Experimental Mechanics最新文献

{"title":"Efficient Localisation of Impact Load for Composite Structure Based on Response Similarity Search and Optimisation","authors":"B. Qiu,&nbsp;W. Li,&nbsp;C. Feng,&nbsp;X. Qu,&nbsp;H. Liu,&nbsp;X. Li","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01096-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01096-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Composite materials have been extensively used in various industry fields due to their distinguishing characteristics. However, low-velocity impact loads would undermine the mechanical properties of composite structures significantly.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>To improve the integrity and safety of composite structures, it is imperative to unearth the accurate locations of low-velocity impact loads efficiently.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this research, a novel approach hybridising response similarity search and optimisation strategy is developed. The innovation of the approach comes from the adoption of a “divide-and-conquer” strategy to alleviate extensive computations for time history reconstruction during the impact load localisation process so as to optimise computational efficiency and accuracy. In more detail, the approach is comprised of two localisation processes: (i) a coarse process to quickly identify several potential positions for an impact load via response similarity measurements based on time-domain and frequency-domain signals; (ii) a precise process to fine-tune the exact location of the impact load by minimising the nominal residual between the reconstructed and actual responses from the above potential positions.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Experiments are conducted on a carbon fibre composite sandwich panel to validate and demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the approach in terms of localisation efficiency and accuracy. It indicates that the approach achieves 100% accuracy in impact load localisation. It also shows that the approach only takes approximately 4.0 s to localise 20 impact load cases, which is only about one-eighth of the time taken by the traditional optimisation strategy approach to fulfil the same function.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The hybrid approach designed based on response similarity search and optimisation strategy can greatly improve localisation efficiency and localisation accuracy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 8","pages":"1311 - 1331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141549514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"X-Ray Digital Image Correlation: A Reliable Method for Deformation Measurement at 1000 °C","authors":"G. Niu,&nbsp;R. Zhu,&nbsp;Y. Li,&nbsp;Z. Qu,&nbsp;H. Lei,&nbsp;P. Wang,&nbsp;H. Yang","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01094-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01094-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Digital image correlation (DIC) is widely used as a noncontact optical deformation measurement method. However, optical DIC encounters difficulties when measuring displacement and strain at high temperatures, including false deformation caused by heat haze and image overexposure caused by intense thermal radiation. X-ray imaging is not affected by these factors, so the combination of X-ray imaging and the DIC algorithm (X-DIC) holds the potential for measuring deformation during high-temperature tests.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study investigated the ability of X-DIC to measure deformation in high-temperature experiments, expand the applicable temperature range of X-DIC, and provide a reliable method for obtaining deformation measurements in high-temperature experiments.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A combination of X-ray digital radiography (DR) images and the DIC algorithm was used to measure deformation. Numerical experiments based on synthetic images were used to evaluate the measurement accuracy of X-DIC, and the influence of different DIC parameters on the measurement error was discussed. Ductile iron and C/SiC composites were subjected to tensile tests at different temperatures from ambient temperature to 1000 °C, and different deformation measurement methods were used to simultaneously measure the deformation of the samples to verify the accuracy of the X-DIC results.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In the numerical experiments, the displacement measurement error of X-DIC is less than 0.02 px. The relative error between the X-DIC and blue-light DIC measurements of the tensile deformation of ductile iron at 500 °C is 0.65%. When the deformation of the C/SiC composite materials was measured at 1000 °C, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the strain data obtained by X-DIC and optical DIC was 1.12 × 10^–4.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These results prove that X-DIC has high measurement accuracy. Compared with optical DIC, X-DIC is insensitive to high-temperature environments and provides alternative experimental methods for high-temperature deformation measurements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 8","pages":"1263 - 1276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141521440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain Determination Using a Global Interpolation Concept Based on Coherence Scanning Interferometry Measurements","authors":"L. Müller-Lohse,&nbsp;S. Hartmann,&nbsp;A. Richter,&nbsp;C. Rembe","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01084-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01084-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The experimental detection of small and large strains requires special approaches of full-field measurement techniques and their evaluation on 3D curved surfaces of components.