Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews最新文献

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The influence of the young microbiome on inflammatory diseases—Lessons from animal studies 年轻微生物群对炎症性疾病的影响——来自动物研究的教训
Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews Pub Date : 2015-12-13 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21116
Katja M. Bendtsen, Line Fisker, Axel K. Hansen, Camilla H.F. Hansen, Dennis S. Nielsen
{"title":"The influence of the young microbiome on inflammatory diseases—Lessons from animal studies","authors":"Katja M. Bendtsen,&nbsp;Line Fisker,&nbsp;Axel K. Hansen,&nbsp;Camilla H.F. Hansen,&nbsp;Dennis S. Nielsen","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chronic inflammatory diseases are on the rise in the Westernized world. This rise has been correlated to a range of environmental factors, such as birth mode, rural versus urban living conditions, and use of antibiotics. Such environmental factors also influence early life gut microbiota (GM) colonization and maturation—and there is growing evidence that the negative effects of these factors on human health are mediated via GM alterations. Colonization of the gut initiates priming of the immune system from birth, driving tolerance towards non-harmful microorganisms and dietary antigens and proper reactions towards invading pathogens. This early colonization is crucial for the establishment of a healthy GM, and throughout life the balanced interaction of GM and immune system is a key element in maintaining health. An immune system out of balance increases the risk for later life inflammatory diseases. Animal models are indispensable in the studies of GM influence on disease mechanisms and progression, and focus points include studies of GM modification during pregnancy and perinatal life. Here, we present an overview of animal studies which have contributed to our understanding of GM functions in early life and how alterations affect risk and expression of certain inflammatory diseases with juvenile onset, including interventions, such as birth mode, antibiotics, and probiotics. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:278–295, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"105 4","pages":"278-295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91830598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
Development of the infant intestinal microbiome: A bird's eye view of a complex process 婴儿肠道微生物群的发育:一个复杂过程的鸟瞰图
Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews Pub Date : 2015-12-11 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21114
Sharon B. Meropol, Amy Edwards
{"title":"Development of the infant intestinal microbiome: A bird's eye view of a complex process","authors":"Sharon B. Meropol,&nbsp;Amy Edwards","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Infants undergo profound shifts in colonizing intestinal microorganisms during their first year, especially during and after birth and during weaning. Microbiota are passed to infants through the placenta, during the vaginal birth process, and from early diet and other environmental exposures. These microbiota play an active role in the development of healthy infant metabolic and immunologic systems; profound shifts in microbiotal populations can be persistent, are associated with immediate alterations in gene expression, metabolic, immunologic, and neurologic function, and with downstream metabolic and immunologic consequences such as obesity, allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases, and potentially neurologic conditions. Many modern exposures, including Cesarean section, formula feeding, and antibiotics, have been associated with microbiome shifts, and also with downstream diseases; while many published studies considered exposures individually, a more comprehensive understanding of their interaction and impact will consider the entirety of the infant's environment. It is not possible, nor desirable, to return to a world without toilets, sewers, tap water, delivery room antisepsis, Cesarean sections, antibiotics, immunizations, and refrigerators; our other alternative is to better understand these complex changes in infant developmental and molecular physiology. Protecting and repairing the developmental processes of the healthy infant microbiome is the modern medical frontier. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:228–239, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"105 4","pages":"228-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91825220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 37
Microbial programming of health and disease starts during fetal life 微生物对健康和疾病的规划始于胎儿时期
Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews Pub Date : 2015-12-10 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21117
Petya T. Koleva, Ji-Sun Kim, James A. Scott, Anita L. Kozyrskyj
