Biological Conservation最新文献

{"title":"Small populations, big challenges: Genetic, demographic, and landscape context collectively shape population performance of a perennial herb","authors":"Sina Bohm ,&nbsp;Niamh Kelly ,&nbsp;Maarten Postuma ,&nbsp;Niels C.A.M. Wagemaker ,&nbsp;Sharon ter Haar ,&nbsp;Jeroen Scheper ,&nbsp;Philippine Vergeer","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Habitat loss and fragmentation have led to smaller and more isolated plant populations, impacting population performance through changes in genetic processes, demographic structure, and pollinator availability. Understanding the interactive effects of these factors is crucial for sustaining and restoring viable populations. This study analysed the genetic structure of natural populations of the long-lived herb <em>Primula elatior</em> and investigated plant and population reproductive performance in relation to population size, floral morph type ratios, genetic diversity, pollinator abundance, and landscape context. Plant reproductive performance was measured in 33 natural populations in the Netherlands and related to population size and genetic diversity. Additionally, the landscape context, <em>i.e.,</em> surface cover estimates of different land-use types, was assessed. Pollinator surveys were performed in a subset of 15 populations. Genetic divergence increased with geographic distance between populations. Structure analysis identified five genetic clusters corresponding to geographic regions. Genetic diversity was strongly positively correlated with population size but was not significantly associated with plant reproductive performance measures. Plant reproductive performance was however affected by floral morph ratio, pollinator abundance, and forest cover within 1000 m. Seed production increased with a more balanced floral morph ratio and higher pollinator abundance, and showed a unimodal relationship with the percentage of forest cover within 1000 m around the survey site. This study demonstrates that both floral morph ratio and landscape context simultaneously influence population performance and impose pressures particularly on small populations. This study underscores the need to adopt a landscape-oriented perspective to fully comprehend population performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 111044"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Białowieża Forest as an example of the resilience of long-term studies in a changing world","authors":"Richard K. Broughton ,&nbsp;Marta Cholewa ,&nbsp;Dorota Czeszczewik ,&nbsp;Robert J. Fuller ,&nbsp;Bogdan Jaroszewicz ,&nbsp;Dries P.J. Kuijper ,&nbsp;Marta Maziarz ,&nbsp;Grzegorz Mikusiński ,&nbsp;Grzegorz Neubauer","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective conservation of biodiversity requires a good understanding of ecosystem dynamics in response to natural and anthropogenic influences. Long-term studies (LTS) conducted over multiple decades provide essential insights into ecological processes and interactions over time, which can inform conservation strategies, but they are anchored within their wider society and geopolitics. The context of any LTS is therefore vulnerable to temporal instability, including disruptions and challenges but also scientific opportunities. The resilience and adaptability of LTS in the face of political, social or environmental change is key to their continuity and relevance for science and society.</div><div>Poland's iconic Białowieża Forest hosts unique remnants of European old-growth forest, and also diverse LTS lasting up to nine decades, revealing a dynamic ecosystem. The Białowieża Forest is a hub of international science, providing an essential reference for ecosystem functioning and evolutionary processes, and a key benchmark for wider perceptions of ‘natural forest’, which is increasingly relevant to ecological restoration elsewhere. Nevertheless, the Białowieża LTS have persisted against a backdrop of profound sociopolitical and geopolitical change, which has challenged their scope and viability. The Białowieża experience has a wider resonance for LTS in other regions, because change can affect science anywhere, even in situations that currently appear stable.</div><div>We describe how Białowieża's LTS have maintained continuity and relevance for our understanding of forest ecosystems by embedding core expertise among diverse institutions, building collaborative teams around visionary leaders and dispersing risks of financial, political and security vulnerabilities. However, issues remain around centralised data archiving and availability. These perspectives provide general lessons for supporting LTS in a changeable world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111045"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential and limitations of turtle farming to contribute to conservation in the Brazilian Amazon","authors":"Marilene V.S. Brazil ,&nbsp;Willandia A. Chaves ,&nbsp;Marcelo D. Vidal ,&nbsp;Aline S. Tavares ,&nbsp;David S. Wilcove","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Consumption of wildlife provides many rural residents with access to diverse and nutritious food, but this practice persists in urban areas. In the Brazilian Amazon, high demand for freshwater turtles has led to a growing number of management projects (e.g., protection of nesting beaches) in recent decades. National regulations were also established to allow wildlife farming as a conservation strategy, with a focus