Biology of Sport最新文献

{"title":"Effects of light-load vs. heavy-load jump squats as priming activities in Olympic female rugby sevens players.","authors":"Irineu Loturco, Piotr Zmijewski, Valter P Mercer, Maurício S Ramos, Marina T Betelli, Ismael Arenhart, Túlio B M A Moura, Lucas A Pereira","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142645","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Priming activities have been widely used by coaches as a strategy to enhance physical performance within short periods (6-24 hours) before sport-specific training sessions and competitions. In this crossover study, we examined and compared the effects of two different priming schemes on the speed-power performance of female rugby sevens players. One hour after completing a standardized warm-up and a series of measurements including loaded and unloaded jumps and speed-related tests, twenty Olympic female rugby sevens players performed, one week apart, 6 sets of 6 reps of jump-squats (JS) at either 40% (light-load; LL) or 80% 1RM (heavy-load; HL). Countermovement jump height increased significantly 6-h after both loading conditions (ES=0.50 and 0.34, for LL and HL, respectively; <i>P</i> < .001), with no changes observed at the 24-h time-point. JS peak velocity improved significantly after 24-h compared to the pre-testing, but solely for the lighter loading intensity (i.e., JS at 40%1RM; ES=0.63; P=0.006). 40-m sprinting speed increased significantly at the 6-h timepoint for both LL (ES=0.20; P=0.001) and HL (ES=0.18; P=0.004), without showing significant changes in the following 24-h. COD speed improved significantly after both priming schemes at the 6- and 24-h time points, regardless of the loading condition (P ≤ 0.027 for the main effect of time). No time × loading condition interaction was detected for any variable assessed, with P-values ranging from 0.111 to 0.953. Importantly, the rate of perceived exertion was significantly higher after the priming protocol at the HL condition (P=0.02), which may lead to increased levels of fatigue and decreased performance in subsequent activities. Elite coaches from rugby sevens (and other team sports) should strongly consider these findings when programming priming training sessions in the periods preceding more intensive training sessions and official matches due to the potential disadvantages associated with the use of heavier loads (i.e., ≥ 80% 1RM).</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"85-94"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963119/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Setting the Benchmark' Part 4: Contextualising the Match Demands of Teams at the FIFA Women's World Cup Australia and New Zealand 2023.","authors":"Paul S Bradley","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142638","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aims of the present study were to: (1) analyse the upper and lower match physical performance benchmarks and variability of teams at the FIFA Women's World Cup Australia and New Zealand 2023, (2) examine the evolving team sprint ranking across three Women's World Cups and (3) investigate noteworthy relationships between collective physical and tactical metrics. With FIFA's official approval, all sixty-four games at the tournament were analysed using an optical tracking system alongside FIFA's Enhanced Football Intelligence metrics. On average, teams at the FIFA Women's World Cup 2023 covered 103.3 ± 4.4 km in total, with 6.7 ± 0.6 km and 1.9 ± 0.3 km covered at the higher intensities (≥19.0 & ≥23.0 km · h^-1), respectively. The top five ranked teams from a high-intensity running perspective (Zambia, Spain, Brazil, Canada, Denmark) covered 24-44% more distance than the bottom five ranked teams (Jamaica, Columbia, Costa Rica, Switzerland, Vietnam) at the tournament (<i>P</i> < 0.01; Effect Size [ES]: 2.3-2.5). Match-to-match variation of teams revealed Italy and Panama were particularly consistent for the distances covered at higher intensities (Coefficient of Variation [CV]: 0.3-4.5%), while Costa Rica demonstrated considerable variation (CV: 23.4-40.7%). Teams generally covered more total distance on a per-minute basis in the first versus the second half (<i>P</i> < 0.01; ES: 1.1), but no differences existed at higher intensities (<i>P</i> > 0.05; ES: 0.1-0.2). Correlations were found between the number of high-intensity runs and various phase of play events for defensive transitions and recoveries, in addition to progressions up the pitch and into the final third (<i>r</i> = 0.48-0.88; <i>P</i> < 0.01). A basic comparative analysis revealed Spain demonstrated the most pronounced increase (2015 = 9^th, 2019 = 35^th, 2023 = 90^th percentile; CV: 92.6%) and China PR the most marked decrease (2015 = 22^nd, 2019 = 30^th, 2023 = 0 percentile; CV: 89.6%) in their sprinting percentile rank across the last three FIFA Women's World Cups. The present findings provide a depiction of the current collective demands of international women's football. This information could be useful for practitioners to benchmark team performances and to potentially understand the myriad of contextual factors impacting physical performances.