Bulletin of the History of Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Stethoscope: The Making of a Medical Icon by Anna Harris and Tom Rice (review)","authors":"Shelley McKellar","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915276","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Stethoscope: The Making of a Medical Icon</em> by Anna Harris and Tom Rice <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Shelley McKellar </li> </ul> Anna Harris and Tom Rice. <em>Stethoscope: The Making of a Medical Icon</em>. London: Reaktion Books, 2022. 224 pp. Ill. $27.50 ( 978-1-7891-4633-2). <p>The stethoscope is a familiar and \"deceptively simple\" medical instrument that the authors of this book complicate by exploring the multiple ways it has been \"used and thought about\" in its more than 200-year history (pp. 10–11). To great effect, anthropologists Anna Harris and Tom Rice conduct observer-participant field work to study the use and meaning of the stethoscope, also drawing from history, science, and sound studies for their analysis. It is worth noting that Harris, who is an Australian-trained physician, and Rice, who logged clinical hours training with medical students, bridge medical and social science worlds in their examination of the stethoscope. Harris and Rice describe the profession's use and adoption of the stethoscope as well as their personal experiences of their encounters with the stethoscope as patients. The latter stories highlight the emotional aspects arising out of the \"auditory gaze\" (p. 15).</p> <p>The first three chapters explore the invention, reception, and use of the stethoscope in the medical world. Historians of medicine will already know much of this narrative as Harris and Rice describe Rene Laennec's paper cylinder, the practice of mediate auscultation, instrument modifications, a \"golden age of stethoscopy\" in the nineteenth century, and the embodiment of medical expertise via the stethoscope during the rise of physical diagnosis (p. 7). These chapters draw heavily from the strong scholarship of Jacalyn Duffin, Projit Bihari Mukharji, Roy Porter, Stanley Joel Reiser, and Malcolm Nicolson.<sup>1</sup></p> <p>Chapters four and five muddy the waters of expertise with the involvement of non-medical users and the difficulties of learning auscultation to consolidate the placement of the stethoscope exclusively in the doctor's bag. By the early twentieth <strong>[End Page 520]</strong> century, according to Harris and Rice in chapter four, the stethoscope and its use had become routine, and it now served as a symbol and icon for the physician. But how does its medical use by nurses and vets as well as its non-medical use by plumbers and bomb disposal experts reinforce or disrupt this? Check out the image of the mechanic using a stethoscope to listen to an engine (p. 93)! Harris and Rice offer interesting non-medical usage of the stethoscope but leave out the degree to which this activity was undertaken and its effect. Chapter five offers a stronger argument about the difficulties with learning how to use a stethoscope, to detect and distinguish body sounds, and to produce \"sonic alignment\" (p. 106). Arguably, the mastery of mediate auscultation both established as we","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomy of the Medical Image: Knowledge Production and Transfiguration from the Renaissance to Today ed. by Axel Fliethmann and Christiane Weller (review)","authors":"Jennifer Wallis","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915274","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Anatomy of the Medical Image: Knowledge Production and Transfiguration from the Renaissance to Today</em> ed. by Axel Fliethmann and Christiane Weller <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Jennifer Wallis </li> </ul> Axel Fliethmann and Christiane Weller, eds. <em>Anatomy of the Medical Image: Knowledge Production and Transfiguration from the Renaissance to Today</em>. Clio Medica vol. 104. Leiden: Brill, 2021. xvi + 311 pp. Ill. $153.00 ( 978-90-04-40675-9). <p><em>Anatomy of the Medical Image</em> is an edited collection seeking to explore \"the role images play in knowledge formation\" (p. 8). The editors note that \"even in medical knowledge formations there is not <em>one</em> body but <em>many</em>\" (p. 8), and the thirteen chapters that make up the volume consider, among other themes, \"the anatomical, pathological, gendered, imagined, and consumed body\" (p. 8).