on turtles. Amazonas state (Brazil) has the largest turtle farm production output in Brazil, making it well-suited to evaluate the effectiveness of turtle farms in contributing to conservation. We evaluated three criteria for farming to contribute to conservation, as proposed by previous research: (1) whether farmed turtles are substitutes for wild-caught turtles, by looking at people's choices and perceptions of farmed versus wild-caught turtles; (2) whether prices of farmed turtles can compete with prices of wild-caught turtles; and (3) whether the current output from farms is large enough to have a significant effect on the current consumption of turtles. Our findings indicate that while turtle farms may meet the price criterion, people's choices of wild over farmed turtles hinder turtle farms from contributing to conservation. In addition, statewide farm production is approximately 2600 turtles annually. This covers about 2.5 % of consumption in studied sites, based on conservative estimates of one turtle consumed per household annually. Our results suggest that, as it currently stands, there is no evidence that turtle farming is making a significant contribution to the conservation of wild turtle populations in the Brazilian Amazon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111055"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social-ecological perspective on European semi-natural grassland conservation and restoration: Key challenges and future pathways","authors":"Philipp Gorris ,&nbsp;Örjan Bodin ,&nbsp;David Giralt ,&nbsp;Annika L. Hass ,&nbsp;Triin Reitalu ,&nbsp;Xabier Cabodevilla ,&nbsp;Ira Hannappel ,&nbsp;Aveliina Helm ,&nbsp;Elisabeth Prangel ,&nbsp;Catrin Westphal","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Semi-natural grasslands result from traditional agriculture and are among the most species-rich ecosystems in Europe. These grasslands were once widespread across Europe, but due to changing agricultural practices, only small remnants have remained until present day. Large-scale efforts to preserve and restore these valuable ecosystems encompass the continuation or reintroduction of extensive instead of intensive farming practices. Based on empirical insights from three regions in Estonia, Germany and Spain, we aim to highlight <em>Profitability</em>, <em>Landscape-scale Trade-off and Lock-in Effects</em>, <em>Policy Fit &amp; Interplay</em>, <em>Changing Rural Societies</em> and <em>Climate Change</em> as being five common key challenges making such efforts difficult. We suggest three general pathways to leverage changes: A) emphasize a <em>social-ecological perspective at the landscape scale</em> where both traditional and new framings of extensive farming practices are constructed in accordance with local contexts; B) work towards <em>a wider ecosystem service perspective of semi-natural grasslands.</em> This involves shifting the perspective on grasslands from being agricultural “wastelands” to not only acknowledge their biodiversity, but also their role as cornerstones of resilient agricultural landscapes; and C) embrace <em>experimental learning and policy alignment</em> at the regional scale to better embed extensive farming practices in European land use polices. Policies and administrative practices should be adjusted to account for vastly different conditions across and within regions, where extensive farming practices are sometimes integrated into large-scale agricultural enterprises, and sometimes carried out as a non-commercial side activity at a very small-scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111038"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation concern for Europe's hedgehog species (Erinaceidae): Current statuses, issues and needs","authors":"Abigail Gazzard ,&nbsp;David W. Macdonald ,&nbsp;Sophie Lund Rasmussen","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent regional updates to the IUCN Red List reveal a discouraging tendency: the hedgehog species of Europe are either declining and/or neglected by research and monitoring programmes to such a degree that evaluation of their conservation status remains challenging. Hedgehogs are charismatic nature ambassadors, and they are appreciated widely by the public with numerous individuals and organisations willing to contribute to their conservation, yet there exists a disconnect between general interest in hedgehogs and broad-scale monitoring efforts. Here, we clarify the current conservation statuses of the five species of hedgehogs in Europe, knowledge of threats, what is being done to mitigate declines, and where the conservation and research gaps lie. There are several common risks posed to hedgehog species in Europe including roads, and habitat loss and degradation. For some species, regional-scale action is urgently needed to prevent populations from shrinking any further. For all, there remains a comprehensive lack of knowledge of populations, ecology and threats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111033"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A megafauna in distress: Unsustainable exploitation of tiger sharks in the Arabian Sea and implications for conservation","authors":"Muralikrishna Gurugubelli ,&nbsp;C. Abisha ,&nbsp;T.A. Arundhathy ,&nbsp;K. Ranjeet ,&nbsp;Neelesh Dahanukar ,&nbsp;Rajeev Raghavan","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Populations of the iconic tiger shark, <em>Galeocerdo cuvier</em>, are in a state of global decline, with the