Geothermics最新文献

{"title":"Geofluid circulation enhanced downhole heat exchanger for highly efficient heat extraction: Mechanism and optimization","authors":"Huaiyu Jin ,&nbsp;Shuowen Ren ,&nbsp;Yuhang Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Zheng ,&nbsp;Yizhe Shu ,&nbsp;Riyi Lin ,&nbsp;Zhengda Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Downhole Heat Exchanger (DHE) is critical for the development of geothermal energy. However, conventional DHEs experience a gradual reduction in heat extraction efficiency over time. The study developed a geothermal heat extraction scheme based on forced convection of geothermal fluid (geofluid), with the heat transfer process simulated using an experimental setup. Experimental results showed that enhanced DHE achieves higher temperature rises than the conventional version. This confirms the feasibility of enhancing heat transfer efficiency through forced geofluid circulation. Building on this, the study further investigated the mechanism of the enhanced DHE through numerical simulations, aiming to reveal its heat transfer characteristics and optimize parameters including geofluid flow direction, circulation rate, production casing length, and outer casing length. The results show that the enhanced DHE outperforms the conventional version in production temperature, heat extraction power, and net power. Continuous production creates a low-temperature region near the reinjection point, affecting long-term performance. Geofluid circulation acts as the key mechanism for heat extraction, intricately linking the evolution of heat extraction with geofluid flow in the aquifer. It is recommended to circulate geofluid upstream at a rate of 400 m³/d. Extending the lengths of the middle casing and outer casing enhances heat extraction power. By balancing heat transfer efficiency and economic cost, the optimal casing lengths are 200 m for the middle casing and 300 m for the outer casing. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing key parameters for enhanced DHEs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 103424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithospheric thermal structure in the Dongpu Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, North China","authors":"Yiyu Yao ,&nbsp;Yinhui Zuo ,&nbsp;Kangnan Yan ,&nbsp;Shu Jiang ,&nbsp;Guangzheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Jiancheng Zeng ,&nbsp;Yongshui Zhou ,&nbsp;Jiazhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruyang Yu ,&nbsp;Ziwei Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Dongpu Depression is located in the eastern part of the North China Craton, which is the central region of lithospheric destruction and thinning of the North China Craton. The North China Craton is considered an ideal laboratory for studying the thinning and modifications of the ancient lithosphere. Based on rock thermal properties, the present geothermal field, and crustal structure, the thermal lithospheric thickness was calculated using a one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction equation. Assuming that heat is transferred by conduction and that rock thermal conductivity and radiogenic heat production rates are constant, a crustal model is developed. The heat flow generated by radioactive elements is calculated layer by layer through the \"back stripping\" method, which allows the determination of crustal heat flow, mantle heat flow, and Moho temperature. The results reveal that the thermal lithospheric thickness in the Dongpu Depression varies between 81.9 km and 90.8 km, with mantle heat flow ranging from 37.5 mW/m² to 42.0 mW/m². The ratio of mantle heat flow to surface heat flow is 60.8 %, and the temperature at the Moho interface ranges from 646 °C to 701 °C. These findings suggest a thin thermal lithosphere, a high ratio of mantle to surface heat flow, and elevated Moho temperatures, indicative of a “hot mantle and cold crust” lithospheric thermal structure. The lithospheric thermal structure of the Dongpu Depression indicates that its formation was controlled by extensional tectonics since the Cenozoic, the subduction of the western Pacific Plate, later plate retreat, and deep fault activities including the Lanliao, Yellow River, and Changyuan faults within the basin. This study may offer valuable heat source data for exploring geothermal and oil and gas resources in the Dongpu Depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 103423"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of the radiogenic heat production in granitoids from southern Tibetan Plateau: Thermal and geodynamic implications","authors":"Haozhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Guangzheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Zepeng Liu ,&nbsp;Junji Chen ,&nbsp;Yakun Wang ,&nbsp;Chuanzhi Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103413","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The long-lived radioactive isotopes of U, Th, and K serve as the principal heat-producing elements in rocks. Investigating the concentrations of these radiogenic elements and their associated heat production rates within the extensively distributed granitoids of the southern Tibetan Plateau not only provides important insights into the heat source mechanisms and genetic models of the widely distributed high-temperature geothermal resources in the region but also offers valuable