</p> <p>The volume is relatively broad in its geographical scope, a welcome approach, and thematically arranged into three parts. A variety of media are covered, from paintings (Rembrandt's <em>Anatomy Lesson</em>) to photographs (for example, those exchanged between Charles Darwin and psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne during the research for Darwin's 1872 <em>Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</em>). Other chapters cover physical culture and classical beauty ideals in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century Germany, nineteenth- and twentieth-century medical portraiture, German fin-de-siècle public health posters, microscopy in the Weimar Republic, psychiatric art collections, graphic medicine, and zombie TV drama. An especially interesting chapter is that by Axel Fliethmann on sixteenth-and seventeenth-century accounts of \"pathologies of imagination\" (p. 58). It is an intriguing chapter, and although it would have benefitted from a greater word count to properly explore the medical and epistemological frameworks of the period under discussion, it is an innovative exploration of images and the conceptualization of the \"visual\" in medicine.</p> <p>Some of the strongest chapters are those that focus on discrete networks of production, or individual artists and makers who have been relatively overlooked in the historiography to date. Elizabeth Stephens's chapter on obstetric models is a fascinating exploration of female wax modelers such as Anna Morandi, whose self-portrait in wax (ca. 1760)—depicting her in the process of dissecting a brain—was \"explicitly designed to reposition the female body in anatomical research and practice\" (p. 80). The striking and aesthetically pleasing waxes of male artists like Clemente Susini—whose reclining \"anatomical Venus\" models were adorned with jewelry, their hair carefully arranged on plush pillows—have, Stephens argues, eclipsed the more functional models used in anatomical teaching, such as the eighteenth-century birthing machine of Angélique de Coudray.</p> <p>Carolyn Lau's chapter is wor","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Africanizing Oncology: Creativity, Crisis, and Cancer in Uganda by Marissa A. Mika (review)","authors":"Melissa Graboyes, Marlee Odell","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915279","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Africanizing Oncology: Creativity, Crisis, and Cancer in Uganda</em> by Marissa A. Mika <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Melissa Graboyes and Marlee Odell </li> </ul> Marissa A. Mika. <em>Africanizing Oncology: Creativity, Crisis, and Cancer in Uganda</em>.New African Histories. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2021. xxiv + 260 pp. Ill. $80.00 ( 978-0-8214-2465-0). <p>In <em>Africanizing Oncology</em>, Marissa Mika provides an engaging and thought-provoking history of the Uganda Center Institute (UCI), a unit of the Mulago Hospital at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. The book is more than just a narrow institutional history or a medical history of a single disease, as she tells the story of how Uganda Africanized oncology. At the center of those efforts, and her story, are African experts, institute employees, and Ugandan patients. Throughout the book, Mika presents examples of Ugandans resourcefully providing care despite material constraints, political instability, and social challenges. She persuasively argues that oncology developed at the UCI through Ugandans adapting research, resources, infrastructures, and techniques to fit their unique (often challenging) circumstances. <em>Africanizing Oncology</em> is a creative, interdisciplinary work that serves as a model for how the history of medicine, science and technology studies (STS), and the history of science can be in productive conversation with African studies.</p> <p>The book is well researched and carefully put together. Mika draws on a combination of historical and anthropological sources and methods, including UCI archival sources, months of ethnographic fieldwork at the UCI, forty formal oral histories with prominent individuals in the history of cancer in Uganda, twenty interviews with patient caregivers, and interviews with international colleagues based at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. The book is organized into six chapters and a moving final epilogue. Chapters 1 through 4 offer a chronological history of cancer care and research in Uganda, starting with early colonial cancer research and the founding of the UCI in 1967. In these chapters readers see how physicians and researchers responded creatively during times of crisis. Mika describes how the UCI often operated under conditions of \"normal <strong>[End Page 525]</strong> emergency\" and had to continue care during times when \"drugs were missing, gloves were rarely in stock, and blood was only to be found in the veins of relatives willing to donate\" (pp. 101–2). Chapters 5 and 6 explore international partnerships and new investments by institutions such as the Fred Hutchinson Center.