{"title":"Gold metallogeny in Iran, implications for gold exploration and conceptual modeling","authors":"F. Darabi-Golestan","doi":"10.1144/geochem2023-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2023-010","url":null,"abstract":"Significant progress in the classification, definition, and understanding of the main Au deposit types could significantly aid improvements in Au exploration. Because of the wide occurrence of Au in the central part of the Tethyan Eurasian Metallogenic Belt, Iranian structures composed of more than seventeen zones (arcs and blocks) are considered as having one of the largest Au reserves in the Middle East. Without attempts at understanding the tectono-magmatic evolution of Iran and the geodynamic settings of Au deposition, the establishment of a reliable predictive exploration model for Au-type deposits in Iran and other parts of the world will be unsuccessful. By considering, a total number of 33 Au deposits and prospects in Iran, a mineralization sequence is revealed from VMS, orogenic, Carlin-type, epithermal/ porphyry Cu-Au/ skarn, epithermal/ and IOCG, respectively. The trend of deposition gradually changes in the SW-NE axis to intrusion-related, epithermal, and porphyry Cu-Au deposits at UDMA and post-arc magmatism. Orogenic and volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits occur adjacent to the northeast Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt, at the SSZ. The Zagros Orogeny and associated post-collisional magmatism at Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA) host many porphyry, epithermal, and intrusion-related Au deposits, with a major magmatism peak in the Miocene. The finding of the manuscript reveals that orogenic and Carlin-type Au mineralization are linked genetically. After each associated subduction for paleo-tethys (286-215 Ma) and Neo-tethys (210-68 Ma) in Iran, VMS and orogenic Au-deposits are formed in the border of the subduction (±obduction) zone. The porphyry, intrusion-related, epithermal, and IOCG mineralization are emplaced in appropriate formations and structures during collision and post-collision processes.","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42048969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Hakim, D. Sunjaya, A. H. Hede, T. Indriati, T. Hidayat
{"title":"Critical raw materials associated with the lateritic bauxite and red mud in West Kalimantan, Indonesia","authors":"A. Hakim, D. Sunjaya, A. H. Hede, T. Indriati, T. Hidayat","doi":"10.1144/geochem2022-064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2022-064","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Western Indonesia Bauxite Province in Kalimantan forms a lateritic bauxite region with a complex history and poorly known sustainable metal contents within the bauxite residue. Bauxite residue produced using the Bayer process contains notable scandium. We present new geochemistry, mineralogical, and geological data from the lateritic bauxite and red mud from the active mine and deposit, which aims to investigate the behavior of critical elements during weathering. The geochemical analysis and translated isocon results have shown that the content of scandium in red mud is higher than the average concentration of crustal rocks and is concentrated in the ferrite layer and bauxite residue. A positive correlation between the existence of iron oxyhydroxide mineral in residual iron-rich layer and red muds with the rare earth elements (REE) and scandium concentrations may be interpreted as a scavenging effect of mobile REE. The weathering and leaching processes in bauxite allows the adsorption of the trivalent scandium cation (Sc\u0000 3+\u0000 ) on goethite and are followed by the ionic substitution with other trivalent cations in the crystal of hematite. The study illustrates the importance of understanding processes during weathering and laterization for geochemical processes and rare earth elements exploration in tropical areas.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Thematic collection:\u0000 This article is part of the Geochemical processes related to mined, milled, or natural metal deposits collection available at:\u0000 https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/geochemical-processes-related-to-mined-milled-or-natural-metal-deposits\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Supplementary material:\u0000 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6689139\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44405851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Soil gases in mineral exploration: A review and the potential for future developments","authors":"C. Plet, R. Noble","doi":"10.1144/geochem2023-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2023-008","url":null,"abstract":"To meet the increasing demand for metals to assist in a successful and rapid energy transition, it is crucial to discover more first-class mineral deposits. With most of the world's major deposits occurring near surface, improved methods for detection at deeper levels are required.\u0000 This paper summarizes the soil gas studies that have been published in English discussing the use of soil gas as a sample medium for mineral exploration. The potential and the reliability of various methods and gas species (O2/CO2, sulphur gases, polymetallic studies, gaseous hydrocarbons, radiogenic daughters (He, Rn), hydrogen and other gases) are reviewed and the challenges for the broad-scale adoption of soil gas measurement as an exploration tool are discussed.\u0000 Soil gas composition has promising potential for mineral exploration, but much remains to be understood about the origins and processes affecting soil gas composition. There has been a great deal of variation among the studies in sampling and analytical techniques, targeted gas(es), targeted commodities and mineralization type, climatic conditions and environmental settings.