence and a high degree of frugivory played a crucial role in sustaining network structure and functionality. Together with late-successional plants, these bird species are instrumental in supporting regeneration within fragmented landscapes. The limited effect of mere forest age on network development suggests that passive regeneration may not suffice for isolated regenerating forest in landscapes with low forest cover, and that assisted regeneration—or active restoration—may be required to facilitate their network recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 111312"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From encounter to death: Which stages of predation are considered within livestock depredation research?","authors":"Anna Rouviere ,&nbsp;Robert A. Montgomery","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The predation of livestock by carnivores, known as livestock depredation, negatively impacts livestock owners and predator conservation. Although various management interventions have been implemented globally, considerations of predator behaviour and predator-prey ecology have not generally been at the forefront of this development. Yet, an ability to predict how different predator species and livestock behave during a depredation event may lead to more evidence-based and tailored interventions with increased long-term effectiveness. We divided the depredation process into successive stages during which key predatory decision-making takes place, informed by the formative predator-prey theory developed by <span><span>Lima and Dill (1990)</span></span>. These stages include <em>encounter</em>, <em>interaction</em>, <em>attack</em>, <em>capture</em>, and <em>death</em>. We then systematically reviewed the depredation literature to quantify research effort alignment with each stage. We found that the <em>death</em> stage was by far the most commonly assessed (96 % of reviewed studies, <em>n</em> = 522 of 548), with other stages considered four to 30 times less frequently. Only 1.5 % of reviewed studies (<em>n</em> = 8 of 548) made real-time visual observations or recordings of any of these stages. We describe the importance of considering the predatory process across each of these stages and discuss how current focus on the collection and analysis of post-hoc data following livestock death or proxy data may limit intervention effectiveness. We provide practical advice for the study of all stages, highlighting relevant methodologies and novel avenues of future research. Integrating ecological and behavioural principles into depredation research should lead to a better understanding of predator-livestock dynamics, and more effective interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 111330"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}