Geoscience Canada最新文献

{"title":"The Canadian Federation of Earth Sciences Scientific Statement on Climate Change – Its Impacts in Canada, and the Critical Role of Earth Scientists in Mitigation and Adaptation","authors":"C. Burn, M. Cooper, S. Morison, Toon G. Pronk, J. Calder","doi":"10.12789/geocanj.2021.48.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2021.48.173","url":null,"abstract":"The Canadian Federation of Earth Sciences (CFES) has issued this statement to summarize the science, effects, and implications of climate change. We highlight the role of Earth scientists in documenting and mitigating climate change, and in managing and adapting to its consequences in Canada. CFES is the coordinated voice of Canada’s Earth Sciences community with 14 member organizations representing some 15,000 geoscientists. Our members are drawn from academia, industry, education, and government. The mission of CFES is to ensure decision makers and the public understand the contributions of Earth Science to Canadian society and the economy.  Climate change has become a national and global priority for all levels of government. The geological record shows us that the global climate has changed throughout Earth’s history, but the current rates of change are almost unprecedented. Over the last 70 years, levels of common greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere have steadily increased. Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is now 418 parts per million — its highest of the last three million years. The chemical (isotopic) composition of carbon in the atmosphere indicates the increase in GHGs is due to burning fossil fuels. GHGs absorb energy emitted from Earth’s surface and re-radiate it back, warming the lower levels of the atmosphere. Climatic adjustments that have recently occurred are, in practical terms, irreversible, but further change can be mitigated by lowering emissions of GHGs.  Climate change is amplified by three important Earth system processes and effects. First, as the climate warms evaporation increases, raising atmospheric concentrations of water vapour, itself a GHG — and adding to warming. Second, loss of ice cover from the polar ice sheets and glaciers exposes larger areas of land and open water — leading to greater absorption of heat from the sun. Third, thawing of near-surface permafrost releases additional GHGs (primarily CO2 and methane) during decay of organic matter previously preserved frozen in the ground. Some impacts of climate change are incremental and steadily occurring, such as melting of glaciers and ice sheets, with consequent sea level rise. Others are intermittent, such as extreme weather events, like hurricanes — but are becoming more frequent. Summer water shortages are increasingly common in western Canada as mountain snowpacks melt earlier and summer river flows decline. In northern Canada, warming and thawing of near-surface permafrost has led to deterioration of infrastructure and increased costs for buildings that now require chilled foundations. Other consequences of unchecked climate change include increased coastal erosion, increases in the number and size of wildfires, and reduction in winter road access to isolated northern communities. Reductions in net GHG emissions are urgently required to mitigate the many effects of further climate change. Industrial and public works development projects must now","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48954335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Geology Models 5. Specialty, Critical, Battery, Magnet and Photovoltaic Materials: Market Facts, Projections and Implications for Exploration and Development","authors":"L. Simandl, G. Simandl, S. Paradis","doi":"10.12789/geocanj.2021.48.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2021.48.174","url":null,"abstract":"Many exploration companies are now focusing on specialty materials that are associated with so-called ‘green technology’. These include ‘battery materials’, ‘magnet materials’ and ‘photovoltaic materials’, and many such commodities are also broadly labelled as ‘critical materials’ because they are seen as vital for industrial development, societal needs or national security. The definitions used for such materials are not always consistent among jurisdictions or across industry, and this paper attempts to clarify the criteria and address some common misconceptions. The distinction between major minerals (e.g. base metals) and ‘specialty materials’ (i.e. those mined or produced in much smaller amounts) is particularly important.   The markets for many specialty materials are growing faster than those for traditional ferrous, precious and base metals and they are often portrayed as excellent long-term investment opportunities. However, the small market bases for specialty materials and considerable uncertainty around growth projections (especially related to material substitutions and rapid technological change) need to be taken into consideration for objective assessment of the development potential of any proposed project, establishment of new supply chains by major corporations, and responsible decision-making (mineral policy) by government. In the short-term, projects aimed at specialty materials (materials with a small market base) cannot benefit from economy of scale, and their development hinges on commercially proven metallurgical processes, unless they are supported by governments or end-users.   