Bulletin of Volcanology最新文献

{"title":"Dyke to sill deflection in the shallow heterogeneous crust during glacier retreat: part II","authors":"Kyriaki Drymoni, Alessandro Tibaldi, Fabio Luca Bonali, Federico Pasquarè Mariotto","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01732-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01732-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Changes from dyke to sill propagation in the shallow crust are often caused by dissimilar layer properties. However, most previous studies have not considered the influence of glacial loading and unloading on dyke and sill deflection processes. Here, we attempt to collectively explore mechanical (layer stiffness) and geometrical (dyke dip, layer thickness) realistic parameters subject to two different magma overpressure values (namely 5 MPa and 10 MPa) that promote dyke-sill transitions in both non-glacial and glacial settings. To do this, we use as a field example, the Stardalur laccolith: a multiple stacked-sill intrusion located in SW Iceland. The laccolith lies near the retreating Langjökull glacier and was emplaced at the contact between a stiff lava layer and a soft hyaloclastite layer. We initially model two different stratigraphic crustal segments (stratigraphy a and b) and perform sensitivity analyses to investigate the likely contact opening due to the Cook-Gordon debonding and delamination mechanism under different loading conditions: magma overpressure, regional horizontal extension, glacial vertical load and a thin elastic layer at the stratigraphic contact. Our results show that contact opening (delamination) occurs in both non-glacial and glacial settings when the dissimilar mechanical contact is weak (low shear and tensile stress, zero tensile strength). In non-glacial settings, stiff layers (e.g., lavas) concentrate more tensile stress than soft layers (e.g., hyaloclastites/breccia) but accommodate less total (<i>x–y</i>) displacement than the surrounding host rock (e.g., soft hyaloclastites) in the vicinity of a dyke tip. Yet, a thicker hyaloclastite layer in the stratigraphy, subject to higher magma overpressure (<i>P</i>_o = 10 MPa), may encourage dyke-sill transitions. Instead, in glacial domains, the stress conditions imposed by the variable vertical pressure of the ice cap result in higher tensile stress accumulation and displacement in stiff layers which they primarily control sill emplacement.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergency management and risk reduction measures during the Vulcano (Aeolian Islands) unrest 2021–2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01731-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01731-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Vulcano, one of the most touristic islands in the Aeolian archipelago (Sicily, Italy), has been the site of significant volcanic unrest started in 2021, which is still ongoing. Fortunately, the crisis peak occurred in winter, so the direct consequences on the population were moderate. However, the socio-psychological impact was relevant as people had recently emerged from the Covid pandemic.</p> <p>Since the most recent eruption occurred in 1888–1890, Vulcano has been characterized by fumarolic activity at the crater and diffuse degassing from the ground in the surrounding areas, contributing to a perception of low risk by the inhabitants. For this reason, it has been difficult for civil protection authorities at different territorial levels to implement risk mitigation measures on the island. The Italian Civil Protection Department together with the other administrations involved managed the volcanic unrest on the island through a series of actions that are described in this data report, facing complex challenges, such as the gas hazard management in populated areas, and experimenting with new methodologies that can be exported to similar contexts in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-existing ground cracks as lava flow pathways at Kīlauea in 2014","authors":"Tim R. Orr, Edward W. Llewellin, Kyle R. Anderson, Matthew R. Patrick","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01725-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01725-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2014, the Pāhoa lava flow at Kīlauea, on the Island of Hawaiʻi (USA), entered a string of pre-existing meter-width ground cracks in the volcano’s East Rift Zone. The ground cracks transported lava below the surface in a direction discordant to the slope of the landscape. The cracks, which were 100s of meters long and 10s to 100s of meters deep, also widened by up to several meters as they filled, probably in part at the expense of adjacent cracks, which likely closed. Widening of the cracks caused shallow crustal blocks on the volcano’s flank to shift—this deformation was captured by a nearby GPS station and a borehole tiltmeter. The GPS station moved away from the cracks in response, while the tiltmeter showed tilting toward the cracks, consistent with opening. Noting that the lava-filled cracks act as top-fed dikes, we adapt existing theory for the thermo-rheological evolution of dikes to analyze transport of lava captured by ground cracks and propose mechanisms for the exit of the lava back to the surface. This study shows that ground cracks as narrow as 50 cm wide can facilitate the transport of advancing lava flows and can carry lava in directions that differ from those expected based on surface topography, invalidating flow path projections based on the assumption of subaerial flow.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140315531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The temperatures recorded from January 2020 to February 2023 in the diffuse degassing zone of the active cone of La Fossa Caldera","authors":"Iole Serena Diliberto, Lorenzo Calderone, Paolo Cosenza, Andrea Mastrolia, Maria Grazia Di Figlia","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01730-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01730-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140301086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fast compilation of the VONA messages using a computer-assisted procedure","authors":"Pietro Bonfanti, Stefano Branca, Carmelo Cassisi, Mauro Coltelli, Michele Prestifilippo, Simona Scollo","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01728-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01728-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mt. Etna, in Italy, is one of the most active volcanoes in the world, producing several explosive events in recent years. Those eruptions form high eruption columns that often