Biology of Sport最新文献

{"title":"Return-to-play criteria based on infrared thermography during anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation in football players.","authors":"Victor-Luis Escamilla-Galindo, José Luis Felipe, Antonio Alonso-Callejo, Ralph Van-der-Horst, Ana de la Torre-Combarros, Paolo Minafra, Daniel Fernández-Muñoz, Ismael Fernández-Cuevas","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144295","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is associated with degenerative changes during the return-to-play (RTP) process. Infrared thermography, due to its usefulness in monitoring the state of tissues, could help establish physiological criteria for monitoring the knee joint. The aim of the study was to describe normative skin temperature (Tsk) asymmetry of the knee region of interest (knee ROI) from football players during the ACL RTP process. Thirty professional and semi-professional football players, both male and female, from three different European leagues (age: 26.84 ± 3.46 years; height: 1.83 ± 0.22 m; weight: 75.38 ± 5.92 kg) were evaluated using thermography during their RTP process. A linear mixed model was then developed in which Tsk asymmetry was the dependent variable. Sex and Day were included as predictor variables with fixed effects. Athlete was included as a random effect with (Model 1 and Model 2) and without (Model 3) interaction with Day. Model 2 was fitted with a random intercept and random independent slopes, and Model 3 was fitted with a random intercept and random dependent slopes. The results showed the estimates of the model in which both predictor variables were significant. The asymmetry decreased during the days after surgery (-0.01 per day after surgery). The results might help to establish an objective criterion based on infrared thermography for monitoring the rehabilitation stages in the RTP of football players during one year of evolution. The assessment of the thermal asymmetries of the knee ROI during the RTP established a Tsk progression criterion. Medical and technical staff could implement an infrared thermography tool for knee monitoring between RTP stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"161-167"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963140/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fixed pitch size small-sided games in young soccer players: effects of different age categories and competitive levels on the physical and physiological responses.","authors":"Bilel Cherni, Hamza Marzouki, Okba Selmi, Bruno Gonçalves, Karim Chamari, Yung-Sheng Chen, Anissa Bouassida","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144298","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We compared the physical and physiological responses of young soccer players of different ages U13 (Under 13 years), U15, and U17 and competitive levels (elite and sub-elite) during fixed-pitch size smallsided games (SSGs) performed under different formats. In a cross-sectional design, seventy-two male players (12 players in each group) performed 3-a-side and 4-a-side SSGs with a fixed-pitch size (40 × 20 m). The total distance covered (TD), peak velocity (Vpeak), the distances covered at different running speed zones (0 to < 7.0, 7.0 to < 14.0, 14.0 to < 18.0, and ≥ 18.0 km.h^-1), peak heart rate (HRpeak), HRmean, expressed as percentage of the theoretical HR_maxTheo, and blood lactate concentration post-SSGs (BLa) were recorded. Players in the 3-a-side SSGs covered more TD, distances covered at different speeds and Vpeak than those of the 4-a-side SSGs across all age categories of both competitive levels (p < 0.05). The 3-a-side SSGs induced higher BLa in all elite groups (p < 0.05), and U13-sub-elite players (p=0.004). HR_peak(%HR_maxTheo) and HR_mean(%HR_maxTheo) were greater in the 4-a-side SSGs than the 3-a-side SSGs in most age categories of both competitive levels (p < 0.05). In the zone-3, the U13- and U15-elite covered more distance than U17 in both formats. In both formats, elite players covered larger TD and distances at zone-1 and zone-4 sub-elite players (p < 0.05). BLa was higher in U17-sub-elite compared to their elite counterparts in the 4-a-side SSGs. Our study shows that 3-a-side SSGs are physically more demanding than 4-a-side, especially for elite players. Tailoring training to age and competitive level is crucial for optimising player development.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"187-197"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do small samples bias the correlation between strength and jump performance? Multivariate insights into age and sex amidst strength saturation: an analysis of 1,544 participants from different sports.","authors":"Michael Keiner, Konstantin Warneke, Andre Sander, Hagen Hartmann, Carl-Maximilian Wagner, Björn Kadlubowski, Andreas Wittke, Torsten Brauner, Andreas Konrad, David G Behm, Klaus Wirth","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.139858","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.139858","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maximal strength is considered a fundamental aspect of athletic performance across a wide range of sports and is also needed for a range of activities of daily life. Yet, compared to males there are fewer publications examining females, with most showing similar coefficients of correlation between dynamic strength and different athletic performances. In both, males and females, results are biased by mostly small sample sizes (sample bias) leading to a fluctuation around the true correlation coefficient of