\u0000 Improvement is needed in technical consistency, systematic monitoring of the environmental factors shortly before and after sampling, and the impact of microbes on the composition of the gases. In addition, further study is needed into the impact of climate, the cover composition and structure as well as the biological impact of microbes and plant roots before soil gas composition is a reliable exploration method.\u0000 \u0000 Supplementary material:\u0000 https://doi.org/10.25919/5eww-8f16\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Thematic collection:\u0000 This article is part of the Reviews in Exploration Geochemistry collection available at:\u0000 https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/reviews-in-exploration-geochemistry\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48330683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Conrey, D. G. Bailey, J. Singer, L. Wagoner, B. Parfitt, J. Hay, O. Keh, Z. Chang, S. Huang
{"title":"Combined use of multiple external and internal standards in LA-ICP-MS analysis of bulk geological samples using lithium borate fused glass","authors":"R. Conrey, D. G. Bailey, J. Singer, L. Wagoner, B. Parfitt, J. Hay, O. Keh, Z. Chang, S. Huang","doi":"10.1144/geochem2023-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2023-001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We describe a method for LA-ICP-MS elemental analysis of geological materials using low-dilution Li-borate fused glass WDXRF pellets, with samples, drift monitor, and 18 reference materials (RMs) identically prepared. After analysis for 46 elements by WDXRF, LA-ICP-MS intensities from samples and RMs are collected, and background corrected with\u0000 Iolite\u0000 software.\u0000 HALite\u0000 , a new software application, was developed to derive the elemental compositions from the LA-ICP-MS net signals. In\u0000 HALite\u0000 , elements are drift corrected using polynomial functions, and flux-fused RM element sensitivities are calculated from known mass fractions. Multiple internal standard (IS) elements are used to model each sample's laser response. Analyte mass fractions in unknowns are determined using the calibrated sensitivity correlation models for multiple IS elements. Either the WDXRF mass fractions or the initial round of calculated LA-ICP-MS mass fractions are used to calculate weighted mean sensitivities. Validation experiments with flux-fused RMs run as unknowns yield results with less than 5-10% total relative uncertainty for most analytes. We derive equations which allow calculation of the precision and total uncertainty as a function of mass fraction for each analyte element.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Supplementary materials:\u0000 Table 1 - RMs used; Table 2 - Operating parameters; Table 3 - Model vs. accepted mass fractions; Table 4 - NIST 610 vs. multiple IS models; Table 5 - Fitting parameters; Appendix 1 - HALite description; Appendix A - Summary calibration graphs; Appendix B - Validation results; Appendix C - WDXRF comparisons; Appendix D - Repeatability uncertainties; Appendix E - RM uncertainties; Appendix F - Total uncertainties for this article are available at\u0000 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6639885\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49646711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accumulation and health risk of major and trace elements in a soil-medicinal plant system: A case study of Chinese herbaceous peony (\u0000 Paeonia Lactiflora\u0000 Pall.) grown in Bozhou, China","authors":"Jie Wang, Xin Zhang, Yunfei Hu","doi":"10.1144/geochem2023-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2023-006","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the inter relationship of metal elements in soil-medicinal plant systems, 51 pairs of soil and Chinese herbaceous peony samples were collected from Bozhou City, China. Our results revealed that the major and trace elements in soils and Chinese herbaceous peony samples were in a similar descent order as: Al > Fe > Mn > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cd for soil samples, and Al > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > As > Cd for peony samples. The pollution indices of Enrichment factor (EF) and Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) both indicated that Cr was the priority pollutant in soils and the other elements (Mn, As, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn) were slightly elevated. In general, the pollution load index (PLI) indicated that the studied soils were slightly contaminated by the nine elements. Furthermore, there existed significant relationship between Cr content in peony samples and Cr content in soils and soil pH (P < 0.01), indicating that the main source of Cr in Chinese herbaceous peony was probably from soils. Additionally, Cr content in peony samples displayed the highest hazard quotient (HQ) value, followed by As, Cu, Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, and Pb. Although the hazard quotient (HQ) for all elements and hazard index (HI) were lower than 1, which indicated no adverse health effects for adults, it was necessary to strengthen the control of soil Cr content in the process of peony planting.\u0000 \u0000 Thematic collection:\u0000 This article is part of the Geochemical processes related to mined, milled, or natural metal deposits collection available at:\u0000 https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/geochemical-processes-related-to-mined-milled-or-natural-metal-deposits\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48618751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}