</p><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Since classical digital image correlation methods have difficulties with the application of paints in some applications, one aim is to use a method in which the surface roughness is used to apply the strain calculation.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this paper, 2D digital image correlation is applied to 2D intensity maps extracted from a coherence scanning interferometer together with height information. Height information are used to reconstruct the 3D motion of tracked material points. Surface interpolation and strain calculation are performed using globally formulated radial basis functions.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The entire procedure leads to an appropriate technique for determining the in-plane strains in curved surfaces of parts, whereas the expected accuracy for various levels of the radial basis functions are discussed in detail.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Particularly, coherence scanning interferometry yields highly accurate height information. To smooth the surface motion, it turns out that in particular a regression analysis is required, where we apply radial basis functions with various approximation levels. This is an alternative procedure for surface strain determination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 8","pages":"1277 - 1294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11340-024-01084-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141521441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil-Pressure Based Apparatus for In-Situ High-Energy Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Studies During Biaxial Deformation","authors":"R.R. Kamath,&nbsp;J. Thomas,&nbsp;A.C. Chuang,&nbsp;B. Barua,&nbsp;J.-S. Park,&nbsp;L. Xiong,&nbsp;T.R. Watkins,&nbsp;S.S. Babu,&nbsp;G. Cola,&nbsp;D. Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01092-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01092-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background </h3><p>Understanding biaxial loading response at the microstructural level is crucial in helping better design sheet manufacturing processes and calibrate/validate material deformation models.</p><h3>Objective </h3><p>The objective of this work was to develop a low-cost testing apparatus to probe, with sufficient spatial resolution, the micro-mechanical response of a sheet material <i>in-situ</i> under biaxial loading conditions.</p><h3>Methods </h3><p>The testing apparatus fabricated as a part of this study operates in a similar fashion to a standard bulge test and uses oil pressure to generate biaxial loading conditions. This biaxial testing apparatus was operated within a synchrotron beamline to characterize the mechanical response of a flash-processed steel sheet using <i>in-situ</i> high-energy X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The GSAS-II package was utilized to develop a workflow for the analysis of the large volume of diffraction data acquired. The workflow was then used to extract the peak position, width, and integrated intensity of the XRD peaks corresponding to the major body-centered cubic phase.</p><h3>Results </h3><p>The equi-biaxial nature of the loading in the measured area was independently corroborated using experimental (XRD) and simulation (finite element analysis) methods. Furthermore, we discuss the evolution of elastic strain in the major body-centered cubic phase as a function of applied oil pressure and location on the steel sheet.</p><h3>Conclusions </h3><p>A key advantage of the biaxial apparatus fabricated in this synchrotron study is demonstrated using the results obtained for the flash-processed steel sheet – i.e., mapping the lattice plane-dependent response to biaxial loading for a relatively large sample area in a spatially resolved manner.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 8","pages":"1295 - 1309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141521302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining Residual Stress Using Indentation and Surface Displacement Measurement","authors":"S. Vaidyanathan,&nbsp;G. S. Schajer","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01090-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01090-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Residual stresses exist in many manufactured materials and must be measured and taken into account for safe structural design. Established residual stress measurement methods are either destructive or require substantial material-dependent calibration.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>The present work is aimed at developing an indentation-based method for measuring residual stress that causes minimal specimen damage, does not require a stress-free reference specimen, and has the capability to identify both the size and direction of the surface residual stresses. In this initial study, the simpler case of equi-biaxial stresses is addressed in preparation for subsequent general stress evaluations.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The surface displacements around an indentation made by a conical indenter are measured using digital image correlation. The residual stresses are then identified by comparison to the results of a finite model of the indentation process.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The proposed method is shown to 2–5 times more sensitive to the presence of residual stresses than other commonly used indentation methods, particularly for materials with low Hollomon exponent <i>n</i>. In example measurements, axi-symmetric residual stresses were determined within 8% of the material yield stress.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The initial study presented here successfully considered the equal-biaxial stress case. The proposed method is attractive for future development because it gives directional information and therefore can be extended to the general non-equal-biaxial case.