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"57-69"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating external load responses to cumulative playing time and position in the European Handball Federation Women's Euro 2022 through an IoT and Big Data architecture approach.","authors":"Claude Karcher, Roger Font, Diego Marcos-Jorquera, Virgilio Gilart-Iglesias, Carmen Manchado","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144409","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The quantification of physical demands placed upon handball players, segmented by their specific roles and duration of play, is crucial for sustaining high performance and minimizing the risk of injury. Leveraging advanced inertial measurement units, this investigation captured and analyzed the external load data of athletes participating in the EHF Women's EURO 2022. The aim of this study was to provide coaching staff with information on fatigue development during periods of high match density. The study evaluated the effects of playing position and cumulative playing time on external load metrics, using linear mixed models that treated individual players as random effects. The study employed a cutting-edge computational framework integrating sensor network technologies, Local Positioning Systems (LPS), and Big Data Analytics within a descriptive analytics methodology. From over half a billion raw records, we distilled 1,013 data entries from 47 matches for analysis. The findings reveal that the wings demonstrated the highest levels of total and high-speed running distances, though they sustained lower PlayerLoad relative to backs. Interestingly, cumulative playing time did not markedly alter load profiles, which may be attributed to strategic substitution decisions by coaches and the players' own pacing strategies. Notable discrepancies within positional demands were observed over time, such as centers displaying increased distance coverage within the 2-3 hour play interval. This study underscores the efficacy of strategic load management and tailored pacing in sustaining player performance throughout high-stakes tournaments. It elucidates the relationship between managerial tactics and player-specific characteristics in the context of external load distribution.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"225-235"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"N-Lactoyl amino acids as metabolic biomarkers differentiating low and high exercise response.","authors":"Maha Sellami, Khaled Naja, Shamma Almuraikhy, Najeha Anwardeen, Rinat I Sultanov, Eduard V Generozov, Ildus I Ahmetov, Mohamed A Elrayess","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.145912","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.145912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aerobic physical exercise has significant benefits for cardiovascular health; however, some individuals experience no benefit or even adverse effects. One reason for poor tolerance to aerobic exercise may be a low percentage of slow-twitch (oxidative) muscle fibers. This study aims to identify the metabolic signatures associated with low and high response to exercise by comparing the metabolic profiles of participants categorized according to their improvement of the 6-minute walking distance. In this study, pre- and postexercise intervention measurements of the 6-minute walking distance were conducted in forty-three lean and overweight young women, followed by non-targeted metabolomics analysis of 1039 known metabolites. An independent validation cohort comprising 791 individuals from the GTEx project was used to assess the gene expression of selected targets. The results indicated that a low improvement in the 6-minute walking distance (Δ 6-MWD = 27 meters) was associated with higher serum levels of N-lactoyl amino acid metabolites, particularly the exercise-inducible metabolite N-lactoyl phenylalanine (Lac-Phe) (FDR = 0.016), compared to high responders. Our results were corroborated in an independent validation cohort, which showed that the gene expression of cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase (<i>CNDP2</i>), the enzyme responsible for Lac-Phe synthesis, is negatively associated with the percentage of slow-twitch muscle fibers (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). N-lactoyl amino acids may serve as biomarkers for rapid muscle fatigue and low response to exercise, and could be used as metabolic indicators to differentiate exercise response efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"331-344"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reference levels of mean and peak anaerobic power for male and female long-track speed skaters.","authors":"Dariusz Sitkowski, Michał Starczewski, Andrzej Klusiewicz","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144407","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ability to generate and maintain high power is a prerequisite for success in many sports, including long-track speed skating. A common method of determining this ability is the Wingate test, but surprisingly, normative data necessary to objectively assess the performance of speed skaters is lacking. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop reference levels for peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) on a Wingatetype test for speed skaters using a Monark 874E ergometer with a load equivalent to 7.5% of body mass. Over 15 years, 635 test results were collected from 120 junior and senior athletes (all national representatives); 380 from men and 255 from women. We found that in men and women, personal best in relative PP and MP (W/kg body mass) correlated significantly (all p < 0.001) with altitude-adjusted times over distances of 500 (r = -0.75 to -0.82) and 1000 m (r = -0.67 to -0.71), thus confirming the validity of this test for assessing the on-ice sprinting ability of speed skaters. Moreover, the two-way ANOVA models revealed significant effects of gender (p < 0.001) and age (p < 0.001) on relative MP and PP (W/kg) values, but the