Biology of Sport最新文献

{"title":"The effects of training type and area size variations on the physiological and session rating of perceived exertion responses during male judo matches.","authors":"Nizar Houcine, Ibrahim Ouergui, Anissa Bouassida, Emerson Franchini, Ezdine Bouhlel","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127381","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modified exercise prescription in judo is commonly used to activate the energy systems in different magnitudes. In order to study the physiological and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses according to area sizes (i.e., 4 m × 4 m, 6 m × 6 m and 8 m × 8 m) and training mode variations (i.e., groundwork, ne-waza; standing combat only, tachi-waza; and free combat, free randori), eighteen male judo athletes (age: 22.6 ± 1.8 years) were randomly assigned, on separate days, to 9 experimental conditions (3 area sizes × 3 training modes) with each condition lasting 4 min. Delta lactate [La] was calculated based on the blood lactate values measured before and after every condition. Heart rate (HR) was measured during and after each bout and RPE recorded at the end of each combat. The results showed that mean and peak HR, percentage of maximum HR (% HR_max), delta [La] values and RPE scores were lower in 4 m × 4 m compared to 6 m × 6 m and 8 m × 8 m, and in groundwork training mode compared to standing combat and free randori (all p < 0.001). Furthermore, the 6 m × 6 m condition induced lower delta [La] values than 8 m × 8 m (p < 0.001) and free randori resulted in higher RPE scores than standing combat (p = 0.001). In conclusion, different training variables can be easily manipulated in a variety of different ways to specifically activate the energetic systems. Focusing on groundwork, the 6 m × 6 m area size was found to be the most suitable condition to induce a higher cardiovascular response, while the standing combat and free randori in 6 m × 6 m resulted in increased glycolytic activation compared to the groundwork condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The validity of automatic methods for estimating skeletal age in young athletes: a comparison of the BAUSport ultrasound system and BoneXpert with the radiographic method of Fels.","authors":"Sean P Cumming, Ramon Pi-Rusiñol, Gil Rodas, Franchek Drobnic, Alan D Rogol","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127380","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the validity of two automated methods (BAUSport, BoneXpert software using Fels, Greulich-Pyle, Tanner-Whithouse III protocols) for estimating skeletal age (SA) in young athletes in comparison to a reference standard (Fels). 85 male and female athletes, nine to seventeen years of age, from multiple sports were assessed for SA as part of an annual medical and health screening programme. Intra-class correlations demonstrated high degrees of association between the automatic methods for estimating SA (BAUSport r = .98; BoneXpert r = .96-.99) and the discrepancy between SA and chronological age (SA-CA) (BAUSport r = .93; BoneXpert r = .88-.97), with the reference standard. Concordance analyses for the categorisation of participants as early, on-time and late maturing also demonstrated substantial levels of agreement for both methods (BAUSport Kappa = .71; BoneXpert Fels Kappa = .63) with the reference standard. Bland-Altman plots comparing the automatic methods with the reference standard identified statistically significant fixed biases, ranging in magnitude from small to large. Collectively, these results suggest that BoneXpert and BAUSport can provide comparable estimates of SA and SA-CA in young athletes relative to the Fels method. Biases in the estimation of SA should, however, be considered and the automatic methods should be implemented as part of a comprehensive growth and maturity screening protocol. The non-invasive nature of the BAUSport method affords particular advantages (no radiation exposure, portability) in contexts where the regular estimation of SA is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are EFI data valuable? Evidence from the 2022 FIFA World Cup group stage.","authors":"Xiaobin Wei, Yifan Zhao, Hui Chen, Peter Krustrup, Morten B Randers, Chong Chen","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127382","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2022 World Cup used new Enhanced Football Intelligence (EFI) data, stoppage time calculation methods and substitution rules that were introduced by FIFA. The aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness of EFI in match analysis and to identify the key indicators that influence the match and provide a reference for coaches' tactical design and training. Data were derived from the FIFA website, including EFI data for 48 matches at the group stage of the Qatar World Cup. A total of 46 indicators were used for analysis and the average values of the corresponding indicators for the different competition results were used in the analysis to identify the key index that determines the outcome of