contributions to understanding the geodynamic characteristics of the area. In this study, we systematically compiled geochemical data for granitoids from the southern Tibetan Plateau spanning several decades, resulting in a dataset of 1293 radiogenic heat production rate (RHPR) values. Representing the first systematically RHPR dataset for the southern Tibetan Plateau so far. The statistical analysis reveals average concentrations of U, Th, and K of 3.87 ± 3.99 ppm (Range: 0.11 ∼ 53.87 ppm), 18.38 ± 14.46 ppm (Range: 0.19 ∼ 118 ppm), and 3.06 ± 1.21 % (Range: 0.02 ∼ 8.03 %), respectively. The average Th/U and K/U ratios were found to be 6 ± 4.12 (Range: 0.06 ∼ 64.09) and 1.27 ± 1.03 (× 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;) (Range: 0.01 × 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; ∼ 9.93 × 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;), respectively. The average RHPR of granitoids from the southern Tibetan Plateau was calculated to be 2.57 ± 1.79 μW/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (Range: 0.05 ∼ 15.06 μW/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;), and the data display a well-defined normal distribution. The average concentrations of U, Th, K, and RHPR are lowest during the Mesozoic, with Th showing the highest average concentration in the Late Paleozoic, while the other elements peak during the Cenozoic. The Th/U ratio exhibits a gradual decline with younger geological ages, whereas the K/U ratio is highest in the Mesozoic and lowest in the Cenozoic. The spatial distribution of RHPR reveals a clear trend of gradually decreasing RHPR values from north to south across the southern Tibetan Plateau, with the Qiangtang, Lhasa, and Himalayan blocks exhibiting RHPR values of 3.1 ± 1.42 μW/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, 2.46 ± 1.83 μW/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, and 2.25 ± 1.84 μW/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Although the RHPR values in the southern Tibetan Plateau are generally lower than those in other high-temperature geothermal fields where granitoid radiogenic heat predominates, elevated RHPR values are still observed in certain regions, such as Gonghe Basin, Cooper Basin which is located in Australia. Based on the RHPR data collected in this study and information on the enrichment layers of radiogenic heat-producing elements in the crust, the radiogenic heat contribution of granitoids to the terrestrial heat flow was estimated, The results show that the heat contribution of granitoid in the Qiangtang, Lhasa, and Himalayan blocks was estimated to be 29.4 ∼ 39.2 μW/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, 23.6 ∼ 31.5 μW/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, and 21.3 ∼ 28.4 μW/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. The above results further emphasize the significant rol","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 103413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geodynamic correlation between the Hainan plume and the heat flow along the Southeast Coast of China: Numerical simulation","authors":"Huihui Zhang ,&nbsp;Lijuan He ,&nbsp;Chaoqiang Chen ,&nbsp;Lanyong Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The relationship between surface heat flow, geothermal resources, and the mantle plume has always been a hot topic in geothermics. Based on the latest heat flow data analysis, we find that away from the Hainan plume, the heat flow demonstrates an increasing trend toward the northeast, and the southeast China coast is a high heat flow belt. Additionally, there is a thin crustal belt that coincides with the high heat flow belt along the southeast China coast, along which a series of mantle plume-derived basalts have developed, and the age of these basalts gradually increases as away from the Hainan plume. To explain the correlation between the Hainan plume and the heat flow along the southeast China coast, we propose a dynamic model to simulate the thermal evolution process of the South China Block as it moved above the Hainan plume since 80 Ma. The modeling results show that a lithospheric high-temperature zone began to be formed in Fujian Province when it was located above the Hainan plume at 80 Ma. Subsequently, the South China Block moved to the northeast at a rate of 1.8 cm/year, and the lithospheric high-temperature zone was also gradually away from the Hainan plume, resulting in the current heat flow showing an increasing trend from Hainan Province to Fujian Province. Our results provide a novel explanation for the correlation between the Hainan plume and the heat flow along the southeast China coast, which might shed light on exploring geothermal resources along the southeast China coast.