interaction effect was not significant (p > 0.05). The 7-stage classification system constructed on the basis of the obtained results enables the assessment of relative MP and PP in Wingate tests, taking into account the age category and gender of the athletes. This system can be used by sports researchers and coaches to assess the sprinting ability of speed skaters from novice to world-class levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"207-213"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963126/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological maturity but not relative age biases exist in female international youth soccer players relative to the general population.","authors":"Liam Sweeney, Tommy R Lundberg, Cian Sweeney, Jack Hickey, Áine MacNamara","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144411","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the extent to which biological maturity and relative age biases existed and varied with chronological age in female international youth soccer players relative to the general population. A total of 113 players (52 under-15 (U15), 32 under-16 (U16) and 29 under-17 (U17)) selected by the Football Association of Ireland participated in this study. All players were assessed for height, body weight and relative age. Biological maturity status and timing were assessed in U15 and U16 players only. Relative to population norms, the results showed a significant but small bias in favour of more biologically mature players (P < 0.001, d = 0.39) that increased with age from U15 (P = 0.007, d = 0.36) to U16 (P = 0.009, d = 0.44). U16 players had achieved a significantly higher percentage of their predicted adult height than U15 players (T = 7.4, P < 0.001). However, there were no relative age biases at any age group nor across the total sample (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in height, weight or relative age of the players between the three age groups and no significant difference between the U15 and U16 age groups in terms of predicted adult height or biological to chronological age offset. This study demonstrates that biological maturity but not relative age biases exist in female international youth football relative to the general population, with notable differences in pattern and magnitude compared to those previously observed in male international youth football.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"249-256"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963118/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different sizes of position games and official matches in youth professional soccer player.","authors":"Jose A Asian-Clemente, Jose Vicente Beltran-Garrido, Bernardo Requena","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144297","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objectives of this study were to compare the external load of position games and matches in soccer players and to assess the effect of different pitch sizes on position games in relation to competition. Twenty-five players (age: 21.9 ± 1.9 years; height: 177.9 ± 5.2 cm; weight: 75.5 ± 4.8 kg) were evaluated during 37 official matches and 18 position games classified according to their pitch sizes: Small, Medium and Large (50.8 ± 6.6 m², 80.5 ± 4.6 m² and 115.9 ± 25.2 m² relative area per player, respectively). Using a GPS system, total distance (DC), DC > 21 km · h^-1, peak speed, and maximal accelerations and decelerations lower and higher than 3 m · s^-2 (Acc_<3; Acc_>3; Dec_<3 and Dec_>3, respectively) were recorded. Mixed model analyses were used to compare the effects of the game condition and of space dimensions on the dependent parameters. During the position games, lower values of DC, DC > 21 km · h^-1, peak speed, Acc_<3, Dec_<3, maximal accelerations and maximal decelerations were reported than in matches. Position games showed higher values than matches for the Acc_>3 and Dec_>3. All analysed variables reached statistical significance (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). Small, Medium and Large position games significantly achieved lower DC > 21 km · h^-1, peak speed, Acc_<3, Dec_<3, maximal accelerations and maximal decelerations, but significantly higher Acc_>3 and Dec_>3 (all <i>p</i> < 0.05) than matches. The data showed that position games of 9 vs. 9 + 2 with a relative area per player ≤ 115.9 m² present a different external load than matches.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"177-185"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Load distribution across weekly microcycles according to match schedule in a team competing in the Australian national A-League Women's soccer competition.","authors":"Aaron T Scanlan, Dean Miller, Mia Lundquist, Nathan Elsworthy, Michele Lastella","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144413","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This observational, longitudinal study compared daily loads experienced in the weekly microcycle for different match schedules among an A-League Women's professional soccer team. Monitoring data were retrospectively accessed from a team (n = 22) competing in the Australian National A-League Women's soccer competition across the 2022-2023 in-season. Internal (session-rating of perceived exertion [session-RPE] and session-RPE load) and external load (total and relative values for total and high-speed running distance) data were acquired from 54 field-based training sessions and 17 matches across a 20-week period. Weeks were categorized according to schedule as: single-match week played on Saturday; single-match week played on