{"title":"Microbial programming of health and disease starts during fetal life","authors":"Petya T. Koleva,&nbsp;Ji-Sun Kim,&nbsp;James A. Scott,&nbsp;Anita L. Kozyrskyj","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21117","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The pioneer microbiota of the neonatal gut are essential for gut maturation, and metabolic and immunologic programming. Recent research has shown that early bacterial colonization may impact the occurrence of disease later in life (microbial programming). Despite early conflicting evidence, it has long been considered that the womb is a sterile environment and human microbial colonization begins at birth. In the last few years, several findings have reiterated the presence of microbes in infant first stool (meconium) and pointed to the existence of in utero microbial colonization of the infant gut. The dominant bacterial taxa detected in meconium specimens belong to the <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> family (<i>Escherichia</i> genus) and lactic acid bacteria (notably members of the genera <i>Leuconostoc</i>, <i>Enterococcus</i>, and <i>Lactococcus</i>). Maternal atopy promotes dominance of <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in newborn meconium, which in turn may lead to respiratory problems in the infant. This microbial interaction with the host immune system may in fact, originate during fetal life. Our review evaluates the evidence for an intrauterine origin of meconium microbiota, their composition and influences, and potential clinical implications on infant health. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:265–277, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"105 4","pages":"265-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91821655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 102
The very low birth weight infant microbiome and childhood health 极低出生体重婴儿微生物群与儿童健康
Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews Pub Date : 2015-12-10 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21115
Maureen W. Groer, Katherine E. Gregory, Adetola Louis-Jacques, Shelley Thibeau, W. Allan Walker
{"title":"The very low birth weight infant microbiome and childhood health","authors":"Maureen W. Groer,&nbsp;Katherine E. Gregory,&nbsp;Adetola Louis-Jacques,&nbsp;Shelley Thibeau,&nbsp;W. Allan Walker","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21115","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review describes current understandings about the nature of the very low birth weight infant (VLBW) gut microbiome. VLBW infants often experience disruptive pregnancies and births, and prenatal factors can influence the maturity of the gut and immune system, and disturb microbial balance and succession. Many VLBWs experience rapid vaginal or Caesarean births. After birth these infants often have delays in enteral feeding, and many receive little or no mother's own milk. Furthermore the stressors of neonatal life in the hospital environment, common use of antibiotics, invasive procedures and maternal separation can contribute to dysbiosis. These infants experience gastrointestinal dysfunction, sepsis, transfusions, necrotizing enterocolitis, oxygen toxicity, and other pathophysiological consditions that affect the normal microbiota. The skin is susceptible to dysbiosis, due to its fragility and contact with NICU organisms. Dysbiosis in early life may resolve but little is known about the timing of the development of the signature gut microbiome in VLBWs. Dysbiosis has been associated with a number of physical and behavioral problems, including autism spectrum disorders, allergy and asthma, gastrointestinal disease, obesity, depression, and anxiety. Dysbiosis may be prevented or ameliorated in part by prenatal care, breast milk feeding, skin to skin contact, use of antibiotics only when necessary, and vigilance during infancy and early childhood. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:252–264, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"105 4","pages":"252-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91821654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 81
The influence of the young microbiome on inflammatory diseases--Lessons from animal studies. 年轻微生物群对炎症性疾病的影响——来自动物研究的经验教训。
Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21116
K. M. Bendtsen, Line Fisker, A. K. Hansen, C. H. Hansen, D. Nielsen
{"title":"The influence of the young microbiome on inflammatory diseases--Lessons from animal studies.","authors":"K. M. Bendtsen, Line Fisker, A. K. Hansen, C. H. Hansen, D. Nielsen","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21116","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic inflammatory diseases are on the rise in the Westernized world. This rise has been correlated to a range of environmental factors, such as birth mode, rural versus urban living conditions, and use of antibiotics. Such environmental factors also influence early life gut microbiota (GM) colonization and maturation--and there is growing evidence that the negative effects of these factors on human health are mediated via GM alterations. Colonization of the gut initiates priming of the immune system from birth, driving tolerance towards non-harmful microorganisms and dietary antigens and proper reactions towards invading pathogens. This early colonization is crucial for the establishment of a healthy GM, and throughout life the balanced interaction of GM and immune system is a key element in maintaining health. An immune system out of balance increases the risk for later life inflammatory diseases. Animal models are indispensable in the studies of GM influence on disease mechanisms and progression, and focus points include studies of GM modification during pregnancy and perinatal life. Here, we present an overview of animal studies which have contributed to our understanding of GM functions in early life and how alterations affect risk and expression of certain inflammatory diseases with juvenile onset, including interventions, such as birth mode, antibiotics, and probiotics.","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"53 1","pages":"278-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84026737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 27