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 103411"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of passive seismic noise to constrain seismic velocities in mountainous geothermal systems","authors":"Ilaria Barone ,&nbsp;Alessandro Brovelli ,&nbsp;Valentina Rigoni ,&nbsp;Giorgio Cassiani","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geothermal hot-spots are often located in mountainous or volcanic areas, where strong heterogeneity and rough topography are expected. Medium-to-deep and deep geothermal projects require monitoring of the local seismicity, in order to reduce the seismic hazard associated with the operations. The location uncertainty of seismic events depends on many parameters, including the accurate knowledge of the subsoil in terms of seismic velocities. In this work passive seismic interferometry has been applied to one-year seismic ambient noise data recorded by a microseismic monitoring network close to Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland, where the development of some geothermal doublets is being considered. The proposed workflow is based on the retrieval of empirical Green’s functions from station pair correlations, on the estimation of phase velocities, and on their depth inversion. The adopted workflow considers and corrects for possible biases given by rough topography and non-homogeneous distribution of noise sources, an important source of errors in urbanized areas. The obtained quasi-3D seismic velocity model was used to relocate three seismic events in the vicinity of the geothermal project. The results show that seismic interferometry is a cost-effective method to infer a site-specific shear-wave velocity cube for the frequency range of interest for seismological applications. Passive data were also used to estimate the resonance behaviour of the study area, that reflects the great complexity of both subsurface structures and topography.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 103400"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating naphthol and naphthalene as novel geothermal tracers, with potential application in supercritical systems","authors":"Lucjan Sajkowski ,&nbsp;Bhuvi Mongia ,&nbsp;Jim Johnston","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Naphthalene disulfonates, particularly 1,5-naphthalene disulfonate (1,5-NDS), are widely used as geothermal tracers, yet their behaviour under extreme thermal and flow conditions remains insufficiently understood. In this study, we examine the formation of 1,5-NDS key breakdown products: naphthalene, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, and 1-naphthalene sulfonate (1-NSA), under high-temperature flow-through conditions designed to simulate geothermal reservoirs. Experiments were conducted using geothermal brine at 350 °C and 400 °C across a range of flow rates, employing a custom-built flow-through reactor system. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to quantify reactants and degradation products over time. The results reveal that both temperature and residence time exert strong control on degradation rates and product profiles. At higher temperatures and lower flow rates, the formation of volatile products such as naphthalene and naphthols was favoured, indicating a shift toward desulfonation and aromatic ring rearrangement pathways. These findings provide important constraints on the stability and behaviour of 1,5-NDS in deep, high-temperature geothermal environments and offer a basis for refining tracer selection and test design in supercritical and near-supercritical systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 103412"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the U-pipe heat exchanger to estimate the borehole thermal resistances from distributed thermal response test data","authors":"Stefano Morchio ,&nbsp;Richard A. Beier","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The correct estimation of the parameters used by the design methods of the borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) is critical to achieve the desired performance of ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs). The present study provides methods for estimating these parameters from a distributed thermal response test (DTRT) for single and double U-tube BHEs. The focus is on the total internal borehole thermal resistance <em>R_a</em>, which is often overlooked by conventional analysis methods. Still, <em>R_a</em> becomes increasingly important as the borehole length increases. Parameter estimates have been obtained with the related uncertainties from a DTRT by using analytical models applied to both a measured data set and numerically simulated DTRT data sets. Results indicate that a uniform borehole-wall heat flux model outperforms a uniform borehole-wall temperature model in estimating the borehole and ground thermal properties. In addition, results demonstrate that using the transient inlet, outlet and bottom fluid temperatures instead of the complete vertical temperature profile in a DTRT is sufficient to give an accurate estimate of the borehole and ground properties, suggesting a more cost-effective measurement approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 103408"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning–based three-dimensional terrestrial temperature modeling throughout Japan incorporating multiple crustal properties and spatial correlation with an application to critical point distribution","authors":"Yusei Ieki ,&nbsp;Katsuaki Koike,&nbsp;Taiki Kubo","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most fundamental and essential issues for both ordinary and supercritical geothermal power generation is to specify hot zones with sufficient temperature and volume via the three-dimensionally estimated terrestrial temperature distribution from the surface to great depths over a wide area using well-temperature logging data. However, the amounts and locations of such data are generally limited, and target regions and depth ranges for temperature-at-depth