Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Membrane-Mediated Regulation of Embryonic Development: Highlights","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21126","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdrc.21126","url":null,"abstract":"This issue of Birth Defects Research Part C: Reviews – EMBRYO TODAY, entitled “Membrane-Mediated Regulation of Embryonic Development”, features contemporary reviews of the important roles of membrane-mediated events in regulating critical events of embryonic development and postnatal functions. Ion channels are ubiquitous membrane components of all cells, including the zygote and blastomeres of the developing embryo, controlling ion currents that flow through these channels. Ion current mediated activity is important in signal transduction and the control of embryogenesis, from the early cleavage stages through to the development and growth of the embryo. Tosti et al. provide an overview of the occurrence, modulation, and dynamic role of ion fluxes taking place in the zygote and blastomere plasma membrane, as well intercellular communication, covering embryonic development from marine invertebrates to human. Membrane-mediated signaling events in the developing embryo are also critically dependent on and regulated by fundamental cellular activities. Wada et al. have reviewed a number of membrane-dependent activities that directly control cellular signaling. These include: (1) the secretory pathway, representing production of extracellular signal molecules; (2) the endocytotic pathway, a platform for relaying signals from the extracellular stimuli to intracellular mediators, and then ultimately inducing signal termination; and (3) post-translational modifications. Recent studies showing that dysfunction in membrane dynamics causes patterning defects in embryogenesis and tissue morphogenesis in mammals are also discussed. Successful pregnancy is dependent upon the implantation of a competent embryo into a receptive endometrium; however, implantation failure occurs in both normal pregnancies and those created artificially by assisted reproductive technology. The complex multi-step process of implantation begins when the developing embryo first makes contact with the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells within the uterine environment. Davidson and Coward have critically reviewed the physiological and molecular processes involved in this biological interaction that marks the beginning of a functional embryonic development, focusing on changes that occur in the plasma membrane of the uterine endothelium, and the molecular mechanisms that control communication between the early embryo and the endometrium during implantation. The molecular factors that have been implicated include endometrial integrins, extracellular matrix molecules, adhesion molecules, growth factors, and ion channels. In vitro models for embryo implantation to help researchers investigate mechanisms underlying implantation failure are also explored. Caveolae, an almost ubiquitous, structural component of the plasma membrane, play a critical role in many functions essential for proper cell function, including membrane trafficking, signal transduction, extracellular matrix remodeling,","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"108 1","pages":"4-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84521778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Membrane-mediated regulation of vascular identity","authors":"Takuya Hashimoto,&nbsp;Masayuki Tsuneki,&nbsp;Trenton R. Foster,&nbsp;Jeans M. Santana,&nbsp;Hualong Bai,&nbsp;Mo Wang,&nbsp;Haidi Hu,&nbsp;Jesse J. Hanisch,&nbsp;Alan Dardik","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21123","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdrc.21123","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vascular diseases span diverse pathology, but frequently arise from aberrant signaling attributed to specific membrane-associated molecules, particularly the Eph-ephrin family. Originally recognized as markers of embryonic vessel identity, Eph receptors and their membrane-associated ligands, ephrins, are now known to have a range of vital functions in vascular physiology. Interactions of Ephs with ephrins at cell-to-cell interfaces promote a variety of cellular responses such as repulsion, adhesion, attraction, and migration, and frequently occur during organ development, including vessel formation. Elaborate coordination of Eph- and ephrin-related signaling among different cell populations is required for proper formation of the embryonic vessel network. There is growing evidence supporting the idea that Eph and ephrin proteins also have postnatal interactions with a number of other membrane-associated signal transduction pathways, coordinating translation of environmental signals into cells. This article provides an overview of membrane-bound signaling mechanisms that define vascular identity in both the embryo and the adult, focusing on Eph- and ephrin-related signaling. We also discuss the role and clinical significance of this signaling system in normal organ development, neoplasms, and vascular pathologies. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:65–84, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"108 1","pages":"65-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75485412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From embryonic development to human diseases: The functional role of caveolae/caveolin","authors":"Jihee Sohn,&nbsp;Rachel M. Brick,&nbsp;Rocky S. Tuan","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21121","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdrc.21121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Caveolae, an almost ubiquitous, structural component of the plasma membrane, play a critical role in many functions essential for proper cell function, including membrane trafficking, signal transduction, extracellular matrix remodeling, and tissue regeneration. Three main types of caveolin proteins have been identified from caveolae since the discovery of caveolin-1 in the early 1990s. All three (Cav-1, Cav-2, and Cav-3) play crucial roles in mammalian physiology, and can effect pathogenesis in a wide range of human diseases. While many biological activities of caveolins have been uncovered since its discovery, their role and regulation in embryonic develop remain largely poorly understood, although there is increasing evidence that caveolins may be linked to lung and brain birth defects. Further investigations are clearly needed to decipher how caveolae/caveolins mediate cellular functions and activities of normal embryogenesis and how their perturbations contribute to developmental disorders. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:45–64, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"108 1","pages":"45-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88319785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Membrane mediated development of the vertebrate blood-gas-barrier","authors":"Andrew N. Makanya","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During embryonic lung development, establishment of the gas-exchanging units is guided by epithelial tubes lined by columnar cells. Ultimately, a thin blood-gas barrier (BGB) is established and forms the interface for efficient gas exchange. This thin BGB is achieved through processes, which entail lowering of tight junctions, stretching, and thinning in mammals. In birds the processes are termed peremerecytosis, if they involve cell squeezing and constriction, or secarecytosis, if they entail cutting cells to size. In peremerecytosis, cells constrict at a point below the protruding apical part, resulting in fusion of the opposing membranes and discharge of the aposome, or the cell may be squeezed by the more endowed cognate neighbors. Secarecytosis may entail formation of double membranes below the aposome, subsequent unzipping and discharge of the aposome, or vesicles form below the aposome, fuse in a bilateral manner, and release the aposome. These processes occur within limited developmental windows, and are mediated through cell membranes that appear to be of intracellular in origin. In addition, basement membranes (BM) play pivotal roles in differentiation of the epithelial and endothelial layers of the BGB. Laminins found in the BM are particularly important in the signaling pathways that result in formation of squamous pneumocytes and pulmonary capillaries, the two major components of the BGB. Some information exists on the contribution by BM to BGB formation, but little is known regarding the molecules that drive peremerecytosis, or even the origins and composition of the double and vesicular membranes involved in secarecytosis. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:85–97, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"108 1","pages":"85-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91914843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ion currents in embryo development","authors":"Elisabetta Tosti,&nbsp;Raffaele Boni,&nbsp;Alessandra Gallo","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21125","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdrc.21125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ion channels are proteins expressed in the plasma membrane of electrogenic cells. In the zygote and blastomeres of the developing embryo, electrical modifications result from ion currents that flow through these channels. This phenomenon implies that ion current activity exerts a specific developmental function, and plays a crucial role in signal transduction and the control of embryogenesis, from the early cleavage stages and during growth and development of the embryo. This review describes the involvement of ion currents in early embryo development, from marine invertebrates to human, focusing on the occurrence, modulation, and dynamic role of ion fluxes taking place on the zygote and blastomere plasma membrane, and at the intercellular communication between embryo cell stages. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:6–18, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"108 1","pages":"6-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87320562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Membrane dynamics in mammalian embryogenesis: Implication in signal regulation","authors":"Yoh Wada,&nbsp;Ge-Hong Sun-Wada,&nbsp;Nobuyuki Kawamura,&nbsp;Jyunichiro Yasukawa","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21124","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdrc.21124","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Eukaryotes have evolved an array of membrane compartments constituting secretory and endocytic pathways that allow the flow of materials. Both pathways perform important regulatory roles. The secretory pathway is essential for the production of extracellular, secreted signal molecules, but its function is not restricted to a mere route connecting intra- and extracellular compartments. Post-translational modifications also play an integral function in the secretory pathway and are implicated in developmental regulation. The endocytic pathway serves as a platform for relaying signals from the extracellular stimuli to intracellular mediators, and then ultimately inducing signal termination. Here, we discuss recent studies showing that dysfunction in membrane dynamics causes patterning defects in embryogenesis and tissue morphogenesis in mammals. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:33–44, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"108 1","pages":"33-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82900259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular mechanisms of membrane interaction at implantation","authors":"Lien M. Davidson,&nbsp;Kevin Coward","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21122","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdrc.21122","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Successful pregnancy is dependent upon the implantation of a competent embryo into a receptive endometrium. Despite major advancement in our understanding of reproductive medicine over the last few decades, implantation failure still occurs in both normal pregnancies and those created artificially by assisted reproductive technology (ART). Consequently, there is significant interest in elucidating the etiology of implantation failure. The complex multistep process of implantation begins when the developing embryo first makes contact with the plasma membrane of epithelial cells within the uterine environment. However, although this