Several specialty metals (e.g. germanium, indium, cadmium, and cobalt) are commonly obtained as by-product of base metal extraction. In such cases, systematic testing of base metal ores for their specialty metal content may justify the addition of relevant recovery circuits to existing smelters. If positive results are obtained, the need for targeting new sources of such specialty metals as primary exploration targets may be reduced or eliminated.   Where market conditions permit and concerns about the future availability of materials seem reliable, grass-roots exploration for specialty materials is warranted, and pre-competitive government involvement may be justified to promote such development efforts.","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47473568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hydrostratigraphic Framework for the Paleozoic Bedrock of Southern Ontario","authors":"T. Carter, L. Fortner, H. Russell, M. Skuce, F. Longstaffe, Shuo Sun","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2021.48.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2021.48.172","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater systems in the intermediate to deep subsurface of southern Ontario are poorly understood, despite their value for a number of societal uses. A regional hydrostratigraphic framework is a necessary precursor for improving our understanding of groundwater systems and enabling development of a 3-D hydrostratigraphic model to visualize these groundwater systems. This study is a compilation and integration of published and unpublished geological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and isotopic data collected over the past 10 years to develop that framework.Bedrock is covered by a thin veneer of surficial sediments that comprise an aquifer/aquitard system of considerable local variability and complexity. Aquifers in the bedrock are thin and regionally extensive, separated by thick aquitards, within a well-defined lithostratigraphic framework and a well-developed hydrochemical depth zonation comprising a shallow fresh water regime, an intermediate brackish to saline sulphur water regime, and a deep brine regime of ancient, evaporated seawater. Occurrence and movement of groundwater in shallow bedrock is principally controlled by modern (Quaternary) karstic dissolution of subcropping carbonate and evaporite rocks, and in the intermediate to deep subsurface by paleokarst horizons developed during the Paleozoic. Flow directions in the surficial sediments of the shallow groundwater regime are down-gradient from topographic highs and down the regional dip of bedrock formations in the intermediate regime. Shallow karst is the entry point for groundwater penetration into the intermediate regime, with paleo-recharge by glacial meltwater and limited recent recharge by meteoric water at subcrop edges, and down-dip hydraulic gradients in confined aquifers. Hydraulic gradient is up-dip in the deep brine regime, at least for the Guelph Aquifer and the Cambrian Aquifer, with no isotopic or hydrochemical evidence of infiltration of meteoric water and no discharge to the surface.Fourteen bedrock hydrostratigraphic units are proposed, and one unit comprising all the surficial sediments. Assignment of lithostratigraphic units as hydrostratigraphic units is based principally on hydrogeological characteristics of Paleozoic bedrock formations in the intermediate to deep groundwater regimes, below the influence of modern meteoric water. Carbonate and evaporite rocks which form aquitards in the subsurface may form aquifers at or near the surface, due to karstic dissolution by acidic meteoric water, necessitating compromises in assignment of hydrostratigraphic units.","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48587548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is There an Open-Access Future for GEOSCIENCE CANADA?","authors":"A. Kerr","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2021.48.170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2021.48.170","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48082721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hutchison Medallist 1. Wave-Dominated to Tide-Dominated Coastal Systems: A Unifying Model for Tidal Shorefaces and Refinement of the Coastal- Environments Classification Scheme","authors":"S. Dashtgard, R. Vaucher, Byongcheon Yang, R. Dalrymple","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2021.48.