predictions are generally narrow, and the targeted upper range of the temperature prediction is mostly lower than 250 °C. To overcome these problems, this study aims to enable an extensive temperature estimation by applying deep neural network (DNN) and neural kriging (NK) for targeting all of Japan. To supplement the temperature data, multiple crustal properties from geophysical and geochemical data, such as the Curie point depth, water quality of hot springs, active volcano distribution, and surface geology, are incorporated into the DNN and NK. The interpolation and extrapolation accuracies of the temperature logging data are evaluated using the holdout method, and the superiority of NK, especially for data extrapolation, is confirmed. Features of the NK temperature distribution that enable estimation of the temperature down to great depths with extremely sparse temperature logging data are determined and characterized. Using a three-dimensional temperature model, the distribution of the critical point of water is delineated throughout Japan and the expected resource densities are calculated under the condition of power generation using a steam flash system over 30 years. The results specify promising areas of supercritical geothermal resources, primarily located around typical active volcanoes, and large production power from a relatively shallow depth range over the long term.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 103403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fourier neural operator-based temperature field prediction model for fractured geothermal reservoirs: addressing diverse fracture morphologies and injection-production parameters","authors":"Yu Shi ,&nbsp;Congyue Liu ,&nbsp;Xianzhi Song ,&nbsp;Shuaitao Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geothermal energy is a pristine source of clean energy. The repetitive numerical simulation of diverse injection parameters and fracture morphology represents a pivotal aspect in optimizing the development strategy for the efficient exploitation of fractured thermal reservoirs related to a number of practical demands: (1) quantifying how fracture morphology patterns govern thermal migration and heat extraction efficiency (2) simulating injection protocols to mitigate premature thermal breakthrough, and (3) assessing long-term reservoir sustainability under variable operational loads. Considering conventional numerical simulations struggle with computational complexity and latency, we propose a dataset construction framework coupled with a Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) model tailored to capture the interplay between fracture morphology variability and boundary condition dynamics. Initializing with near-pristine temperature fields, accurately mapping temporal temperature evolutions across 6-, 24-, and 60-month afterwards while accounting for geometrically complex fracture networks and operational parameters such as injection temperature/flow rate. Integrating these specialized models, we are able to generate extensive prediction results over an ultra-long period of time, spanning from 5 to 15 years, using a relatively arbitrary input within 1 min, requiring one input. Resolving these critical engineering unknowns with high computational efficiency, the framework enables real-time adaptive workflows, risk-informed drilling decisions, and sustainable yield maximization—advancements for geothermal project viability in fractured reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 103404"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and mechanism of the calcite scaling and plugging in DZK02 geothermal well, western Sichuan, China","authors":"Baolei Zhu ,&nbsp;Tianfu Xu ,&nbsp;Hongwu Lei ,&nbsp;Guanhong Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The issue of calcite scaling and plugging in geothermal wellbores and pipelines significantly hinders the development and utilization of geothermal energy. During an 8-day blowout test of the DZK02 geothermal well in Kangding, western Sichuan, China, it was observed that the scaling thickness reached 1 to 3 cm in the surface pipeline. This phenomenon involves complex processes such as multiphase flow, reactive solute transport, and mineral particle migration and deposition. In this study, we have incorporated the functionality of multiphase flow in wellbores into the general-purpose reactive transport program TOUGHREACT while integrating crystal scaling and particle scaling theories. We applied this program to analyze DZK02 geothermal well with a focus on investigating the mechanisms, characteristics, and influencing factors associated with calcite scaling and plugging. With limited information available on the wellhead conditions, we estimated bottom conditions and reproduced the entire blowout process. Our findings indicate that CO₂ partial pressure at the bottom ranges from 15 to 25 bar, which positively correlate with flash and scaling occurring at the depth. Most of the scale accumulates as particles within the surface pipeline because of the diameter change. This study presents a robust numerical simulation method for analyzing calcite scaling issues within geothermal systems, while providing valuable insights for future utilization strategies concerning DZK02 well.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 103349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}