species assessed as ‘Near Threatened’ on the IUCN Red List. Despite this, there is a lack of fundamental information required for regional management, such as those on life history and ecology. We bridge this knowledge gap by generating the first information on the population dynamics of <em>G. cuvier</em> from the Arabian Sea – one of the world's most important shark fishing regions. Length-frequency data of 629 <em>G. cuvier</em> landed at Cochin (Southwest coast of India) over 16 months in 2023–2024, revealed the dominance of 180–240 cm length class, with the largest individual measuring 405 cm TL. The von Bertalanffy curve fitted to the length-frequency data revealed greater asymptotic length (<em>L</em>_∞ = 490.55 cm TL) and growth co-efficient (<em>K</em> = 0.250 y⁻¹) compared to populations from the Atlantic and Pacific. Estimates of fishing mortality (<em>F =</em> 0.77) and exploitation rate (<em>E = 0.71</em>) suggest that <em>G. cuvier</em> face high levels of fishing pressure. The length at first capture (<em>L</em>_C) indicates that close to 95 % of the catches are represented by immature individuals. In addition, young of the year <em>G. cuvier</em> (&lt;150 cm TL) landed as ‘bycatch’ contributed to 23 % of the landings. To effectively mitigate these challenges, and secure the future of <em>G. cuvier</em> in the Arabian Sea, we propose the establishment of tiger shark conservation zones to help protect critical life-history stages, and implement size-based restrictions to reduce growth and recruitment overfishing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111049"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-perspective understanding of population change in migratory species: A case study with pied avocets (Recurvirostra avosetta) in East Asia","authors":"Yang Wu ,&nbsp;Weipan Lei ,&nbsp;Entao Wu ,&nbsp;Han Pan ,&nbsp;Yifei Jia ,&nbsp;Cai Lu ,&nbsp;Yongxiang Han ,&nbsp;Junjie Wang ,&nbsp;Rong Fan ,&nbsp;Zhijun Ma ,&nbsp;Zhengwang Zhang ,&nbsp;Richard A. Fuller","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the population dynamics of migratory species is crucial for their conservation. However, researchers often encounter challenges due to insufficient data, especially when monitoring migratory species throughout their annual cycle. One solution to this issue is to combine multiple types of data. Here we develop and test such an approach, using the Pied Avocet, a migratory waterbird species in East Asia, as a case study. We integrate count data, presence-only records, satellite tracking data, and species distribution models.</div><div>Our findings reveal an 85 % increase in the annual population of Pied Avocets in East Asia over the past 13 years, despite inconsistent trends across their four major wintering sites. Tracking data indicated that the species experiences low migratory mortality and a moderate to high overall survival rates, with survival not differing significantly between first-year birds and adults. We estimated a 109 % increase in suitable wintering habitat extent and a 42 % increase in breeding habitat extent for Pied Avocets over the past 20 years. These changes are primarily attributed to the proliferation of artificial wetlands, with climate change also contributing to the expansion of wintering habitats.</div><div>We conclude that multi-dimensional sources of evidence can be combined to assess and explain population changes even though data of any particular type are relatively limited. We emphasize the effectiveness and importance of using diverse methods to obtain comprehensive information on the population dynamics of migratory species, while concurrently establishing and improving long-term monitoring networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111048"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the impacts of extinction thresholds of species in a marine food web in the Yellow Sea (China)","authors":"Pengcheng Li ,&nbsp;Jie Yin ,&nbsp;Yupeng Ji ,&nbsp;Chongliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Binduo Xu ,&nbsp;Yiping Ren ,&nbsp;Ying Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Earth's biosphere is undergoing a drastic reorganization. Multiple approaches focus on extinction cascades in food webs through species interactions, but the extinction thresholds (ET) of interactions is often overlooked in this process. Furthermore, the accumulation of species extinction could dramatically alter the structure and function of food webs. Therefore, considering ET on the basis of species interactions is critical for predicting the potential impact of cumulative species extinctions. Based on the bottom trawl survey data in Haizhou Bay located in the central Yellow Sea of China, a food web model was constructed to compare the response variance of food web to species extinction from different trophic level categories. In addition, we simulated the cumulative extinction sequences and combined all ETs (0.05 intervals from 0.00 to 1.00) to explore their effect on the food web through indicators such as species richness (S), connectance (C), link density (LD), pred-release (Pr), and Structural robustness (R₅₀ and R₁₀₀). Eventually, by comparing the response of cumulative extinction of species with and without ET, we predicted the potential effects of multiple species extinctions on food webs. <em>t</em>-test showed that there was no significant difference in the response of food web to trophic species (at the species taxonomic level) extinction with different