</p> <p>Mika's work responds to and builds on Julie Livingston's groundbreaking 2012 book, <em>Improvising Medicine: An African Oncology Ward in an Emerging Cancer Epidemic. Africanizing Oncology</em> contributes much-needed geographical context from the east","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics by Committee: A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State by Noortje Jacobs (review)","authors":"Simon N. Whitney","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915277","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Ethics by Committee: A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State</em> by Noortje Jacobs <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Simon N. Whitney </li> </ul> Noortje Jacobs. <em>Ethics by Committee: A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022. xiv + 290 pp. Ill. $35.00 ( 978-0-226-81932-7). <p>In the decades after World War II, advances in medical science presented developed countries with one conundrum after another. In <em>Ethics by Committee</em>, Noortje Jacobs provides a careful, thoughtful review of the evolution of Dutch medical ethics from its wobbly beginnings to the carefully structured system that was in place by the end of the century. Her book is a treat, not just for historians of the topic but for anyone who is interested in how societies grapple with evolving issues that will never admit of a final answer.</p> <p>In the postwar period, Dutch doctors, like doctors everywhere, were still accustomed to their medical judgments being considered beyond question. Early ethicists attacked this paternalism. At the same time, Dutch patients became increasingly mondig, which Jacobs defines as \"mouthy, assertive, mature\" (p. 83). The mondig patient wanted—with good reason—to play a part in their own medical decisions. The decisions themselves became more complex with new interventions, especially at the beginning of life, with artificial insemination and other reproductive technologies, and at the end, with families and patients alike questioning the value of life prolonged on a machine. Dutch cultural and political traditions strongly colored these debates over ethics in clinical medicine, and Jacobs reviews them with admirable clarity.</p> <p>The Dutch development of research oversight, in contrast, owed more to international trends. While specific Dutch personalities and traditions played a significant part, the American example was at least as important. It served as both a horror story, particularly in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, and a model, with the development in the United States of institutional review boards, which are generally known in the rest of the world as research ethics committees. Research funding also gave the U.S. model an outsized importance, for American largesse was restricted to institutions that had set up their own review committees along the American model (p. 151). The international flowering of oversight led, in time, to an equally universal degradation of review from an attempt to ensure ethical research into a bureaucracy with boxes to check and forms to complete. Dutch ethical ideals were not immune, and they, too, fell victim to this apparently inexorable decay. Jacobs notes that in 2001 Heleen Dupuis, famous doyenne of <strong>[End Page 522]</strong> the Dutch health ethics movement, cried out that Dutch ethics committees had turn","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138821637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Charity to Commerce: Bondholders, Women's Auxiliaries, and Community Health Care in Arizona","authors":"Anthony Pratcher II","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>This article contrasts women's auxiliaries as volunteers and fundraisers at a voluntary sanatorium and a community hospital in metropolitan Phoenix. Their experience highlights the rising importance of private investors in nonprofit health care. Nonprofit community hospitals depended on volunteer labor from women's auxiliaries to keep their doors open in the mid-twentieth-century United States. However, their position became subordinate to financial demands from bondholders—these (and other) financial influences eroded the social capital created by charitable labor. At Maryvale Hospital, one of the \"eight-percenter\" mortgage bond hospitals built across the Sun Belt during the early sixties, bondholders assumed much of the fundraising and advocacy activities reserved for women's auxiliaries. Once bondholders assumed the duties of women's auxiliaries, their profitability became the determinant for success in nonprofit health care. Their rise reflects a shift from the social capital associated with charitable volunteers to the bond markets necessary for modern metropolitan development.