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2021.48.171","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal depositional systems are normally classified based on the relative input of wave, tide, and river processes. While wave- through to river-dominated environments are well characterized, environments along the wave-to-tide continuum are relatively poorly understood and this limits the reliability and utility of coastal classification schemes. Two tidal shoreface models, open-coast tidal flats (OCTF) and tidally modulated shorefaces (TMS), have been introduced for mixed wave-tide coastal settings. Following nearly two decades of research on tidal shorefaces, a number of significant insights have been derived, and these data are used here to develop a unified model for such systems. First, OCTFs are components of larger depositional environments, and in multiple published examples, OCTFs overlie offshore to lower shoreface successions that are similar to TMS. Consequently, we combine OCTFs and TMSs into a single tidal shoreface model where TMS (as originally described) and TMS-OCTF successions are considered as variants along the wave-tide continuum. Second, tidal shoreface successions are preferentially preserved in low- to moderate-wave energy environments and in progradational to aggradational systems. It is probably difficult to distinguish tidal shorefaces from their storm-dominated counterparts. Third, tidal shorefaces, including both TMSs and OCTFs, should exhibit tidally modulated storm deposits, reflecting variation in storm-wave energy at the sea floor resulting from the rising and falling tide. They may also exhibit interbedding of tidally generated structures (e.g. double mud drapes or bidirectional current ripples), deposited under fairweather conditions, and storm deposits (e.g. hummocky cross-stratification) through the lower shoreface and possibly into the upper shoreface.The development of the tidal shoreface model sheds light on the limitations of the presently accepted wave-tide-river classification scheme of coastal environments and a revised scheme is presented. In particular, tidal flats are components of larger depositional systems and can be identified in the rock record only in settings where intertidal and supratidal deposits are preserved; consequently, they should not represent the tide-dominated end-member of coastal systems. Instead, we suggest that tide-dominated embayments should occupy this apex. Tide-dominated embayments exhibit limited wave and river influence and include a wide range of geomorphological features typically associated with tidal processes, including tidal channels, bars and flats.","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44421797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Igneous Rock Associations 27. Chalcophile and Platinum Group Elements in the Columbia River Basalt Group: A Model for Flood Basalt Lavas","authors":"S. Reidel, D. Barnett","doi":"10.12789/geocanj.2020.47.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2020.47.166","url":null,"abstract":"The Columbia River Basalt Group is the youngest and best preserved continental Large Igneous Province on Earth. The 210,000 km3 of basaltic lavas were erupted between 16.6 and 5 Ma in the Pacific Northwest, USA. The peak of the eruptions occurred over a 700,000-year period when nearly 99% of the basalts consisting of the Steens, Imnaha, Picture Gorge, Grande Ronde and Wanapum Basalts were emplaced. In this study we examined the Platinum Group Elements (PGEs) Pt and Pd, and the chalcophile elements Cu and Zn in the Columbia River Basalt Group. The presence of Pt, Pd and Cu in the compositionally primitive Lower Steens, Imnaha and Picture Gorge Basalts suggests that the Columbia River Basalt Group magma was a fertile source for these elements. The PGEs are contained mainly in sulphides in the earliest formations based on their correlation with immiscible sulphides, sulphide minerals and chalcophile elements. Grande Ronde, Wanapum and Saddle Mountains Basalts are depleted in PGEs and chalcophile elements compared to earlier formations. Sulphur was saturated in many flows and much of it probably came from assimilation of cratonic rock from a thinned lithosphere. We propose a model where the presence or absence of PGEs and chalcophile elements results primarily from the interaction between an advancing plume head and the crust/lithosphere that it encountered. The early lavas erupted from a plume that had little interaction with the crust/lithosphere and were fertile. However, as the plume head advanced northward, it assimilated crustal/lithospheric material and PGE and chalcophile elements were depleted from the magma. What little PGE and chalcophile elements remained in the compositionally evolved and depleted Grande Ronde Basalt flows mainly were controlled by substitution in basalt minerals and not available for inclusion in sulphides. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44378908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"London 2021 GAC–MAC Joint Annual Meeting Workshops and Short Courses","authors":"R. Flemming","doi":"10.12789/geocanj.2020.47.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2020.47.168","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46163788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"R. Frank Blackwood: 1950–2020","authors":"R. Wardle","doi":"10.12789/geocanj.2020.47.