the competition. Apart from scoring more goals and having more assists, winning teams had significantly more attempts on target than drawing and losing teams (p < 0.05); Winning teams had significantly more attempts inside the penalty area, completed defensive line breaks and receptions behind the defensive line than losing teams (p < 0.05). There is no difference in possession between matches with different results (p > 0.05). Goals were significantly correlated with completed defensive line breaks and receptions behind the defensive line (r = 0.27-0.30, p < 0.01). Attempts on target was significantly positively correlated with receptions, final third entries and line breaks (r = 0.31-0.67, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with defensive pressures applied (r = -0.35, p < 0.01). The efficiency of the offense is more important. Teams need to have more receptions, final third entries and line breaks to get more shots on target rather than possession. This study may help coaches to interpret the game from a multi-dimensional perspective and coaches can use EFI to help their teams improve their match performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765435/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does sodium bicarbonate based extra-cellular buffering support reduce high intensity exercise-induced fatigue and enhance short-term recovery assessed by selected blood biochemical indices?","authors":"Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Joanna Kamińska, Bryan Saunders, Andrzej Pokrywka, Igor Łoniewski, Michal Steffl, Tomasz Podgórski","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.125591","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.125591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exercise-induced metabolic processes induce muscle acidification which contributes to a reduction in the ability to perform repeated efforts. Alkalizing agents such as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) prevent large blood pH changes, however, there is no evidence on whether regulation of acid-base balance may also support whole body homeostasis monitored through heamatological and biochemical blood markers in a dose-dependent manner. Thirty Cross-Fit-trained participants were studied in a randomized, multi cross-over, placebo (PLA)-controlled double-blind manner in which they performed a control session (CTRL, without supplementation), three NaHCO₃ visits (three different doses) and PLA (sodium chloride in an equimolar amount of sodium as NaHCO₃). Each visit consisted of two 30-s Wingate tests separated by CrossFit-specific benchmarks (Wall Balls and Burpees - both performed for 3 min). Blood samples were collected at rest, immediately post-exercise and after 45 min recovery. Significant differences between visits appeared for blood pH, percentage of lymphocytes and granulocytes, red blood cells count and haemoglobin concentration at post-exercise and 45-min recovery, and for white blood cells count, percentage of monocytes, concentration of magnesium and creatinine at 45-min recovery. Most of the observed differences for heamatological and biochemical markers were significant compared to CTRL, but not different after PLA. NaHCO₃ supplementation compared to PLA did not significantly affect exercise or recovery shifts in studied blood indicators. However, the changes in these markers after NaHCO₃ and PLA in relation to CTRL indicate a possible role of sodium.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Top-class women's soccer performance: peak demands and distribution of the match activities relative to maximal intensities during official matches.","authors":"Andreas Riboli, Lorenzo Francini, Emanuele Rossi, Andrea Caronti, Lorenzo Boldrini, Stefano Mazzoni","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129477","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129477","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aims of the current study were to determine the most demanding passages of match play (MDP) and the distribution of match activities relative to maximum intensities during official matches in top-class women soccer players. Twenty-eight women players competing in European championship and international UEFA competitions were monitored during 38 official matches (277 individual samples). Maximum relative (m · min^-1) total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSRD), very high-speed running (VHSRD), sprint, acceleration and deceleration distances were calculated across different durations (1-5, 10, 15, 90 min) using a rolling average analysis. Maximum intensities (1-min_peak) were used as the reference value to determine the distribution of relative intensity across the whole-match demands (90-min_avg). Time and distance higher than 90-min_avg (> 90-min_avg) were also calculated. MDP showed <i>moderate</i> to <i>very large</i> [effect size (ES): 0.63/5.20] differences between 1-min_peak vs all durations for each parameter. The relative (m · min^-1) 1-min_peak was greater than 90-min_avg of about +63% for TD, +358% for HSRD, +969% for VHSRD, +2785% for sprint, +1216% for acceleration, and +768% for deceleration. The total distance covered > 90-min_avg was ~66.6% of the total distance covered during the 90-min_avg for TD, ~84.8% for HSRD, ~97.4% for VHSRD, ~100% for sprint, ~99.1% for acceleration and ~98.2% for deceleration. The relative distance > 90-min_avg was higher (<i>P</i> < 0.05) than the 90-min_avg for each metric (ES: 2.22 to 7.58; <i>very large</i>). The present results may help coaches and sport scientists to replicate the peak demands during training routine in top-class women soccer players.