the entire population. This crosssectional analysis involving 1544 participants employed multivariate and correlative analyses to clarify the importance of maximum strength in the parallel back squats on the jump performance controlling for variables such as type of sport, sex, age, and performance level. The analysis revealed two principal components that reflect distinct types of variability within the dataset: the first, primarily associated with performance capabilities, accounts for 58.45% of the variance, while the second, emphasizing demographic differences, accounts for a considerably lower variance of 25.08%. The correlation analyses in this study identified maximal strength as a significant factor influencing jumping performance, accounting for 48-53% of the variance in jump height. The analysis presents a saturation curve, with potential diminishing returns at higher strength levels. Age and sex had little to no effect on overall correlation coefficients. The overall correlation coefficients and the analyses for the subgroups (by sport and performance level) can differ considerably, which can be explained (mathematically) by the artificial formation of clusters, homogeneous subject groups, or small sample sizes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"3-11"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late-stage rehabilitation effects do not differ between quadriceps and hamstring tendon autograft after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a multicentre propensity score-matched case-control intervention trial.","authors":"Daniel Niederer, Matthias Keller, Wolf Petersen, Natalie Mengis, Christian Eberle, Daniel Guenther, Georg Brandl, Björn H Drews, Tobias Engeroff, Lutz Vogt, David A Groneberg, Thomas Stein","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142647","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Late-stage rehabilitation interventions after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are under-researched, inter alia regarding potential differences in rehabilitation effects between autograft types. This study determined the effectiveness of a specific, late-stage rehabilitation to usual care after ACL reconstructions in patients with a quadriceps versus such with a hamstring tendon autograft. In this multicentre case-control intervention study, participants aged 18-35 years were included at the end of their formal rehabilitation (mean 8.1 months) after ACL reconstruction. Twenty-four cases with an arthroscopically assisted, anatomic ipsilateral quadriceps femoris tendon autograft and two numerically equal hamstring tendon reconstructed propensity score-matched groups were compared. Matching variables were gender, age, Tegner activity scale, plus, once, the time since reconstruction and once the functional capacity at intervention onset. All participants performed a 5-month performance enhancing intervention. All outcomes were measured once a month. Self-reported outcomes such as knee function (The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Sport as the main self-reported outcome) were followed by a series of hop and jump tests. The front hops for distance (outcome: hopping distance) was the primary outcomes of the study. Linear mixed models were calculated using change scores. All participants were analysed. No group*time interaction effect could be identified in the two main outcomes KOOS SPORT and front hop for distance. Furthermore, with the exception of the self-reported all-day function, no outcome displayed any between-group differences in the trainability, either. The return-to-sport success took a mean time of 3.8 months after study commencement; the success rates ranged between 80% and 83% and were not different between groups. Being reconstructed with a hamstrings or with a quadriceps tendon autograft had no impact on the late-stage rehabilitation effects after an ACL rupture. Both graft choices enable comparably favourable functional outcomes and return-to-sport success rates. Conversely, no recommendation can be derived with regard to the selection of either a hamstring or a quadriceps autograft type. The decision must be undertaken individually and based on other factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"135-149"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between the 1200 m shuttle test and 40 m sprint test performance and distances covered in English Premier League matches: A retrospective two season study.","authors":"Ronan Kavanagh, Matteo Matteotti, Rafael Oliveira, Kevin McDaid, Jill Alexander, Damian Harper, Piotr Zmijewski, David Rhodes, Ryland Morgans","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142641","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To identify a relationship between the 1200 m shuttle test and 40 m sprint test performance with distances covered at varying intensities in English Premier League (EPL) matches. A squad (n = 21) of full-time professional 1^st team male football players (age 29.8 ± 3.4 years; height 183.7 ± 5.2 cm; weight 83.7 ± 6.9 kg) participated in this study. League match data from the 2019-20 and 2020-21 seasons were recorded and analysed via an Optical Tracking System (OTS) (Second Spectrum^®, Los Angeles, USA) to report physical match performance data. Average velocity during the 1200 m shuttle test (V1.2ST) was calculated, while Peak sprinting speed (PSS) was estimated using a 40 m maximal sprint. ASR1.2ST was established by subtracting V1.2ST from PSS. The relationship between V1.2ST, 30%ASR1.2ST and distances covered at varying intensities in EPL matches