Microbial programming of health and disease starts during fetal life. 微生物对健康和疾病的规划始于胎儿时期。
Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21117
P. Koleva, Ji-sun Kim, J. Scott, A. Kozyrskyj
{"title":"Microbial programming of health and disease starts during fetal life.","authors":"P. Koleva, Ji-sun Kim, J. Scott, A. Kozyrskyj","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21117","url":null,"abstract":"The pioneer microbiota of the neonatal gut are essential for gut maturation, and metabolic and immunologic programming. Recent research has shown that early bacterial colonization may impact the occurrence of disease later in life (microbial programming). Despite early conflicting evidence, it has long been considered that the womb is a sterile environment and human microbial colonization begins at birth. In the last few years, several findings have reiterated the presence of microbes in infant first stool (meconium) and pointed to the existence of in utero microbial colonization of the infant gut. The dominant bacterial taxa detected in meconium specimens belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family (Escherichia genus) and lactic acid bacteria (notably members of the genera Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus). Maternal atopy promotes dominance of Enterobacteriaceae in newborn meconium, which in turn may lead to respiratory problems in the infant. This microbial interaction with the host immune system may in fact, originate during fetal life. Our review evaluates the evidence for an intrauterine origin of meconium microbiota, their composition and influences, and potential clinical implications on infant health.","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"125 1","pages":"265-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75021977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 106
The very low birth weight infant microbiome and childhood health. 极低出生体重婴儿微生物群与儿童健康。
Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21115
M. Groer, K. Gregory, A. Louis-Jacques, S. Thibeau, W. Walker
{"title":"The very low birth weight infant microbiome and childhood health.","authors":"M. Groer, K. Gregory, A. Louis-Jacques, S. Thibeau, W. Walker","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21115","url":null,"abstract":"This review describes current understandings about the nature of the very low birth weight infant (VLBW) gut microbiome. VLBW infants often experience disruptive pregnancies and births, and prenatal factors can influence the maturity of the gut and immune system, and disturb microbial balance and succession. Many VLBWs experience rapid vaginal or Caesarean births. After birth these infants often have delays in enteral feeding, and many receive little or no mother's own milk. Furthermore the stressors of neonatal life in the hospital environment, common use of antibiotics, invasive procedures and maternal separation can contribute to dysbiosis. These infants experience gastrointestinal dysfunction, sepsis, transfusions, necrotizing enterocolitis, oxygen toxicity, and other pathophysiological conditions that affect the normal microbiota. The skin is susceptible to dysbiosis, due to its fragility and contact with NICU organisms. Dysbiosis in early life may resolve but little is known about the timing of the development of the signature gut microbiome in VLBWs. Dysbiosis has been associated with a number of physical and behavioral problems, including autism spectrum disorders, allergy and asthma, gastrointestinal disease, obesity, depression, and anxiety. Dysbiosis may be prevented or ameliorated in part by prenatal care, breast milk feeding, skin to skin contact, use of antibiotics only when necessary, and vigilance during infancy and early childhood.","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"17 1","pages":"252-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74959427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 81
On the origin of species: Factors shaping the establishment of infant's gut microbiota. 物种起源:影响婴儿肠道菌群形成的因素。
Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21113
N. van Best, M. Hornef, P. Savelkoul, J. Penders