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired pre-competition wellbeing measures can negatively impact running performance in developmental youth female soccer players.","authors":"Michael G Sydney, Martin Wollin, Dale W Chapman, Nick Ball, Jocelyn K Mara","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129480","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.129480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine the association between pre-competition perceived player wellbeing measures and subsequent relative and peak running performance of developmental youth female soccer players (n = 15, age: 16 ± 1 years). Total distance (TD), high-speed (> 3.5 m/s) (HSRD) and very high-speed (> 5.3 m/s) running (VHSRD) were expressed using 1-, 2- and 5-minute epochs and relative (per minute) calculations. Fatigue, sleep quality, upper and lower-body muscle soreness, stress, and mood wellbeing measures were collected via a self-reported questionnaire (1-5 Likert scale). Menstrual cycle phase was collected via a calendar-based countback method. Results demonstrated that reductions in stress was associated with decreased relative and peak TD in all epochs (<i>p</i> = 0.008-0.040), relative and peak HSRD (<i>p</i> = 0.006-0.039) in 2- and 5-minute epochs as well as VHSRD in 2-minute epochs (<i>p</i> = 0.026). For example, a one-point reduction of 'normal' to 'relaxed' is associated with a decrease of 7 m/min in peak TD for 1-minute epochs. One-point increase in fatigue (e.g., 'normal' to 'more tired than normal') displayed a decrease of 7 m/min peak TD for 2-minute (<i>p</i> = 0.048) and 9 m/min for 5-minute (<i>p</i> = 0.007) rolling epochs. Likewise, one-point increase in lower-body muscle-soreness (e.g., 'normal' to 'increase in soreness/tightness') was associated with a reduction of 6 m/min peak VHSRD for 1-minute epochs (<i>p</i> = 0.034). Results suggest that perceived player wellbeing can influence running performance. However, the magnitude of the change in player wellbeing should be considered in a practical sense.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Setting the Benchmark' Part 2: Contextualising the Physical Demands of Teams in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022.","authors":"Paul S Bradley","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.131091","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.131091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to contextualise and benchmark the physical demands of teams in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. With FIFA's official approval, all sixty-four games were analysed during the competition (<i>n</i> = 32 teams) using a multi-camera computerised tracking system. On average, teams during Qatar 2022 covered around 108.1 ± 3.6 km in total, with 9.0 ± 0.9 and 2.3 ± 0.3 km covered at the higher intensities (≥20.0 and ≥25.0 km · h^-1), respectively. Compared to the FIFA World Cup Russia 2018, national teams in Qatar 2022 covered only 3% more total distance but 16-19% more distance at the higher intensities (<i>P</i> < 0.01; Effect Size [ES]: 0.9-2.0). When the data was adjusted based on the number of minutes played, tournament differences at the higher intensities were less pronounced (9-12%; <i>P</i> < 0.01; ES: 0.7-1.3). The United States, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Germany and IR Iran covered 19-34% more high-intensity distance than Argentina, Ecuador, Qatar, Poland and Costa Rica during the 2022 tournament (<i>P</i> < 0.01; ES: 3.2-3.5). Match-to-match variation of each team in Qatar 2022 revealed Ecuador and Uruguay were particularly consistent for the distances covered at higher intensities (Coefficient of Variation [CV]: 2-3%), whilst Japan demonstrated considerable variation (CV: 23-29%). Teams generally covered more total distance on a per-minute basis in the first versus the second half (<i>P</i> < 0.01; ES: 1.2), but no differences existed at higher intensities (<i>P</i> > 0.05; ES: 0.0-0.1). Correlations between the number of high-intensity runs and various phase of play events across all teams were strongest for defensive transitions and recoveries, in addition to progressions up the pitch and into the final third (<i>r</i> = 0.63-0.75; <i>P</i> < 0.01). The present findings provide valuable context into the contemporary team demands of international football. This information could be useful for practitioners to benchmark team performances and to potentially understand the myriad of factors impacting physical performances.