was assessed by a series of independent Linear Mixed Effects (LME) models. Although not statistically significant, for every unit increase in V1.2ST, there was an increase of 1032 m in distance covered, (p = 0.07). A single unit increase in 30%ASR1.2ST is associated with a significant increase of 495 m in high-speed running distance (> 5.5 m · s^-1) (p = 0.02). While for each unit increase in 30%ASR1.2ST, sprint distance (> 7 m · s^-1) covered significantly increased by 209 m (p = 0.02). In conclusion, high levels of physical fitness such as V1.2ST and 30%ASR1.2ST derived from the 1200 m shuttle and 40 m sprint tests can improve match running performance in elite soccer. Knowledge of this information allows practitioners to tailor training load based on each players individual characteristics, potentially increasing performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"105-111"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How different training sessions affect the sleep of professional soccer players.","authors":"Eider Barba, David Casamichana, Julen Castellano","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142644","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.142644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to compare microcycle loading and sleep patterns concerning successive match days (MD) using objective measurements of sleep and external training load (eTL). Twenty professional female soccer players (mean age: 23.3 ± 3.5 years) were monitored using a multi-sensor sleep-tracker for sleep patterns and global positioning system devices for eTL. Sleep variables included total sleep time (TOTAL), awake time (AWAKE), REM sleep, deep sleep time (DEEP), light sleep time (LIGHT), percentage of sleep time spent moving (REST), and sleep onset latency (ONSET). eTL variables included total distance covered (TD), distance at various speed thresholds, accelerations (ACC3), and decelerations (DEC3). 1) eTL influenced sleep; 2) TOTAL and REM were reduced after high eTL sessions (MD-3); 3) MD-2 facilitated recovery and improved post-session sleep compared to MD-4 and MD-3; 4) post-session TOTAL and DEEP sleep times on MD-1 were shorter compared to pre-session times, but there was no difference in REM sleep. Additionally, DEEP had a negative correlation with eTL variables, while REST had a positive correlation with certain eTL variables. REM sleep was affected after high eTL sessions, indicating that fatigue negatively impacted sleep. However, sleep increased after lower eTL sessions. Players slept less with less DEEP sleep the day before a competition (MD-1 post-session sleep). Monitoring sleep during microcycle acquisition and loading phases could assess sleep changes. Strategies should be implemented to improve sleep during loading phases and the night before matches.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"125-133"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetics of skin temperature in lower limbs of professional soccer athletes.","authors":"Alex de Andrade Fernandes, Miller Gomes de Assis, João Carlos Bouzas Marins, André Gustavo Pereira de Andrade, Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque, Ciro José Brito, Cristiano Diniz da Silva, Myrian Augusta Araujo Neves do Valle, Eduardo Mendonça Pimenta, Emerson Silami Garcia","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.145909","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.145909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the kinetics of skin temperature (Tsk) in the lower limbs of elite soccer players following official matches, with measurements taken at three time points: pre-game (M1), 24 hours after a match (M2), and 48 hours after a match (M3). Additionally, we explored the correlation between Tsk and individualized creatine kinase (CK) levels. Thirty male athletes from a top-tier professional soccer club were assessed during the Brazilian Serie A Championship. CK levels and Tsk in the lower limbs were recorded at M1, M2, and M3. Tsk was significantly elevated at M2 compared to M1 (P < 0.001) and decreased at M3, although it did not return to baseline levels (P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between Tsk in all regions of interest (ROIs) and the percentage of CK, with the lowest correlation observed at r = 0.52 (P < 0.001). Tsk in the lower limbs showed a pattern similar to CK, being elevated at 24 h after the match and decreasing by 48 h but not fully returning to pre-game levels. These findings suggest that Tsk can complement CK measurements and be useful in training control and recovery strategies for elite soccer athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"345-352"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normative cardiorespiratory values in Italian first-division male soccer players: effects of age, playing position and season phase.","authors":"Adriano Di Paco, Pierantonio Laveneziana, Paolo Onorati, Luca Trotta, Gennaro Boccia","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144406","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to provide reference values of cardiorespiratory parameters and maximal exercise velocity (MEV) of first-division soccer players measured during a ramp exercise running test. A large (N = 741) database of cardiopulmonary exercise tests collected over a decade on Serie A teams in Italy was scrutinized. The reference values were stratified for age, playing position, and season phase. We found an average <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> peak of 4.78 ± 0.56 l/min, a relative <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> peak of 61.5 ± 5.96 ml/kg/min and an MEV of 19.0 ± 1.3 km/h. Relative <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> peak was constant from 18 to 30 years of age and then decreased, while MEV decreased constantly with increasing age. While the absolute <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> peak was similar for all playing roles (P = 0.782), the midfielders were the players with the highest relative <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> peak (P = 0.020) and they had lower body mass than the others (P < 0.001). This study presents estimates of the influence of age, player position, and season phase on <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> peak in men's elite soccer. <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> peak values ~62 ml/kg/min fulfil the demands for <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> peak in men's professional soccer. Midfielders showed larger relative, but not absolute, <math> <mrow><mover><mtext>V</mtext> <mo>˙</mo></mover> <msub><mtext>O</mtext> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> peak.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"199-206"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963144/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can different scores in first and second halves influence running and explosive-based measures?","authors":"Ryland Morgans, John Radnor, Jon Oliver, Jule Scholten, Piotr Zmijewski, Ronan Kavanagh, Ben Ryan, Chris Haslam, Matthew King, Rafael Oliveira","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144296","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to examine the influence of different scores in the first and second half on running and explosive-based performance of elite male soccer players. Thirty-three professional players from one English Premier League team participated in the study across two consecutive seasons, 2021/22 and 2022/23. Matches were divided into half (first versus second) and nine phases; WIN-WIN; WIN-DRAW; WIN-LOSS; DRAW-WIN; DRAW-DRAW; DRAW-LOSS; LOSS-WIN; LOSS-DRAW; and LOSS-LOSS. Match physical data were monitored using an 18 Hz Global Positioning System. There was a main effect for half for all variables (<i>p</i> < 0.001-0.008; η² = 0.004-0.028), with distances covered per minute and number of explosive actions per minute greater in the first-half than second-half (<i>d</i> = 0.144-0.374). There was an interaction effect between half and phase for m/min, high-speed running per min, high metabolic load distance (HMLD) per min, HML efforts/min, and accelerations/min (<i>p</i> < 0.001-0.012; η² = 0.010-0.015). There was a reduction between first-half and second-half performance during WIN-WIN, WIN-DRAW, DRAW-WIN, DRAW-DRAW, LOSE-WIN, and LOSE-LOSE for m/min (<i>p</i> < 0.001; <i>d</i> = 0.435-0.714), HMLD/min (<i>p</i> < 0.001-0.004; <i>d</i> = 0.334-0.605), and HML efforts/min (<i>p</i> < 0.001; <i>d</i> = 0.408-0.611). In conclusion, our findings emphasise the importance of considering both match half and phase when analysing players' physical performance to support the prescription of tailored training programs and tactical strategies to optimise performance across different match situations.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"169-175"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does microcycle length influence the external and internal load in professional female soccer players?","authors":"Manuel Posse-Álvarez, David Solleiro-Duran, Miguel Lorenzo-Martínez, Eliseo Iglesias-Soler, José M Oliva-Lozano, Alexis Padrón-Cabo","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144408","DOIUrl":"10.5114/biolsport.2025.144408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to analyze the effects of microcycle length on external and internal load during training sessions and official matches in a professional female soccer team. A total of 32 microcycles were monitored for 20 outfield players using a portable 10 Hz GPS device. Microcycles were categorized by length as short (5-6 days), regular (7 days), or long (8-9 days). Training load during the microcycles was analyzed relative to the days before or after the match day (MD), considering the following sessions: MD+1, MD-4, MD-3, MD-2, and MD-1. The external load was assessed according to total distance (TD), high-intensity running distance (HIR), sprint distance (SPD), and number of high-intensity accelerations (ACC) and decelerations (DEC). Internal load was measured using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and session RPE (s-RPE). The results of linear mixed model analyses showed that TD (d = 1.24-1.35), ACC (d = 0.64-0.66), and DEC (d = 0.90-1.04) were significantly higher on MD+1 in short microcycles compared to regular and long microcycles. On MD-4, large differences were observed between long and short microcycles for TD (d = 1.60), ACC (d = 1.28), DEC (d = 1.28), RPE (d = 1.25), and s-RPE (d = 1.61). Similarly, MD-3 of long microcycles showed significantly higher TD (d = 1.25-1.32), HIR (d = 1.18-1.32), and SPD (d = 0.84-1.68) compared to regular and short microcycles. On MD-2, the highest workload was observed in short microcycles, especially for SPD (d = 1.15-1.34). Overall, this study demonstrated that the external and internal load of training sessions vary depending on the length of the microcycles in professional female soccer.</p>","PeriodicalId":55365,"journal":{"name":"Biology of Sport","volume":"42 2","pages":"215-223"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}