Geothermics最新文献

{"title":"Syn- to post-rift thermal evolution of the Pechelbronn sub-basin (Upper Rhine Graben)","authors":"Tchang-Tchong Laurie ,&nbsp;Michels Raymond ,&nbsp;Beccaletto Laurent","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Upper Rhine Graben (URG) is a key target for geothermal projects in Western Europe, requiring an understanding of the development and spatial evolution of geothermal fluids. Its thermal and geological history was impacted during the Neogene period by a major change in rift kinematics, evidenced by a regional-scale and gradual erosive unconformity and coeval volcanic activity. This study investigates the interplay between URG syn- and post-rift burial history and heat flow evolution in the westerly Pechelbronn sub-basin - hosting petroleum and geothermal fields – in comparison to the more central Rastatt Trough. The method uses thermal maturity assessment by vitrinite reflectance and 2D burial coupled to conductive thermal modelling. Results reveal that the maximum burial occurs during the Aquitanian (post-rift), and that the maximum cumulative sediment thickness related to the Neogene erosion was approximately 1200 m in the Pechelbronn sub-basin, from the top of the Schistes à Poissons (Rupelian shale) to the Aquitanian sediments. Toarcian source rock (Schistes carton) reached the oil window at 29–28 Ma within the Pechelbronn sub-basin and at 43 Ma for the Rastatt Trough at Roeschwoog well. The comparison of current adjacent local heat anomalies reveals variations in thermal history of the Pechelbronn sub-basin, highlighting the dominant influence of syn-rift burial in some areas, e.g. in Soultz-sous-Forêts or additional heat input attributed to geothermal fluids in others, e.g. in Rittershoffen. Moreover, it appears that the heat flow must have been considerably higher (around 180 mW/m², under the pure conduction hypothesis) during faults activation around 15 Ma in the Rittershoffen area, compared to Soultz-sous-Forêts (150 mW/m²). Changes in local heat flows are attributed to east-west migration of hydrothermal cells positions through time in relationship to fluid circulation at basin scale. These results provide a broad geological time frame for further thermal modeling in the URG and provide new insights into the thermal evolution of the URG and its implications for sub-surface resources exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the thermo-mechanical behavior of steel pipe energy pile groups with and without phase change material","authors":"Hong Chang ,&nbsp;Xing Wu ,&nbsp;Yuan Du ,&nbsp;Zhaoxuan Wang ,&nbsp;Huicheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Huang Zhao ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yunli Gao ,&nbsp;Zhengheng Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy piles have attracted global interest as a low-carbon, environmentally friendly and cost-effective underground energy structure. However, there were fewer studies on the thermo-mechanical behavior of steel pipe energy pile groups. The thermo-mechanical behavior of steel pipe concrete energy pile groups (SPEPG) and steel pipe phase change concrete energy pile groups (SCEPG) have been analyzed and compared by means of an indoor model test under thermal imbalance cycles (heating with different amplitude than cooling). The results indicated that by the third heating phase, the heat exchange power of the SCEPG stabilized at 73.3 W, which was 16% higher than that of the SPEPG. During the cooling phase, the heat exchange power of the SCEPG was stable at 96.7 W, which was 18% higher than that of the SPEPG. Furthermore, the average heat exchange efficiency of each pile in the pile group was lower than that of a single pile, with the maximum heat exchange power occurring when the pile spacing was four times the pile diameter. In terms of mechanical performance, the maximum thermally induced stress applied to the SPEPG and SCEPG were 485.0 kPa and 441.3 kPa, respectively, accounting for 2.3% and 2.1% of the design tensile strength of the steel pipe pile. The pile head displacement of the steel pipe energy pile groups was primarily determined by the displacement after the first cycle, and the accumulation rate of pile head displacement decreases as the number of cycles increases. After three cycles, the pile head displacement of the SCEPG decreased by 9.1% compared to that of the SPEPG. This study provides a reference for the application of steel pipe energy pile groups with and without phase change material in hot climate regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103304"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on low thermal conductivity cement reinforced by sepiolite fiber for deep geothermal well","authors":"Shuai Liu ,&nbsp;Chunmei Zhang ,&nbsp;Chen Hu ,&nbsp;KaiYuan Mei ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the significant heat loss in the thermal insulation layer of geothermal wells and the failure of the cement sheath, expanded perlite (EP), hollow glass microspheres (HGM), and SiO₂ aerogel (SA) were integrated into oil well cement slurry to achieve optimal low thermal conductivity. Hydrothermal-acid-treated sepiolite fibers (T-SEP) were utilized to enhance the mechanical properties of oil well cement paste with low thermal conductivity, and the strengthening process was examined. The findings indicate that the inclusion of EP, HGM, and SA diminishes the thermal conductivity