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Vmaxpro sensor for assessing movement velocity and load-velocity variables: accuracy and implications for practical use.","authors":"Boris Dragutinovic, Mats W Jacobs, Joshua F Feuerbacher, Jan-Peter Goldmann, Sulin Cheng, Moritz Schumann","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.125596","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.125596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the ecological validity of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) (Vmaxpro) to assess the movement velocity (MV) during a 1-repetition maximum (1RM) test and for the prediction of load-velocity (<i>L-V</i>) variables, as well as the ecological intra- day and inter-day reliability during free-weight bench press (BP) and squat (SQ). Furthermore, we provide recommendations for the practical use of the sensor. Twenty-three strength-trained men completed an incremental 1RM test, whereas seventeen men further participated in another 3 sessions consisting of 3 repetitions with 4 different loads (30, 50, 70 and 90% of 1RM) to assess validity and intra- and inter-day reliability, respectively. The MV was assessed using the Vmaxpro and a 3D motion capture system (MoCap). <i>L-V</i> variables and the 1RM were calculated based on submaximal velocities. The Vmaxpro showed high validity during the 1RM test for BP (<i>r</i> = 0.935) and SQ (<i>r</i> = 0.900), but with decreasing validity at lower MVs. The <i>L-V</i> variables and the 1RM demonstrated high validity for BP (<i>r</i> = 0.808-0.942) and SQ (<i>r</i> = 0.615-0.741) with a systematic overestimation. Coefficients of variance for intra- and inter-day reliability ranged from 2.4% to 9.7% and from 3.2% to 8.6% for BP and SQ, respectively. The Vmaxpro appears valid at high and moderately valid at low MVs. Depending on the required degree of accuracy, the sensor may be sufficient for the prediction of <i>L-V</i> variables and the 1RM. Our data indicate the sensor to be suitable for monitoring changes in MVs within and between training sessions.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of short vs. long-distance sprint training on sprinting and agility performance in young soccer players.","authors":"Ezequiel Rey, Samuel Carrera, Alexis Padrón-Cabo, Pablo B Costa","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127384","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.127384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short sprint-distance training (SST) compared with long sprint-distance training (LST), matched for the total session training volume, on short-, medium- and long-distance sprint performance and agility in young soccer players. Eighteen U19 male players (age: 17.1 ± 0.7 years; height: 178.0 ± 6.3 cm, body mass: 69.4 ± 6.6 kg) were randomly assigned to SST (<i>n</i> = 9) or LST (<i>n</i> = 9) group. The intervention programs were performed 2 times a week over 6 weeks. Before and after training period, 5 m, 10 m, 20 m, 30 m and 40 m sprint, and agility were assessed. Within-group analysis showed significant improvements (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001) in 5 m, 10 m, 20 m, 30 m and 40 m sprint from pretest to posttest in SST (9.2%, 6.6%, 5.3%, 2.9%, and 2.5%, respectively) and LST (10.5%, 8.5%, 6.5%, 5.1%, and 4.7%, respectively). Players in both SST and LST also showed significant enhancements in agility from pretest to posttest. In the between-groups analysis, there were no differences between the sprint training groups (SST vs. LST) in any variable (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that both sprint training distances used seem to be effective to improve soccer-specific performance measures. However, due to the better percentage changes obtained by LST group in all fitness variables, this method could be considered as preferred method.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snus use in football: the threat of a new addiction?","authors":"Daniel Read, Sarah Carter, Phil Hopley, Karim Chamari, Lee Taylor","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.130050","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.130050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of Snus, an oral nicotine pouch, is becoming increasingly common in English professional football. As a nicotine product, Snus raises important questions about health and performance for practitioners. The purpose of this short communication is to explain the current regulatory status of Snus, performance relatedeffects, and associated health outcomes. Further, based on player statements and evidence from the general public, we argue that Snus is used as a coping mechanism to deal with the stressors of professional football. Accordingly, the communication concludes with guidance for club-level multidisciplinary interventions to support player welfare, aimed at reducing Snus use as well as future research recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765442/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}