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2020.47.169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41852269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing Trends and Rethinking Geoscience Education in the Context of a Global Crisis","authors":"K. Bethune","doi":"10.12789/geocanj.2020.47.164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2020.47.164","url":null,"abstract":"It is somewhat ironic that I am sitting down to compose this Geoscience Canada article one day after Joe Biden was declared the winner of the 2020 US election on the Biden-Harris ticket, and I won’t deny that the result of a more forwardlooking agenda in regards to safeguarding our planet has inspired me! Under normal circumstances this article would follow from my GAC Presidential address delivered at the annual GAC-MAC meeting in mid-May, but, needless to say, this year has been anything but normal. As it turns out, the annual CSPG-led Geoconvention, in which we, along with MAC, were partnered together with other professional geoscience societies, was significantly delayed and ultimately held in an online format in midto late-September. All normal GAC and MAC meeting-related functions, including luncheons, awards, ceremonies and keynote talks, were also postponed with the idea that we could have a double cohort in a future face-to-face (F2F) setting in London, Ontario (Western University), in May 2021. The circumstances at GAC have been a microcosm of what is happening across society as a whole, with continuous adjustments, delays in plans and new systems put into operation as the situation continually changes and evolves. In short, the global pandemic, felt acutely in almost every region of the world, is forcing us to rethink the ways we do things. In spite of extreme tragedy, including thousands of lives lost, the results have been positive on several fronts. For example, in this time of crisis, many in mainstream society have recognized the need to address several fundamental and persistent problems facing humanity including, but not limited to, the current climate crisis, issues with poverty and the increasing divide between rich and poor, as well as underlying issues of inequity and systemic racism, awareness of which has been enhanced by events in the USA and the ‘Black Lives Matter’ movement. As global citizens, we all have a role to play in these issues, but as geoscientists we also need to realize our potential to assist in the area of the global climate crisis, an issue I will address toward the end of this article. One of the areas that have been impacted most by the COVID-19 situation is education, both at the K–12 and college/university levels. At the time of lockdown, all teachers and university professors and instructors had to quickly (within the space of 2–3 weeks) navigate the transition to online teaching, with little or no preparation time. Course platforms were created, learning materials were amassed and distributed to students at short notice (in clever ways, maintaining distance), instructors got up to speed with online platforms such as Zoom and MS Teams. It was a crazy time during which our own Faculty Association urged its members to refer to these as ‘emergency teaching measures’, recognizing that they by no means approached the requirements of traditional ‘distance education’ delivery. In addition, while there was b","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49037729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stratigraphy and U–Pb Zircon–Titanite Geochronology of the Aley Carbonatite Complex, Northeastern British Columbia: Evidence for Antler-Aged Orogenesis in the Foreland Belt of the Canadian Cordillera","authors":"D. McLeish, S. Johnston, R. Friedman, J. Mortensen","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2020.47.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2020.47.165","url":null,"abstract":"The tectonic significance and age of carbonatite intrusions in the central Foreland Belt of the Canadian Cordillera are poorly constrained. Recent work has demonstrated that one of these carbonatite intrusions, the Aley carbonatite, was emplaced as a syn-kinematic sill, coeval with a major nappe-forming tectonic event. Determining the age of the Aley carbonatite thus provides a means of directly dating syn-tectonic magmatism. Attempts at dating carbonatite units failed due to low U–Pb content in sampled zircon; however, a U–Pb titanite age of 365.9 ± 2.1 Ma was obtained from the Ospika pipe, an ultramafic diatreme spatially and genetically related to the carbonatite. This U–Pb titanite age is further supported by respective 40Ar/39Ar phlogopite ages of 359.4 ± 3.4 Ma and 353.3 ± 3.6 Ma for the pipe and a spatially associated lamprophyre dyke. We interpret the Late Devonian U–Pb titanite age of the Ospikapipe to be the minimum possible age of the carbonatite and syn-magmatic nappe-forming tectonic event. The maximum possible age of the carbonatite is constrained by the Early Devonian age of the Road River Group, the youngest strata intruded by carbonatite dykes and involved in the nappe-forming event. Our dating results for the Aley carbonatite closely correlate with U–Pb zircon and perovskite ages obtained for the Ice River carbonatite complex in the central Foreland Belt of the southern Canadian Cordillera, and support the interpretation of carbonatite intrusions of the western Foreland Belt as genetically linked components of an alkaline-carbonatitic magmatic province. Structural, stratigraphic, and geochronological data from the Aley area indicate that deformation was similar in style to, and coeval with, structures attributable to the Antler orogeny, and are consistent with the Antler orogen having extended the length of the Cordilleran margin from the southern United States to Alaska.","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48476742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}