and compressive strength of cement paste. The integration of T-SEP markedly improved the compressive strength of cement paste with low thermal conductivity at elevated temperatures, with a 73.88 % enhancement seen in the cement paste cured at 180 °C for 7 days compared to pure cement paste. The inclusion of T-SEP decreased the reduction rate of compressive strength in cement paste subjected to thermal cycling. In contrast to the 24.14 % reduction in compressive strength of pure cement paste after the fifth thermal cycle, the compressive strength loss of cement paste with T-SEP is merely 12.5 %. The microstructure test indicates that the addition of T-SEP at elevated temperatures enhances the development of cement hydration products, including C-S-H, C₅S₆H₅, and C₆S₂H₃, hence improving the mechanical properties of cement paste with low thermal conductivity. An effective interface is established between T-SEP and cement paste, enhancing the compressive strength and thermal shock resistance of cement paste with low thermal conductivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103290"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven prediction of long-term thermal performance for steel pipe heat exchanger (SPHX) energy piles","authors":"Seokjae Lee ,&nbsp;Dongku Kim ,&nbsp;Hyeontae Park ,&nbsp;Hangseok Choi ,&nbsp;Sangwoo Park","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Determining the thermal performance of ground heat exchangers (GHEXs) remains a critical challenge in the design of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. Among various GHEX types, the steel pipe heat exchanger (SPHX) energy pile is an innovative solution that utilizes steel pipes as both the primary reinforcement and heat exchangers, replacing conventional deformed rebars. However, its practical implementation has been hindered by the absence of a reliable method for predicting its thermal performance. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN)-based prediction model was developed to estimate the thermal performance of SPHX energy piles. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was formulated using in-situ thermal performance test (TPT) results, and a numerical database was established by considering various influential factors, such as the thermal conductivity of concrete and ground formations, the flow rate of the working fluid, and the initial temperature of the ground formations. These datasets were utilized to train the ANN model. The developed ANN model exhibited high accuracy in predicting the average heat exchange amount of SPHX energy piles, with an average error of 1.53 %. Furthermore, the model enabled the evaluation of the long-term thermal performance of SPHX energy piles based on the observed linear correlation between the average heat exchange amount and the operation time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103292"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Seferihisar-İzmir (Türkiye) geothermal energy prospects through marine seismic and field geology data modelling","authors":"Gizem Kılınç ,&nbsp;Günay Çifci ,&nbsp;Seda Okay Günaydın ,&nbsp;Altuğ Hasözbek ,&nbsp;Savaş Gürçay ,&nbsp;Talip Güngör ,&nbsp;Zülfü Demirkıran ,&nbsp;Melih Çobanoğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seferihisar (Izmir) is one of the most significant geothermal regions in the Aegean of Western Anatolia, Türkiye, due to its high geothermal gradient, extensive fault systems, and unique interaction between marine and meteoric waters that create distinct geothermal reservoirs. This study evaluates the geothermal potential and geological characteristics of the Seferihisar area by integrating marine seismic data with onshore geological observations. Specifically, this study combines: (i) geological and geochemical data from geothermal wells along the Tuzla Fault, (ii) high-resolution multichannel seismic reflection data from the Sigacik and Kusadasi Bays, and (iii) correlated onshore and offshore geological and geophysical datasets to develop a 2D conceptual cross-section and a 3D fault model.</div><div>Geochemical analyses, including water geochemistry, XRF, and isotope studies, reveal that geothermal fluids in the region originate from a mix of meteoric and marine sources. Chloride concentrations in geothermal wells reach approximately ranging from 11,692 to 12,000 ppm, confirming significant seawater intrusion, while geothermometers estimate reservoir temperatures in the range of 220–280 °C. Isotopic data, such as ³He/⁴He ratios (∼0.9 Ra), suggest minor mantle involvement, and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios ranging 301 that indicate crustal contributions to the geothermal fluids. These isotopic signatures provide critical insights into the sources and circulation dynamics of geothermal systems.</div><div>Through integrated 2D conceptual cross-sections and 3D fault modeling, the study identifies the marine extension of the Tuzla Fault and its role in fluid dynamics, including up-flow and out-flow processes. The fault's continuities are linked to geothermal gradients and active fluid pathways, making the Tuzla Fault a critical target for geothermal exploration. The harmonized models suggest three potential drilling sites with high thermal gradients and fault-controlled fluid flow, optimizing the exploration strategy. Scaling and corrosion challenges in production wells are addressed through the application of inhibitors, which are integral to ensuring sustainable operation and long-term system performance.