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138743668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gendered Hormonal Binaries and the Development of the Category of \"Hormone-Dependent Cancers,\" 1940-1980","authors":"Gina Surita","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>This article considers the establishment of the category of \"hormone-dependent cancers,\" identified around the middle of the twentieth century as cancers sustained by particular hormones. A comparison of hormonal treatments for prostate cancer and those for breast cancer reveals that the genesis of \"hormone-dependent cancer\" as a biomedical category relied upon assumptions that cast androgens and estrogens as opposing ends of a gendered hormonal binary of health and disease. In the 1930s, cancer researchers claimed \"female sex hormones\" (estrogens) exacerbated breast cancer and \"male sex hormones\" (androgens) prevented it. In the early 1940s, Dr. Charles Huggins applied the opposite logic to the treatment of human prostate cancer, which he determined to be \"hormone-dependent.\" As \"hormone dependency\" was also recognized in human breast cancer over the subsequent decades, estrogen claimed a prominent place in discussions of breast cancer's causation, diagnosis, and treatment. This close association between estrogen and breast cancer contributed to reinterpretations of both biomedical categories.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138821574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Books Received*","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915280","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; Books Received* &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Joseph N. Abraham. &lt;em&gt;Kings, Conquerors, Psychopaths: From Alexander to Hitler to the Corporation&lt;/em&gt;. Hidden Hills Press, 2020. xxiv + 308 pp. Ill. n.p. (978-0-578-68059-0). Poonam Bala and Russel Viljoen, eds. &lt;em&gt;Epidemic Encounters, Communities, and Practices in the Colonial World&lt;/em&gt;. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2023. x + 370 pp. Ill. $125.00 (978-1-7936-5122-8). Marie Baudoin. &lt;em&gt;The Art of Childbirth&lt;/em&gt;. Cathy McClive, ed. and trans. The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe: The Toronto Series, 98. New York: Iter Press, 2022. x + 244 pp. Ill. $54.95 (978-1-64959-078-7). Kathleen M. Brown. &lt;em&gt;Undoing Slavery: Bodies, Race, and Rights in the Age of Abolition&lt;/em&gt;. Early American Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2023. 448 pp. Ill. $39.95 (978-1-512823271). Katherine Fierlbeck and Gregory P. Marchildon. &lt;em&gt;The Boundaries of Medicare: Public Health Care Beyond the Canada Health Act&lt;/em&gt;. McGill-Queen's/Associated Medical Services Studies in the History of Medicine, Health, and Society. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2023. x + 196 pp. $34.95 (978-0-2280-1632-8). Lewis A. Grossman. &lt;em&gt;Choose Your Medicine: Freedom of Therapeutic Choice in America&lt;/em&gt;. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. x + 406 pp. Ill. $37.99 (978-0-19-061275-7). Gregory Hanlon. &lt;em&gt;Death Control in the West, 1500–1800: Sex Ratios at Baptism in Italy, France and England&lt;/em&gt;. London: Routledge, 2023. xx + 308 pp. Ill. $39.16 (978-1-03-226758-6). Lisa Haushofer. &lt;em&gt;Wonder Foods: The Science and Commerce of Nutrition&lt;/em&gt;. California Studies in Food and Culture. Oakland: University of California Press, 2023. xii + 178 pp. Ill. $29.95 (978-0-520-39039-3). Heidi Hausse. &lt;em&gt;The Malleable Body: Surgeons, Artisans, and Amputees in Early Modern Germany&lt;/em&gt;. Social Histories of Medicine. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2023. xiv + 274 pp. Ill. $65.00 (978-1-5261-6065-2). Klaus Hoeyer. &lt;em&gt;Data Paradoxes: The Politics of Intensified Data Sourcing in Contemporary Healthcare&lt;/em&gt;. Infrastructures Series. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2023. 314 pp Ill. $50.00 (978-0-262-54541-9). &lt;p&gt;*The &lt;em&gt;Bulletin&lt;/em&gt; reserves freedom of decision as to the publications to be included in this section. Items received, other than those reviewed, are ultimately incorporated into the collection of the Institute of the History of Medicine. &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 527]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Allan V. Horwitz. &lt;em&gt;Personality Disorders: A Short History of Narcissistic, Borderline, Antisocial, and Other Types&lt;/em&gt;. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2023. xii + 228 pp. $35.00 (978-1-4214-4610-3). Guian A. McKee. &lt;em&gt;Hospital City, Health Care Nation: Race, Capital, and the Costs of American Health Care&lt;/em&gt;. Politics and Culture in Modern America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2023. x + 382 pp. Ill. $45.00 (978-1-5128-2393-6). Kevin McQueeney. &lt;em&gt;A City Without ","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138743897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cigarettes and Soviets: Smoking in the USSR by Tricia Starks (review)","authors":"Alexei B. Kojevnikov","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915275","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt; &lt;span&gt;Reviewed by:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;!