Biology of Sport最新文献

{"title":"Priming strategies to enhance sprint performance in highly trained athletes across sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Krzysztof Kotuła, Lucas A Pereira, Adam Zajac, Artur Golas, Adam Maszczyk, Irineu Loturco","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.161110","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.161110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Priming strategies have been proposed as a practical approach to acutely enhance neuromuscular readiness and improve speed- and power-related performance in athletes. This systematic review and metaanalysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different priming protocols on sprint performance in highly trained athletes across sports. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Medline, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Embase databases up to February 26, 2026. Randomized studies investigating the sub-acute effects (≥ 5-48 h) of priming interventions on linear sprint performance in competitive athletes were included. Fifteen studies comprising 262 athletes were analyzed. A random-effects model was used to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD). Overall, priming interventions significantly improved sprint performance (SMD = 0.40; 95% confidence interval: 0.22-0.59; p < 0.001) with low heterogeneity (I² = 5%). Subgroup analysis revealed significant improvements when priming sessions were performed ≤ 8 hours before performance testing, whereas no significant effects were observed for longer intervals (≥ 20 h). No significant differences were detected between subgroups. These findings indicate that low-volume, high-intensity priming strategies (i.e., light-to-heavy load traditional and ballistic resistance exercises) may represent an effective approach to acutely enhance sprint performance in highly trained athletes across sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"43 ","pages":"1455-1463"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13617478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does movement efficiency differentiate performance? An analysis of competition load in elite women's padel.","authors":"Ricardo Miralles, José Guzmán, Rafael Martínez-Gallego, Diego Muñoz, Jesús Ramón-Llin","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.159560","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.159560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantification of competition load provides critical information on player performance. This study aimed to analyse external loading variables in elite female padel players to establish reference values and distinguish mobility profiles between match-winning and match-losing pairs. Kinematic data were collected from 121 professional players during 34 official matches using Wimu Pro EPTS inertial devices. Descriptive analysis established normative values for elite competition: players covered a mean total distance of 3648 m (Mdn = 3317 m; IQR = 1312.50) and reached a mean maximum velocity of 14.14 km/h (Mdn = 14.17 km/h; IQR = 3.42). The median PlayerLoad was 54.04 arbitrary units (a.u.) (IQR = 23.64). Regarding high-intensity actions, players performed a median of 491 accelerations and 441 decelerations per match. Comparative analysis revealed that losing pairs covered greater total distance (Mdn = 3364 m) compared to winners (Mdn = 3103 m), though this difference was trivial and non-significant (p = 0.719; r = -0.03). Similarly, losers performed more absolute accelerations (Mdn = 525 vs. 467) and relative accelerations per hour (Mdn = 356 vs. 339; p = 0.275; r = -0.10) compared to winners. This research provides objective accelerometry-based reference values for elite women's padel. The results indicate that locomotor demands are broadly similar between winning and losing pairs. Although greater total distance and acceleration volume were noted in losing players, these differences were small and not statistically significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"43 ","pages":"1437-1445"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13504952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological and performance effects of a simulated prolonged service game in competitive male tennis players.","authors":"André V Brito, Filipa Cardoso, Anna Ogonowska-Slodownik, Alejandro Javaloyes, Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez, Ricardo J Fernandes","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.160854","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.160854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the acute physiological and performance responses to a simulated prolonged service game designed to replicate the most demanding phases of competitive tennis. Fourteen nationally ranked male players (17.8 ± 0.9 y) performed 12 consecutive maximal intensity serves, each immediately followed by eight alternating forehands and backhands. Internal load was monitored before, during and after the protocol using heart rate, oxygen uptake and venous blood samples (ammonia, creatine kinase, albumin, sodium, calcium, lactate and glucose). External load was quantified with a Doppler radar gun to measure ball speed and high-frame-rate video to assess serve precision. Statistical significance was set at <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05. Plasma concentrations of ammonia and creatine kinase (both <i>p</i> < 0.01), albumin, sodium, calcium (all <i>p</i> < 0.05), lactate (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and glucose (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increased from baseline to post-protocol. Heart rate and oxygen uptake rose rapidly in the initial phase and stabilized at ~85 and 62% of maximal values, respectively. Serve speed and precision began to decline from the sixth point onward, with reductions