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 8","pages":"1249 - 1262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Stress Analysis for Functionally Graded Plates with Modulus Gradation, Part II","authors":"T. Baytak,&nbsp;M. Tosun,&nbsp;C. Ipek,&nbsp;C. Mollamahmutoglu,&nbsp;O. Bulut","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01091-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01091-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The gradation of thermal expansion coefficient was analyzed in the earlier study. The analytical formulation derived here, which is quite different, should be validated to understand the thermal stress distribution in a laminated composite and functionally graded material. Besides this solution, a validated numerical model can also be used to optimize the material gradation of plates in terms of sustainability.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>To validate the analytical formulation derived here, an experimental model is presented to understand the thermal stress concentration for functionally graded and laminated composite plates. A numerical model is also validated to extend to understand the effects of the number of layers, the thickness of a layer, the gradation function, the ratio of elastic moduli, and the coating.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The experimental problems in the production of the experimental models with layers of different elastic moduli are discussed here. In the experimental analysis, a three-dimensional photoelastic stress analysis of two- and four-layer composite plate was used to mechanically model the thermal expansion. The analytical solution for the thermal stress in a free plate was derived by the strain suppression method based on the principle of superposition. The numerical models were analyzed using finite element software. The step variation in the experiment was used as a reference point for a continuous or multi-layer (&gt; 2) step variation of material coefficients in the models.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The variation of stress concentration is shown for various cases of laminated and continuous gradations of elastic modulus. The four-layer experimental model provides the difference in thermal stress distribution as a result of a layered coating. The validated analytical and numerical models provide reasonable results. An empirical formula to optimize the material gradation in terms of elastic modulus is derived.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The experimental model can be used to analyze thermal stress in functionally graded materials. The gradations of the material in the plate or the coating of the plates can be optimized by the validated analytical and numerical models. The empirical formula can be used to determine the elastic modulus of the coating to minimize the stress concentration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 8","pages":"1229 - 1247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11340-024-01091-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"User-Independent, Accurate and Pixel-Wise DIC Measurements with a Task-Optimized Neural Network","authors":"B. Pan,&nbsp;Y. Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01088-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01088-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Being an image-based optical technique for full-field deformation measurements, the ultimate purpose of digital image correlation (DIC) is to realize accurate, precise and pixel-wise displacement/strain measurements in a full-automatic manner without users’ inputs.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>In this work, we propose a task-optimized neural network, called RAFT-DIC, to achieve user-independent, accurate and pixel-wise displacement field measurements.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>RAFT-DIC is based on the state-of-the-art optical flow architecture: Recurrent All-Pairs Field Transforms (RAFT). We make two targeted improvements that fundamentally enhanced its measurement accuracy and generalization performance. Firstly, we remove all the down-sampling operations in the encode module to improve the perception of spatial information, and reduce the number of pyramid levels of the correlation layer to increase the small displacement accuracy. By building the correlation layer to compute the similarity of pixel pairs, and iteratively updating the displacement field through a recurrent unit, RAFT-DIC introduces the prior information of DIC measurement to guide the displacement estimation with high accuracy. Secondly, we develop a novel dataset generation method to synthesize customized speckle patterns and diverse displacement fields, which facilitate the construction of a robust and adaptable dataset to improve the network generalization.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Both simulated and real experimental results demonstrate that the accuracy of the proposed method is approximately an order of magnitude higher than pervious deep learning-based DIC (DL-DIC).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The proposed RAFT-DIC shows higher accuracy as well as stronger practicality and cross-dataset generalization performance over existing DL-DIC methods, and is expected to be a new standard architecture for DL-DIC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 8","pages":"1199 - 1213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141521303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the Mechanical Properties of Single-Lap Rivet-Bonded Hybrid Joint Considering the Rivet Forming Process","authors":"X. Han,&nbsp;L. Z. Ren,&nbsp;X. Xu,&nbsp;L. Ying,&nbsp;C. W. Wu,&nbsp;W. B. Hou","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01093-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01093-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>This paper investigates the mechanical properties and failure behaviours of rivet-bonded hybrid joints composed of aluminium adherends and steel rivets under quasi-static tensile loading.