</div><div>These multidisciplinary findings provide likely actionable insights into optimizing resource extraction, reducing environmental impact, and improving the long-term performance of geothermal systems. The study supports sustainable geothermal energy development in the Seferihisar region by addressing production challenges and guiding effective resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103295"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of evaluation models for geothermal resources and intermittent operation/cycle thermal storage mode in closed coal mines","authors":"Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Pingye Guo ,&nbsp;Cheng Fang ,&nbsp;Mohua Bu ,&nbsp;Xin Jin ,&nbsp;Jiong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The geothermal utilization of closed mines has a positive role to play in the reduction of fossil energy consumption, the development of renewable energy sources and the proper disposal of closed mine. In this work, for a more accurate evaluation of the sustainable geothermal production in closed mine, based on Xuzhou Jiahe coal mine, a 3D numerical model coupling roadway and goaf is established, and compared with other two numerical models. After analyzing the water storage space, flow field, temperature field, recovery well outlet temperature and heat recovery stability under long operation time, the roadway and goaf (RG) model performs more prominently and the results are more realistic. Both intermittent operation and cycle thermal storage mode have a higher recovery well outlet temperature in winter operation period, it can keep the heat supply at a high level, and accordingly the operational life of closed mine geothermal utilization system can be extended. COP (Coefficient of performance) of the system in winter operation period with different operation modes are basically the same when the recovery flow rate is low. As the recovery flow rate increase, COP of the system in cycle thermal storage mode has a significant advantage. In summer operation period, the outlet temperature in thermal storage cycle mode remains lower than the recharged hot water temperature, and it has a good cooling effect under high recovery flow conditions in the summer, contributes to the temperature return of thermal reservoir, and COP of the system in summer operation increase with recovery flow rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103294"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of heat transfer performance in medium-depth coaxial casing heat exchangers considering seepage effects","authors":"Ye Wang ,&nbsp;Pan Yue ,&nbsp;Luyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenyu Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an innovative analytical model for a 3000-meter-deep coaxial borehole heat exchanger (CBHE) that simultaneously considers geothermal gradients, geological stratification, groundwater seepage, and the vertical permeability of the seepage layer. By focusing on the annular fluid and its temperature response within the borehole layer, the model incorporates factors often neglected in previous research, including the influence of groundwater flow and the thermal property variations across different soil and rock layers. The results show that seepage significantly enhances heat transfer via distinct mechanisms. For instance, when the seepage layer is located at a depth of 2000 m, conduction-dominated heat exchange is critical at a seepage velocity of 5 × 10⁻⁷ m/s, whereas exceeding 1 × 10⁻⁵ m/s shifts the dominant mechanism to convective heat transfer, thereby increasing the local heat exchange intensity in the annular fluid by 56.7 %. Furthermore, optimizing the inner pipe's insulation length significantly enhances system efficiency by increasing the outlet temperature and reducing thermal losses. The study also establishes a relationship between seepage parameters and the necessary buried depth for achieving a given heat extraction. These findings offer valuable theoretical guidance for improving geothermal system performance and hold significant engineering implications for sustainable geothermal energy utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103293"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sampling and analysis of H2S and Hg from evaporative geothermal cooling towers: The Italian experience","authors":"Alessandro Lenzi ,&nbsp;Marco Paci ,&nbsp;Alessandro Bettini ,&nbsp;Antonio Caprai ,&nbsp;Alessandro D'Ulivo ,&nbsp;Massimo Onor ,&nbsp;Marco Carlo Mascherpa ,&nbsp;Beatrice Campanella","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Italian regulatory framework on geothermal power plants requires measurement of the emission of H₂S and Hg from cooling towers. Sampling of emitted air in geothermal plants is a quite complex task requiring specific non-standard methods in order to collect stable and representative samples. A direct application of standard methods for H₂S and Hg emissions to cooling tower is often not suitable or difficult to apply. The standard methods indeed were developed for sampling in the stacks of combustion plants such as power generation or cement production plants. The drastic difference in temperature, humidity, air flow composition and velocity and moreover geometrical difference between stacks with diameters of few