reach the top of the troposphere (and sometimes even the lower part of the stratosphere) and create several disruptions to air traffic, mainly to the Fontanarossa International Airport in Catania, which is about 20 NM (~ 37 km; NM = Nautical Miles) away from the summit craters and is located in the main wind direction. In Italy, the institution responsible for volcano monitoring is the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). In 2007, the INGV, Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE) in Catania was appointed as “State Volcano Observatory” (SVO) and, in 2014, sent the first Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation (VONA) message. Since that moment, several VONA messages have been sent, mainly due to the high frequency of Etna activity. In order to facilitate and speed in the generation and the dispatch of the VONA messages, a computer-assisted procedure has been designed and built to help the work done by the volcanologist on duty and by the two shift workers of the 24/7 Control Room of INGV-OE. Consequently, information on the explosive activity can be quickly provided to the Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) in Toulouse and national air traffic offices, reducing risks to aviation operations. In this work, we describe how the computer-assisted procedure works, addressing the main advantages and possible improvements. We retain that a similar approach could be easily applied to other volcano observatories worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140198761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tephra dispersal and composition reveal the explosive onset of a large basaltic fissure eruption: Timanfaya, Lanzarote, 1730–1736 CE","authors":"James K. Muller, Marc-Antoine Longpré","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01729-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01729-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Basaltic fissure eruptions are chiefly characterized by sizable emissions of lava flows and volcanic gases, posing significant hazards. However, such eruptions may be punctuated by explosive episodes, which are comparatively poorly understood but may have important volcanic hazard and environmental implications. The 1730–1736 CE Timanfaya eruption on Lanzarote, Canary Islands, is a large basaltic fissure eruption characterized by a marked temporal–compositional trend from early basanite to late tholeiite lavas, but little is known on its associated pyroclastic deposits and potential environmental repercussions. Here we report field and geochemical data from tephra deposits to reconstruct the temporal evolution of eruptive style and provide constraints on the impact of the Timanfaya eruption. Stratigraphic sections demonstrate the pulsatory nature of explosive activity during the eruption and the wide dispersal of the tephra blanket, for which a minimum bulk volume of ~0.44 km³ is derived. Isopleth data from a basal tephra layer tied to an early, particularly powerful eruption pulse suggest that eruption columns lofted to ≥8 km altitude. We find that nearly all distal tephras are characterized by low SiO₂ content and high incompatible trace element concentrations that only match the compositions of tephras sourced from vents active in the eruption’s initial phase. This implies that the most violent explosive activity, responsible for the emplacement of the tephra blanket, was restricted to the first few months of the eruption, after which eruptive style was dominated by lava effusion and mild cone-building Strombolian activity. We argue that explosive activity at Timanfaya was similar to that of the 1783–1784 CE Laki and 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruptions and highlight the explosive potential of mafic volcanism in the Canary Islands. Trace element proxies for volatile elements suggest that early basanitic magmas were particularly rich in CO₂, sulfur, and chlorine. We infer that the Timanfaya eruption released 65–388 Tg CO₂, 9–23 Tg S, and 2–9 Tg Cl to the atmosphere; however, ice core evidence indicates that little to no sulfur reached Greenland, consistent with tropospheric transport of gas emissions. Some climate proxy records show anomalies that may be related to Timanfaya, but the environmental impact of the eruption beyond Lanzarote remains unclear.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140152792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time mobile GNSS network data acquired during the 2021–2022 unrest at Vulcano island","authors":"Alessandro Bonforte, Gianpiero Aiesi, Francesco Calvagna, Salvatore Consoli, Lucia Pruiti, Alessio Rubonello, Benedetto Saraceno","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01711-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01711-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>At the end of the summer 2021, an increase in CO₂ emissions at Vulcano brought an increase in the alert level and, consequently, to the upgrade of the monitoring activities by increasing the number of instruments deployed and the rate of the surveys. One of the new devices installed was a geodetic GNSS mobile network for a real-time and high-frequency monitoring of ground deformation, to increase the detail with respect to the existing permanent network. The mobile stations were initially installed at the northern base of the La Fossa crater, where the highest values of soil degassing were recorded. Two stations were co-located with gravimeters, in order to compare and integrate the data. After this very first period of testing, the mobile GNSS array has been reconfigured, to investigate the mud pool area. Thus, four stations were installed around the degassing area, one of them being in the same site of the gravimeter. Data has been acquired at 1 Hz rate and is used for the weekly reporting to Civil Protection. It was the first experience of a light and quick-to-install geodetic real-time and high-rate GNSS mobile network in this area, and it was the occasion for testing its performance, as well as different approaches for the real-time kinematic (RTK) differential positioning in order to find the most suitable for the ongoing phenomena. Furthermore, direct data communication and archiving in the institutional database have been implemented for immediate querying from the control room tools. We report the experiences collected during the installation phase, site selection, RTK approaches, and ground motion and provide the daily raw data in RINEX format for any future precise postprocessing for the mid- to long-term analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140152808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tsunamis