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>The damage law of hybrid joints is studied to provide a reference for the design and manufacture of hybrid joints.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Tensile tests were conducted on aluminium and steel specimens at various triaxial stress levels. The corresponding finite element model (FEM) was developed to verify the Johnson–Cook damage parameters of the studied metals. The hybrid joint considering the rivet forming process was constructed through FE modelling using the Johnson–Cook failure criterion and Cohesive Zone Model (CZM), which was then validated with the experimental results.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Experimental results of the hybrid joint showed that a typical two-stage failure: 1) the adhesive layer bears the majority of the load during the initial loading stage, and 2) the adhesive layer completely fails after reaching the peak load and the rivet solely bears the load subsequently.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The riveting process did not cause damage to the adhesive layer, which ensured the reliability of the manufacturing techniques of the hybrid joint. And the yielding of rivets may buffer the immediate failure of hybrid joints.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 8","pages":"1215 - 1227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operando Characterizations of Lithium Penetration-Induced Fracture in Solid Electrolytes","authors":"M. Lu,&nbsp;S. Xia","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01085-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01085-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Lithium penetration-induced fracture within solid electrolytes (SEs) is a major issue hindering the commercialization of solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SS-LIBs). Such fracture has been frequently observed during electrochemical plating of lithium (Li)-metal anodes, but its mechanistic origin is still largely unclear.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>We present the first quantitative <i>operando</i> analysis of the fracture characteristics of a model SE material under battery-relevant electrochemical cycling conditions.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Full-field deformation during Li deposition-induced cracking of garnet-type LLZTO was measured using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The obtained displacement data were denoised via equilibrium smoothing, and then fitted to the linear elastic asymptotic crack-tip field to extract the electrochemical fracture toughness values under different current densities.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The physics-based equilibrium smoothing method demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing the accuracy of DIC measurements. The electrochemical fracture toughness obtained was substantially lower than the mechanical fracture toughness of the same material determined through indentation, attributed to combined effects of electrochemical embrittlement and a transition in fracture mode from intergranular to transgranular.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The discrepancy between the two types of fracture toughness suggests that electrochemical cycling could have a significant impact on the fracture mode and resistance of a solid electrolyte.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1161 - 1174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Speckle Edge Characteristics on DIC Calculation Error","authors":"H. Cui,&nbsp;Z. Zeng,&nbsp;H. Zhang,&nbsp;F. Yang","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01078-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01078-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>In DIC studies, positional parameters and speckle size are commonly used to characterise speckle images. The influence of edge parameters is ignored. This leads to a great difference between the DIC calculation results of simulated and real images. And some contradictory results are also produced.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of edge parameters. As well as to give more reasonable parameters to describe the speckle characteristics.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Firstly, this paper proposes a series of more reasonable parameters to describe the speckle features based on the mathematical expression of the speckle image. Subsequently, the effect of different edge functions on the computational error of DIC is investigated. The effect of different edge functions on pre-filtering is also investigated. Finally, real speckle images are produced using Gaussian and step functions to study the difference between the simulated and real speckle images.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Generally, it is believed that prefiltering can reduce the computational error of DIC, but for Gaussian edges, prefiltering hardly reduces the error, whereas hybrid edges correctly exhibit this phenomenon. Although the Gaussian edge perform well in the simulation, the actual speckle images taken show that the DIC error corresponding to the camera-acquired Gaussian speckle is much larger than that of the step speckle.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The introduction of edge parameters to describe speckle images is necessary for DIC studies. Pre-filtering always reduces the DIC error, but for Gaussian edges this property cannot be demonstrated. The most suitable edges in reality are step edges, not Gaussian edges.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1143 - 1160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141371571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}