of 5.4 and 29%, coinciding with peak lactate and ammonia values. A prolonged service game imposes considerable anaerobic-metabolic, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular stress on competitive tennis players, producing measurable impairments in technical performance well before task completion. Systematic monitoring of blood metabolites and electrolytes can help coaches individualize recovery intervals and design conditioning programs that enhance players' tolerance to repeated high-intensity serving, thereby preserving technical consistency under competitive fatigue conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"43 ","pages":"1427-1435"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13504957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward autonomous artificial intelligence agents in sports science: a modular framework for development, validation, and implementation.","authors":"Ismail Dergaa, Sabri Barbaria, Wissem Dhahbi, Piotr Zmijewski, Karim Chamari, Helmi Ben Saad","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.161708","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.161708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite widespread artificial intelligence (AI) adoption in sports science for predictive analytics, current systems operate as passive tools requiring continuous human monitoring and intervention at every decision point. Autonomous AI agent systems capable of 24/7 monitoring, independent reasoning, and proactive action execution remain academically unexplored in sports science contexts. Unlike passive analytics that await human analysis or conversational interfaces requiring explicit prompting, autonomous agents operate continuously, detecting patterns and implementing interventions without human initiation. Our review distinguished autonomous agents from existing AI applications, proposes modular implementation frameworks, develops theoretical application workflows across eight priority domains, and establishes empirical validation pathways. Current (i.e., April 23, 2026) literature lacks peer-reviewed research on autonomous agent systems in sports science. This review connects computer science with exercise physiology. We integrate modern agent architectures with established sports science concepts. The outcome is a practical, multi-domain implementation roadmap. Our three-phase framework progresses from specialized single-domain agents through coordinated multi-agent systems to fully integrated platforms. <i>Phase 1</i> develops autonomous agents for training load management, exercise prescription, biomechanical analysis, nutrition optimization, sleep monitoring, injury prevention, mental skills training, and rehabilitation, each operating independently within defined safety boundaries. <i>Phase 2</i> stablishes coordination protocols enabling information exchange across domains while maintaining modular independence. <i>Phase 3</i> integrates fully autonomous agent systems across all domains into a unified platform with comprehensive cross-domain reasoning. This framework aimed to advance autonomous agent research from conceptual proposal to a structured implementation and validation pathway in evidence-based athlete management.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"43 ","pages":"1353-1426"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13507934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148834314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do important points change the game? Technical-tactical performance in high-level men's padel.","authors":"Rafael Conde-Ripoll, Adrián Escudero-Tena, Jesús Ramón-Llin, Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.158680","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.158680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In padel, match outcomes often hinge on high-pressure situations that arise during critical scoring moments. However, little is known about how technical-tactical performance varies between important and regular points. This study aimed to test whether important points (break, golden, tiebreak) differ from regular points (all others) in last-shot effectiveness, server success, and set-winner success in high-level men's padel, and to examine shot-family distributions by point importance. Through systematic observation, data were collected from 38 matches (4,521 points). Outcomes were winner (W), forced error (FE), unforced error (UE), serving pair wins the point (SrvWin), and point won by the set-winning pair (SetWinPt). Binomial GLMMs (logit; random intercept for match) were fitted; binomial GLMs were used when the random-effect variance was at the boundary. We contrasted break, golden, and tiebreak points with regular and reported odds ratios (OR, 95% CI) and model-adjusted probabilities. Shot-family distributions for the last shot (W/FE/UE) were compared with χ² tests. Important versus regular points showed no meaningful differences (ORs ≈ 1.00); model-adjusted probability gaps were ≤ 2.3 percentage points. By point type, omnibus tests were non-significant and no pairwise contrast versus regular survived Holm adjustment. Shot-family composition did not differ between important and regular points for W, FE, or UE. In high-level men's padel, point importance did not systematically affect last-shot effectiveness, server or set-winner success, or final-shot family. These findings suggest performance stability under pressure. Therefore, coaches may prioritize consolidating consistent execution across contexts using pressure drills to reinforce existing routines.