Sunday; condensed week (6 days since the previous match); or double-header week (two matches in the same week). Sessions during each week were classified according to the day on which they were conducted prior to match day (MD) as MD-1, MD-2, MD-3, MD-4, MD-5, or MD-6. Linear mixed effects models and Hedge's g_av effect sizes were used to compare variables between days. All load variables were highest on MD (P < 0.001, g_av = 0.36-7.84, small-to-very large), with the day before matches being generally lower than other training days across schedules (g_av = 0.01-3.89, trivial-to-very large). Further, an extra training day was prescribed in single-match weeks when played on Sunday compared to Saturday, with training microcycles appearing rather consistent across weekly schedules. These data may be used as an initial reference for practitioners working in this competition or women's soccer settings. The relatively similar daily periodization patterns across different match schedules highlight greater consideration of weekly match schedules may be needed when planning weekly microcycles according to the schedule congestion faced.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"265-277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a 12-week training programme on selected hormonal and psychological parameters and their interrelationships in highly-trained male and female swimmers.","authors":"Olga Surała, Jadwiga Malczewska-Lenczowska, Dariusz Turowski, Paweł Słomiński, Maciej Certa, Blair T Crewther","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.145910","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.145910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Swimming training load (TL) is regarded as a major stimulus for hormonal adaptation, but research findings are inconsistent. Methodological limitations also exist (e.g., cross-sectional sampling) with little knowledge of acute hormone responses and hormone-psychological interactions that regulate training outputs. These issues were addressed in a 12-week training study on highly-trained swimmers. Eighteen swimmers (10 males, 8 females) completed a 12-week training programme, involving a stepwise reduction in TL before a major competition. Testing was conducted from Monday-Friday at week one (T1), week five (T2), and week 12 (T3), including measures of salivary testosterone and cortisol, willingness to train, stress, and sleep quality. Post-session hormones were assessed on Mondays and Fridays. Daily-averaged swimming distance decreased by -21% (T2) and -57% (T3), relative to T1 (p < 0.001). We found no significant training effect on the cortisol and testosterone measures, both baseline and acute exercise response, willingness to train, and sleep quality. Only stress varied with training, decreasing significantly at T2 and T3 from T1 in female swimmers. Among male swimmers, daily changes in baseline cortisol and testosterone were related (r = 0.45) at T1, as was sleep quality and stress (r = 0.39) at T3. In summary, highly-trained swimmers showed little or no adaptive changes prior to a major competition. The one exception was self-reported stress among female swimmers, which decreased along with TL. The emergence of daily interrelationships (in male swimmers only) between selected hormonal or psychological outputs could provide a new lens to assess pre-training preparation.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"279-287"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking dynamics of goal-scoring: the showdown between direct and indirect transition goals across football leagues.","authors":"Pedro Eusebio, Pablo Prieto-González, Rui Marcelino","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142640","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Offensive transitions, (defined as shifts from defense to attack) have an extraordinary impact on goal scoring patterns. Identifying the factors that most significantly influence its achievement is crucial, enabling teams to tailor strategies to their specific characteristics and the particular demands of their championships. The study aims to provide analyzes of the separate and combined impacts of various variables on the success of offensive transitions and their outcomes. The sample comprised 1151 games from nine distinct countries, categorized into three league groups: Top, Marginal, and Emerging. These matches yielded 1649 goals, which were classified as either direct offensive transitions or offensive transitions resulting from positive outcomes (goals scored from set-piece situations following successful offensive transitions). The statistical method employed was binomial logistic regression. A total of 20 to 23% of goals scored by Offensive transitions resulted from positive outcomes. Offensive transitions play a pivotal role in competitive leagues, with 47% of all goals. Top leagues exhibit an even higher proportion (53%) of goals originating from offensive transitions, emphasizing the effectiveness of defensive pressure in specific areas and involving more passes and offensive combinations. All league groups highlighted the central zones of the defensive midfield as essential to initiating successful direct offensive transitions. In Emerging Leagues, they are more likely to succeed with three passes than with two passes. In Marginal leagues, the number of players involved and the passes are related to the starting area. The findings enhance understanding of offensive transition tactics in football for greater scoring impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"113-123"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}