generated by pyroclastic flows: experimental insights into the effect of the bulk flow density","authors":"Alexis Bougouin, Raphaël Paris, Olivier Roche, Mathilde Siavelis, Andréa Pawlak Courdavault","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01704-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01704-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For a better assessment of hazards related to tsunamis triggered by pyroclastic flows entering water, it is crucial to know and quantify the contribution of the physical parameters involved in the generation of waves. For this purpose, we investigate experimentally the effect of pyroclastic flow density on tsunami generation by considering variably fluidized granular flows denser or less dense than water, referred to as heavy and light granular flows, respectively, by varying the particle density. Qualitative observations show that differences in bulk flow density mainly affect the propagation of granular flows underwater. In contrast, the bulk flow density has little effect on the amplitude of the leading and largest wave. In fact, the wave amplitude is initially similar to the local water depth along the inclined plane, and then reaches a maximum value that depends mainly on the other flow parameters (i.e., velocity, thickness, volume of flows). Far from the shoreline, we provide evidence of the bulk flow density effect on the wave amplitude, while other characteristics of the leading wave remain broadly unaffected in the range of parameters considered. Finally, a main difference on the tsunami generation between light and heavy granular flows is related to the energy distribution between the leading largest wave and the wave train, which is attributed to different modes of interaction of the two flow types with the water. For tsunami hazard assessment, our study suggests that the contribution of the bulk flow density on tsunami generation has a second-order effect compared to other flow parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140156757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun vent-proximal edifice in Iceland","authors":"S. S. Sutton, J. A. Richardson, P. L. Whelley, S. P. Scheidt, C. W. Hamilton","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01709-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01709-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The earliest stages of volcanic vent degradation are rarely measured, leaving a gap in the knowledge that informs landform degradation models of cinder cones and other monogenetic vent structures. We documented the initial degradation of a 500-m-long spatter rampart at the primary vent of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption in northern Iceland with high-resolution topographic change maps derived from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and photogrammetric surveys using an unoccupied aircraft system (UAS). Topographic differencing shows a total negative volume change of 42,637 m³, and a total positive volume change (basal deposition) of 10,304 m³ (primarily as deposition at the base of steeply sloping surfaces). Two distinct styles of volume changes were observed on the interior and exterior of the spatter rampart. Material on the interior of the vent was removed from oversteepened slopes by discrete rockfalls, while diffusive processes were qualitatively evident on the exterior slopes. We propose a novel conceptual landform evolution model for spatter ramparts that combines rockfall processes on the interior walls, diffusive gravitational sliding on the exterior slopes, and incorporates cooling contraction and compaction over the entire edifice to describe the observed modes of topographic change during the onset of degradation. Potential hazards at fresh spatter ramparts are rockfalls at high slope areas of the vent interior walls where contacts between spatter clasts are prone to weakening by fumarolic activity, weathering, and settling. To capture such hazards, our data suggest a cadence for monitoring changes yearly for the first few years post-eruption, and at longer intervals thereafter.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140152793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution, intensity, and timing of palagonitization in glaciovolcanic deposits, Cracked Mountain volcano, Canada","authors":"Sophia Leiter, James K. Russell, Michael J. Heap, Rene W. Barendregt, Sasha Wilson, Ben Edwards","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01724-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01724-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Cracked Mountain edifice is a basaltic subglacial volcano (i.e. tuya) situated in southwest British Columbia, Canada. The edifice is dominated by subaqueously deposited, massive to poorly stratified, variably palagonitized lapilli tuffs intruded by syn-eruptive dikes and lobes of peperitic pillow-lavas (15–20 vol.%); minor stacks of pillow-lava are found on the margins of the edifice. Here, we present mineralogical, textural, and physical property data for 134 sample cores from the palagonitized volcaniclastic deposits. Our sample suite includes three specific field environments defined by proximity to intrusive heat sources: (i) proximal (&lt; 1 m) deposits (ENV1), (ii) deposits within 1–5 m of intrusions (ENV2), and (iii) deposits far removed (&gt; 5 m) from discernible heat sources (ENV3). The dataset comprises mineralogy and measurements of density, porosity, permeability, P-wave velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, and paleomagnetism. Increased palagonitization is marked by increases in authigenic mineral abundance (smectite and analcime), density, strength, and P-wave velocity and concomitant decreases in porosity and permeability. Paleomagnetic data show a common pole direction recorded by all volcanic deposits indicating volcanism occurred within a single paleomagnetic moment (&lt; 200 years). Palagonitization of the volcaniclastic deposits is driven by heat supplied by syn-eruptive intrusions and is most intense in ENV1, where dikes raised temperatures (&gt; 150 °C) for a prolonged duration (&lt; 1 year), and weakest in ENV3 deposits reheated to lower temperatures (&lt; 150 °C). The timescale of palagonitization was short and coincident with the emplacement and cooling of syn-eruptive intrusions. The mapped intensity of palagonitization and thermal modelling are used to define a ‘palagonite window’ as a function of time and distance from heat sources (i.e. dikes).</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140099850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}