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"43 ","pages":"1303-1313"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13504951/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of biological maturation on match workload in Portuguese elite male academy soccer players.","authors":"Nuno Ribeiro, Oliver Gonzalo-Skok, João Valente-Dos-Santos, Mauro Mandorino, Marco Beato, Jamie Salter, Hadi Nobari, Nuno Loureiro, Ruben Ferreira, João Pedro Araújo, Francisco Tavares","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.161102","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.161102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Youth soccer academies are essential for identifying and developing talented players, yet substantial inter-individual variability in biological maturation may influence match workload beyond chronological age. This study investigated the independent and interactive effects of biological maturation and age on match workload in elite male youth soccer players (U14-U17). Sixty Portuguese academy players were assessed at six time points across two competitive seasons (2021-22 and 2022-23). Biological maturation was classified using the percentage of predicted adult height, grouping players as pre-/circa-PHV and post-PHV. Mixed-effects models were used to examine the effects of age, maturity status, and their interaction on match workload metrics. Chronological age significantly influenced high-speed running (β = 0.527, p = 0.001) and sprint distance per minute (β = 0.174, p = 0.001). In contrast, total distance per minute and total accelerations and decelerations per minute were shaped by significant age × maturity interactions (p ≤ .001), indicating stronger maturityrelated effects at younger ages that attenuated across adolescence. Chronological age alone does not adequately account for variability in match workload among elite youth soccer players. Biological maturation plays a significant role, in conjunction with age, in determining the demands of total distance and acceleration/deceleration, with more pronounced effects observed at younger ages and a diminishing influence as players reach post-peak height velocity (PHV) stages. Conversely, high-speed running and sprinting distances are primarily influenced by age. These findings underscore the necessity of incorporating biological maturity into the interpretation of match workload, particularly during early to-mid adolescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"43 ","pages":"1329-1340"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13504954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A matter of time or timing: longitudinal analysis of sensitive periods for linear running speed performance and development in elite youth soccer.","authors":"Maros Kalata, Jakub Lukavsky, Diogo V Martinho, Craig A Williams, Jan M Konarski, Frantisek Zahalka, Robert M Malina, Tomas Maly","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.161105","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.161105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of the study was to characterize variability in the development of maximal running speed among elite youth soccer players by evaluating its non-linear trajectory relative to both chronological age and biological maturation, and to determine how these trajectories vary relative to estimated maturity timing. A mixed-longitudinal sample of 117 male youth soccer players (10.7-15.9 years, 461 observations) was considered. Maximal running speed was measured via a 20-meter flying sprint. Biological maturity status was estimated as the percentage of predicted adult height (%PAH), and players were classified as early, average, or late maturing. Non-linear developmental trajectories were analyzed using Generalized Additive Mixed Models. Relative to estimated biological maturity status, a consistent peak rate of speed improvement at ~94.4% PAH was noted and it was preceded by a phase of accelerated improvement between ~87.6-90.7% PAH. However, relative to chronological age, the timing of the accelerated developmental phase was related to estimated maturity timing; early and average maturing players experienced this interval of accelerated gains at a significantly younger age than late-maturing peers, who showed no sustained period of acceleration. Maximal running speed performance in youth soccer players is related to biological maturity status rather than chronological age. The identified phases of accelerated improvement represent developmentally meaningful periods that may help contextualize individual differences in the development of sprinting performance and support maturity-based approaches to long-term athlete development, talent identification, and performance monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"43 ","pages":"1341-1351"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13504958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weekday-specific associations of movement behaviors with body composition in preschool children: A compositional data analysis.","authors":"Jin Guo, Xiangli Liu, Haowen Zhang, Chaonan Wang, Fang Wang, Wei Chen, Di Heng, Qingfeng Dong, Yihua Bao, Zhaoxu Lu, Ting Zhang","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.159563","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.159563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to examine the differences in associations between 24-hour movement behaviors and body composition on weekdays versus weekends in preschool children, and to estimate the potential effects of time reallocation among behaviors on body composition. A cross-sectional study was conducted among healthy children aged 3-6 years recruited from urban and suburban kindergartens in Beijing. Movement behaviors were measured objectively using accelerometers on both weekdays and weekends, ensuring comparable assessment across contexts, sleep duration was obtained from parent-completed questionnaires. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Compositional data analysis was applied to build multivariate regression models examining weekday and weekend movement behaviors independently. Isotemporal substitution analysis was used to predict changes in body composition under different time-reallocation among behaviors. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on weekdays was significantly associated with lower percent body fat (PBF) and higher skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI), while sedentary behavior (SB) was correlated with lower soft lean mass index (SLMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and SMMI. Compositional isotemporal substitution analysis indicated that on weekdays, reallocating 5-30 minutes from SB to MVPA was associated with reduced PBF and higher muscle-related indices, whereas reallocating time from MVPA to SB resulted in adverse effects on these metrics, demonstrating an asymmetric pattern. No significant associations were observed between movement behaviors and body composition on weekends. The findings indicate that the association between MVPA and favorable body composition in preschoolers is significant on weekdays but not weekends, highlighting the context-dependent nature of movement behaviors in relation to body composition.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"43 ","pages":"1315-1327"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13504950/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital twins in sports science: applications for performance enhancement, injury prevention, and rehabilitation through advanced big data analytics and deep learning methodologies - a comprehensive narrative review.","authors":"Afef Sédiri, Sabri Barbaria, Halil Ibrahim Ceylan, Andrea de Giorgio, Luca Puce, Valentina Stefanica, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Ismail Dergaa, Hanene Boussi Rahmouni","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.161106","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.161106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital twin (DT) technology, combined with advanced computational methodologies, represents a paradigm shift in sports science. DTs generate virtual athlete replicas through real-time data integration and predictive analytics. While computational capabilities and data acquisition have advanced rapidly, DT applications in sports remain fragmented, warranting systematic synthesis. This narrative review examines the applications of DT in sports, with a focus on big data analytics and deep learning for performance enhancement, injury prevention, and rehabilitation. A narrative review was conducted using publications from 2018 to 2025 across multiple databases. Eligible studies applied DT frameworks, Artificial Intelligence (AI), including machine learning algorithms and deep neural networks, or big data analytics in elite and amateur sport contexts, with a focus on football as a case study. Extracted data focused on technological approaches, clinical outcomes, and practical applications. DT applications cluster into three domains: (1) performance enhancement via biomechanical modelling (convolutional or recurrent neural networks); (2) injury prevention using ensemble learning and predictive risk models; and (3) rehabilitation optimization through multimodal sensors and virtual reality. Key examples include cycling telemetry, computer vision for technique correction, and real-time musculoskeletal monitoring. The integration of generative AI and the Internet of Things further enhances predictive accuracy and decision-making. DTs offer significant potential for proactive athlete management. Widespread adoption requires standardized protocols, clinical validation, and robust ethical frameworks for data privacy. Successful integration supports data-driven training, individualized recovery, and enhanced athlete welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"43 ","pages":"1271-1291"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13504960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of different load-velocity profiles and electromyography activity in the free-weight jump squat.","authors":"Yi-Chien Chiang, Chieh-Ying Chiang, Jonathon Weakley","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.159566","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2026.159566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Load-velocity profile (LVP) is an autoregulatory method in resistance training, yet the optimal LVP model for the free-weight jump squat (JS) remains unclear. This study therefore compared the accuracy of different LVP models and characterized their associated neuromuscular responses during the free-weight JS. In a cross-sectional, repeated-measures design, fifteen resistance-trained men first established their one-repetition maximum (1RM), and then performed free-weight JS at seven relative loads (20-80% 1RM). We compared generalized versus individualized, and linear versus polynomial LVP models. In addition, we measured mechanical outputs including peak and mean velocity, peak and mean power, and concentric phase time. Peak and mean neuromuscular activation of the vastus lateralis (VL) and medialis (VM) was measured using surface electromyography during the concentric phase. Individualized linear LVPs (<i>R</i> ² = 0.98-0.99) demonstrated superior accuracy and less prediction error compared to generalized models (<i>R</i> ² = 0.76-0.90), while polynomial models offered no advantage over linear models (p = 0.49-0.50). Peak and mean power was highest at 20% and 30% 1RM, respectively. Peak and mean muscle activation of the VL both peaked at 30% 1RM and decreased with increasing load. Practitioners should use individualized LVPs for accurate load prescription in the free-weight JS. Also, loads around 20-30% 1RM can induce high levels of acute mechanical power and VL muscle activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"43 ","pages":"1261-1270"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13504953/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}