biological interaction marks the beginning of a fundamental developmental process, our knowledge of the intricate physiological and molecular processes involved remains sparse. In this synopsis, we aim to provide an overview of our current understanding of the morphological changes which occur to the plasma membrane of the uterine endothelium, and the molecular mechanisms that control communication between the early embryo and the endometrium during implantation. A multitude of molecular factors have been implicated in this complex process, including endometrial integrins, extracellular matrix molecules, adhesion molecules, growth factors, and ion channels. We also explore the development of <i>in vitro</i> models for embryo implantation to help researchers investigate mechanisms which may underlie implantation failure. Understanding the precise molecular pathways associated with implantation failure could help us to generate new prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers, and may identify novel therapeutic targets. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:19–32, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"108 1","pages":"19-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76496203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gestational surrogacy and the role of routine embryo screening: Current challenges and future directions for preimplantation genetic testing.","authors":"E. Scott Sills, Robert E. Anderson, M. Mccaffrey, Xiang Li, N. Arrach, S. H. Wood","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21112","url":null,"abstract":"Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) is a component of IVF entailing selection of an embryo for transfer on the basis of chromosomal normalcy. If PGS were integrated with single embryo transfer (SET) in a surrogacy setting, this approach could improve pregnancy rates, minimize miscarriage risk, and limit multiple gestations. Even without PGS, pregnancy rates for IVF surrogacy cases are generally satisfactory, especially when treatment utilizes embryos derived from young oocytes and transferred to a healthy surrogate. However, there could be a more general role for PGS in surrogacy, since background aneuploidy in embryos remains a major factor driving implantation failure and miscarriage for all infertility patients. At present, the proportion of IVF cases involving GS is limited, while the number of IVF patients requesting PGS appears to be increasing. In this report, the relevance of PGS for surrogacy in the rapidly changing field of assisted fertility medicine is discussed.","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"59 1","pages":"98-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79996823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Membrane mediated development of the vertebrate blood-gas-barrier.","authors":"A. Makanya","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21120","url":null,"abstract":"During embryonic lung development, establishment of the gas-exchanging units is guided by epithelial tubes lined by columnar cells. Ultimately, a thin blood-gas barrier (BGB) is established and forms the interface for efficient gas exchange. This thin BGB is achieved through processes, which entail lowering of tight junctions, stretching, and thinning in mammals. In birds the processes are termed peremerecytosis, if they involve cell squeezing and constriction, or secarecytosis, if they entail cutting cells to size. In peremerecytosis, cells constrict at a point below the protruding apical part, resulting in fusion of the opposing membranes and discharge of the aposome, or the cell may be squeezed by the more endowed cognate neighbors. Secarecytosis may entail formation of double membranes below the aposome, subsequent unzipping and discharge of the aposome, or vesicles form below the aposome, fuse in a bilateral manner, and release the aposome. These processes occur within limited developmental windows, and are mediated through cell membranes that appear to be of intracellular in origin. In addition, basement membranes (BM) play pivotal roles in differentiation of the epithelial and endothelial layers of the BGB. Laminins found in the BM are particularly important in the signaling pathways that result in formation of squamous pneumocytes and pulmonary capillaries, the two major components of the BGB. Some information exists on the contribution by BM to BGB formation, but little is known regarding the molecules that drive peremerecytosis, or even the origins and composition of the double and vesicular membranes involved in secarecytosis.","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"15 1","pages":"85-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90151453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The microbiome and childhood diseases: Focus on brain-gut axis","authors":"Siobhain M. O’ Mahony,&nbsp;Roman M. Stilling,&nbsp;Timothy G. Dinan,&nbsp;John F. Cryan","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21118","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdrc.21118","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many childhood diseases such as autism spectrum disorders, allergic disease, and obesity are on the increase. Although environmental factors are thought to play a role in this increase. The mechanisms at play are unclear but increasing evidence points to an interaction with the gastrointestinal microbiota as being potentially important. Recently this community of bacteria and perturbation of its colonization in early life has been linked to a number of diseases. Many factors are capable of influencing this colonization and ultimately leading to an altered gut microbiota which is known to affect key systems within the body. The impact of the microbial composition of our gastrointestinal tract on systems outside the gut is also becoming apparent. Here we highlight the factors that are capable of impacting on microbiota colonization in early-life and the developing systems that are affected and finally how this may be involved in the manifestation of childhood diseases. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:296–313, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"105 4","pages":"296-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72386153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}