{"title":"On the origin of species: Factors shaping the establishment of infant's gut microbiota.","authors":"N. van Best, M. Hornef, P. Savelkoul, J. Penders","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21113","url":null,"abstract":"The human gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem, which naturally lives in a symbiotic relationship with the host. Perturbations of the microbial composition (dysbiosis) and reduced diversity may promote disease susceptibility and recurrence. In contrast to the mature intestinal microbiota of healthy adults, which appears relatively stable over time, the infant's microbiome only establishes and matures during the first years of life. In this respect, early childhood seems to represent a crucial age-window in disease prevention, since microbial diversification and maturation of the microbiome primarily occurs during this period of life. A better understanding of ecological processes and pioneer consortia in microbial development is crucial, in order to support the development of a beneficial microbiota. Various deterministic and stochastic aspects seem to shape the microbiome in early life, including maternal, environmental, and host factors. Here, we review the current understanding of the origin of pioneer bacteria and the evolutionary factors that influence the development of the gut microbiota in infants. In addition, future perspectives, including manipulating and promoting the succession of initial bacteria during infancy, will be highlighted.","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"73 1","pages":"240-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80555856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 78
On the origin of species: Factors shaping the establishment of infant's gut microbiota 物种起源:影响婴儿肠道菌群形成的因素
Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews Pub Date : 2015-11-26 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21113
Niels van Best, Mathias W. Hornef, Paul H. M. Savelkoul, John Penders
{"title":"On the origin of species: Factors shaping the establishment of infant's gut microbiota","authors":"Niels van Best,&nbsp;Mathias W. Hornef,&nbsp;Paul H. M. Savelkoul,&nbsp;John Penders","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The human gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem, which naturally lives in a symbiotic relationship with the host. Perturbations of the microbial composition (dysbiosis) and reduced diversity may promote disease susceptibility and recurrence. In contrast to the mature intestinal microbiota of healthy adults, which appears relatively stable over time, the infant's microbiome only establishes and matures during the first years of life. In this respect, early childhood seems to represent a crucial age-window in disease prevention, since microbial diversification and maturation of the microbiome primarily occurs during this period of life. A better understanding of ecological processes and pioneer consortia in microbial development is crucial, in order to support the development of a beneficial microbiota. Various deterministic and stochastic aspects seem to shape the microbiome in early life, including maternal, environmental, and host factors. Here, we review the current understanding of the origin of pioneer bacteria and the evolutionary factors that influence the development of the gut microbiota in infants. In addition, future perspectives, including manipulating and promoting the succession of initial bacteria during infancy, will be highlighted. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:240–251, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"105 4","pages":"240-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91940743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 72
Gestational surrogacy and the role of routine embryo screening: Current challenges and future directions for preimplantation genetic testing 妊娠代孕和常规胚胎筛查的作用:胚胎植入前基因检测的当前挑战和未来方向
Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews Pub Date : 2015-11-23 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21112
E. Scott Sills, Robert E. Anderson, Mary McCaffrey, Xiang Li, Nabil Arrach, Samuel H. Wood
{"title":"Gestational surrogacy and the role of routine embryo screening: Current challenges and future directions for preimplantation genetic testing","authors":"E. Scott Sills,&nbsp;Robert E. Anderson,&nbsp;Mary McCaffrey,&nbsp;Xiang Li,&nbsp;Nabil Arrach,&nbsp;Samuel H. Wood","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21112","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) is a component of IVF entailing selection of an embryo for transfer on the basis of chromosomal normalcy. If PGS were integrated with single embryo transfer (SET) in a surrogacy setting, this approach could improve pregnancy rates, minimize miscarriage risk, and limit multiple gestations. Even without PGS, pregnancy rates for IVF surrogacy cases are generally satisfactory, especially when treatment utilizes embryos derived from young oocytes and transferred to a healthy surrogate. However, there could be a more general role for PGS in surrogacy, since background aneuploidy in embryos remains a major factor driving implantation failure and miscarriage for all infertility patients. At present, the proportion of IVF cases involving GS is limited, while the number of IVF patients requesting PGS appears to be increasing. In this report, the relevance of PGS for surrogacy in the rapidly changing field of assisted fertility medicine is discussed. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:98–102, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"108 1","pages":"98-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91864502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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