-- html_title --&gt; &lt;em&gt;Cigarettes and Soviets: Smoking in the USSR&lt;/em&gt; by Tricia Starks &lt;!-- /html_title --&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Alexei B. Kojevnikov &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Tricia Starks. &lt;em&gt;Cigarettes and Soviets: Smoking in the USSR&lt;/em&gt;. NIU Series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. Ithaca, N.Y..: Cornell University Press, 2022. xx + 302 pp. Ill. $44.95 ( 978-1-5017-6548-3). &lt;p&gt;The Soviet Union was one of the word's main producers and consumers of tobacco products, competing in this widespread habit and unhealthy business, although not quite reaching the levels achieved by the United States. As a basic social phenomenon, smoking did not know political and ideological boundaries, but was not independent from them either. Tricia Starks accumulated a very rich, diverse, and culturally revealing body of sources explaining how the different patterns of manufacturing, selling, and opposing the use of tobacco developed over the seven decades of Soviet history.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Tobacco came to Russia via Western Europe in the seventeenth century, defying initial bans on religious grounds. It was fully legalized by Peter the Great, and by 1900 the country was fully affected by the global epidemic of smoking, which spread wider during World War I. Soldiers and workers whose mass action made the revolution of 1917 filled the halls and streets with the smell of cheap tobacco, but Lenin personally hated smoking and tried to ban it during Bolshevik meetings. In 1920, Commissar of Public Health Nikolai Semashko launched the public propaganda campaign against smoking as damaging to health, but this internationally pathbreaking effort by the first socialist state competed against economic interests of other governmental agencies that wanted to restore tobacco production decimated by the war, provide jobs, and satisfy the demand of revolutionary masses. While health officials and doctors were inventing pioneering methods to encourage and assist cessation, the semicapitalist New Economic Policy economy designed artistically innovative commercials for the booming tobacco factories.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Stalinist industrialization prioritized increased mass production to meet the growing demand. Cessation efforts and sales commercials became less visible, with emphasis more on cultured consumption and quality improvement or the shift from cottage-industry-style cheap tobacco (&lt;em&gt;makhorka&lt;/em&gt;) toward industrially made &lt;em&gt;papirosen&lt;/em&gt; and cigarettes. While consumers were overwhelmingly male, females constituted the bulk of the labor force in the tobacco economy, which achieved &lt;strong&gt;[End Page 518]&lt;/strong&gt; great strides in approaching the \"equal pay for equal work\" goal and promoting women to responsible positions, such as director of the most prestigious Iava factory, Maria Ivanova. While the government message that nicotine was bad for health remained valid, especially for schoolkids, it was not very effective when the same government worshiped St","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patients, Disability, Syphilis, and History","authors":"Janet Golden","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>This paper explores the experiences of working-class patients treated for tertiary syphilis at the Neurology Dispensary of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and the Infirmary for Nervous Disease of the Philadelphia Orthopedic Hospital from 1878 to 1917. Using the twin lenses of medical history and disability history, it foregrounds the struggles of individuals whose physical condition cannot be reversed.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grammars of Progress and Pathology: A Recursive History of Africa, Cancer, and \"Diseases of Civilization\"","authors":"Thandeka Cochrane, David Reubi","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>The phrase \"disease of civilization\" and concomitant lexicons, such as \"pathologies of modernization,\" frequently surface across public and global health discourses. This is particularly the case within the framework of cancer research in Africa. In this article, the authors trace the emergence of these grammars of progress at the beginning of the twentieth century as a biomedical lens through which to analyze and frame cancer in Africa. Arguing with Ann Stoler for a recursive understanding of colonial and postcolonial history, the authors follow in detail the lexical shifts and recursions across the twentieth century, as these grammars move from diseases of civilization to development and modernization. In tracing these lexical shifts, they place them within the broader understandings of Africa and the African body as an other against which Euro-America frames itself.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}