trophic level categories (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05), and no secondary extinction occurred. The regression analysis of ET and the number of primary extinctions until network fully unconnected was performed as explanatory and response variable, respectively, and showed that there was a significant linear negative correlation between them (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). We found that ignoring ET of interactions during the extinction cascade underestimates the impact of species extinctions on food web, especially cumulative extinctions of multiple species. These findings will help to comprehensively understand the impact of species extinction on food webs and provide a good direction for future management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111050"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying market prevalence, abundance, and suitable habitats of bulbuls in Java, Indonesia","authors":"Muhammad Ali Imron ,&nbsp;Muhammad Tafrichan ,&nbsp;Vincent Nijman ,&nbsp;K. Anne-Isola Nekaris ,&nbsp;Marco Campera ,&nbsp;Febrian Edi Nugroho ,&nbsp;Swiss Winasis ,&nbsp;Riri Retnaningtyas ,&nbsp;George A. Gale ,&nbsp;Wanlop Chutipong","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prevalence of bulbuls in the Indonesian cage bird trade raises concerns about its impact on their distributions and, consequently, the ecological balance. This study delves into the trade dynamics of bulbuls, examining their market prevalence and its correlation with their abundance in the wild and their suitable habitats. We conducted bird market surveys across Java, supplemented by online trade surveys to ascertain market prevalence. Concurrently, we collected bulbul's presence data from three databases and field surveys from 2018 to 2023. We used a Random Forest algorithm to predict the suitable habitats for bulbuls. The findings revealed that 20 bulbul species, comprising 11 native and 9 non-native to Java, were encountered in 20 bird markets, totalling 35,715 individuals. Sooty-headed (<em>Pycnonotus aurigaster</em>) and yellow-vented (<em>P. goiavier</em>) bulbuls, both Least Concern, dominated the field-RAI (Relative Abundance Index) and trade-RAI. Notably, rare species such as the straw-headed bulbul (<em>P. zeylanicus</em>, Critically Endangered) and extirpated from Java, were present in markets. We found no relationship between the field-RAI and the trade-RAI, suggesting that all species were sought after regardless of their abundance. However, we found that threatened species face over-harvesting based on the ratio between trade-RAI and field-RAI. A significant portion of predicted suitable habitats for resident species fell outside bird-friendly areas. Urgent intervention measures, targeting small-scale agroforestry landowners and key sites for population protection, are imperative to mitigate the potential ecological consequences of the bulbul trade and ensure their continued contribution to tropical ecosystem health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111035"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A low-density yet stable population of Indochinese tigers (Panthera tigris corbetti) may be the key to recovery in a half-empty landscape in eastern Thailand","authors":"Somporn Pakpien ,&nbsp;Supagit Vinitpornsawan ,&nbsp;Imran Samad ,&nbsp;Sushma Sharma ,&nbsp;Read Barbee ,&nbsp;Abishek Harihar ,&nbsp;Piyasart Kumhom","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indochinese tigers (<em>Panthera tigris corbetti)</em>, formerly distributed across mainland Southeast Asia, have experienced significant range contraction, with populations in Thailand serving as the last remaining strongholds. One such landscape is the Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai (DPKY) forest complex in eastern Thailand. Despite the landscape's strategic importance for regional tiger recovery, there is a need for policy-aligned evidence to support recovery planning. In this study, we assessed space-use patterns of prey and tigers and factors influencing them, utilising occupancy modelling based on landscape-wide photo-capture data from 2021. Additionally, we evaluated the population dynamics of tigers between 2018 and 2021 by estimating annual population density and vital parameters. Despite the availability of suitable habitat across the 6155 km² landscape, tigers were restricted to the eastern section, utilising only 55 % of the complex, primarily constrained by sambar space-use and landscape connectivity. Nevertheless, the population maintained stability (λ ≈ 1) with high survival (<em>φ</em> &gt; 0.9) and documented reproduction, albeit at low densities (∼1 tiger/100 km²). Anthropogenic factors significantly influenced prey, with larger species such as sambar and gaur exhibiting limited occurrence (ψ &lt;0.4). While the current population appears well protected, evidenced by high survival and reproduction, recovery is constrained by low prey availability and landscape fragmentation, particularly across Highway 304. While considerable recovery potential exists, given the available habitat in the landscape, such recovery necessitates sustained long-term interventions focusing on prey, enhanced protection, and restoration of connectivity. The DPKY represents a critical opportunity for tiger recovery in Southeast Asia, where most landscapes lack tigers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111043"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}