meters compared to cells of cooling towers, very often over 5–9 m, required a special setup of methods for sampling and analysis. Enel Green Power and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy) thus have carried out a screening of the existing methods and some of them were customized and extended for their application on cooling towers of geothermal power plants. The main results obtained provided suitable sampling and analysis methods for H₂S in the range 0.2–25 mg/Nm³ and for mercury between 20–500 µg/Nm³. The aforementioned sampling and analysis methods are currently adopted by EGP and by the regional agency for environmental protection (ARPAT) for the measurement of H₂S and Hg emission from cooling towers of geothermal power plants in Italy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103291"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new approach to building 2-D models of the heat flow density and radiogenic heat production: A Northern Tien Shan case study","authors":"Viacheslav V. Spichak,&nbsp;Alexandra G. Goidina","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose a new approach to building 2-D / 3-D models of the regional HFD from the ground geophysical data without prior knowledge of the radiogenic heat production (RHP). A vertical heat flow density (HFD) vector map built for the study area enabled us to distinguish different heat sources in the crust, particularly, cooling of solidified felsic magma upwelling from the mantle depth, and radiogenic heat production in granitoids. An approach to assessing the apparent regional HFD is suggested. It uses the thermal conductivity and temperature models determined from the electromagnetic sounding data and borehole measurements. Numerical experiments show that when it is estimated for the layers with a thickness ranging from 1 to 5 km (which is similar to the surface HFD assessment from borehole measurements), the relative misfits can reach 30–80 %. On the other hand, it becomes practically insensitive to the thickness of the virtual layer approaching its value for the whole section (with uncertainty less than 10 %) when its lower depth exceeds some threshold level, in particular, exceeding the effective depth of the RHP decay in the study area. An approach to building 2-D model of the RHP rates from the lithology model and their values determined at the surface is proposed. It offers a more realistic surface RHP assessment than estimates based on constant RHP rates determined at the surface. It is shown that effective surface RHP is affected mainly by granitic rocks’ spatial distribution and could be a main heat source in the upper crust.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103289"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reservoir thermal energy storage pre-assessment for the United States","authors":"Jeff D. Pepin ,&nbsp;Erick R. Burns ,&nbsp;Ryan C. Cahalan ,&nbsp;Daniel O. Hayba ,&nbsp;Jesse E. Dickinson ,&nbsp;Leslie L. Duncan ,&nbsp;Eve L. Kuniansky","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Storing thermal energy underground for later use in electricity production or direct-use heating/cooling is a promising, viable, and economical green energy option. Reservoir thermal energy storage (RTES) is one such option, which stores energy in underutilized permeable strata with low ambient groundwater flow rates and more geochemically evolved (e.g. brackish/saline) waters relative to overlying principal aquifer systems. The U.S. Geological Survey has begun assessing RTES potential nationally by focusing on five generalized geologic regions (Basin and Range, Coastal Plain, Illinois Basin, Michigan Basin, Pacific Northwest) across the United States. Hydrogeologic reservoir models are developed for the following eight metropolitan area cities within those regions to evaluate RTES performance across different climates and subsurface conditions: Albuquerque, New Mexico; Charleston, South Carolina; Chicago and Decatur, Illinois; Lansing, Michigan; Memphis, Tennessee; Phoenix, Arizona; and Portland, Oregon. Evaluated metrics include estimated required well spacing, thermal storage capacity, and thermal recovery efficiency through time. Also considered for each reservoir are potential complicating factors, including reservoir depth, thermally driven free convection, and groundwater salinity. This work focuses on direct-use cooling because the need for cooling modern office buildings greatly exceeds that for heating in most parts of the country (Falta and others, 2016); however, the evaluated metrics are also relevant to heating and electricity applications. Results indicate that favorable RTES conditions exist in each region, with the Coastal Plain and Basin and Range being especially favorable for thermal storage capacity, whereas the Pacific Northwest and Michigan Basin excel at energy recovery for the evaluated cooling application. The results underscore the utility of developing maps of thermal storage capacity, subsurface temperature models, and volumetric estimates of thermal storage capacity to serve as key RTES resource classification standards. Overall, this pre-assessment provides a basic understanding of RTES potential in several cities and geologic regions throughout the country and could aid ongoing thermal energy storage assessment efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103256"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}