Geothermics最新文献

{"title":"Multi-factor optimization of coaxial borehole heat exchanger based on Taguchi and matrix method","authors":"Shimin Wang ,&nbsp;Pengtao Wang ,&nbsp;Jian'an Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Liang ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Ke Zhang ,&nbsp;Jian Liu ,&nbsp;Xingchen Lu ,&nbsp;Shaoqiang Sui ,&nbsp;Shengshan Bi","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The medium-deep coaxial borehole heat exchanger (MDCBHE) utilizes mid-deep geothermal energy for building heating via a heat transfer process. The heat extraction performance of MDCBHE is influenced by multiple factors. Previous studies mainly analyzed the short-term influence of major affecting factors on a single evaluation parameter. Long-term effect of multiple factors on multiple evaluation parameters has not been well investigated. Therefore, this study constructed a full-scale three-dimensional model to study the heat extraction characteristic of MDCBHE for a geothermal energy heating system. The Taguchi method was employed to analyze the influence degree and contribution rate of 9 influencing factors on 4 assessment indexes including heat exchange per meter (<em>Q</em>_L−5a), heat pump unit performance coefficient (<em>COP₋</em>_5a), rock temperature decay rate (<em>D</em>_soil−5a) and buried pipe heat transfer attenuation rate (<em>R</em>_d−5a). The results show that the inlet water temperature has the most significant effect on <em>Q</em>_L−5a and <em>COP₋</em>_5a, with a contribution rate of 35.27 % and 53.70 %, respectively. Rock and soil density and the thermal conductivity have the greatest influence on <em>D</em>_soil−5a and <em>R</em>_d−5, with a contribution rate of 43.48 % and 39.58 %, respectively. Finally, the matrix method was used for multi-index optimization to determine the influencing factors on the total contribution rate of the four evaluation parameters. The study results can provide guidance for the location and system design of MDCBHE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 103193"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-pressure thermal conductivity, speed of ultrasonic measurements and derived elastic modulus of sandstones with different porosity","authors":"Eugene G. Pashuk ,&nbsp;Ada E. Ramazanova ,&nbsp;Ilmutdin M. Abdulagatov","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of pressure on thermal conductivity is an important for understanding the heat transfer processes in modeling applications in geothermal reservoirs and for optimization of the technology of geothermal energy extraction processes. The primary factors affecting the economics of any geothermal energy recovery process are the amount of heat present in the geothermal reservoir and rate of heat extraction, which strongly depend on the thermal properties of the reservoir rocks, which are functions of both temperature and pressure. The present paper aims to study the variation of thermal conductivity of five sandstone samples from the Germany Geothermal Field with various total (open and close) porosities of (6.8, 13.0, 15.44, 21.3, and 21.5%) with pressure up to 203 MPa, to overcome the existing lack of thermal conductivity data for the geothermal reservoir modeling. The improved steady-state heat-flow technique (contact method) was used to precisely (with an uncertainty of 4%) measure the thermal conductivity of the sandstone samples. Unlike previous studies, in the present work the effect of the contact thermal resistance on the measured values of thermal conductivity has been taken into account using a calibration procedure to increase the accuracy and reliability of the measured data. The results show that with the increase of the pressure at a fixed temperature of 293.15 K, the thermal conductivity of sandstone is linearly increasing with pressure from 0.52 to 1.73 GPa⁻¹ depending on sandstone structural and mineralogical composition, porosity, and other characteristics, which falls in the same range reported by other authors for rock samples from different geothermal fields. The derived values of the thermal conductivity pressure coefficient are crucial for geothermal studies in order to effectively use the geothermal resources of the region, and are useful for scientific applications such as the development and testing of the accuracy, reliability, and predictive capability of existing thermal models of geothermal reservoirs. Based on the present experimental results, statistical analysis (correlation analysis) was revealed between the measured thermal conductivity of sandstone samples and open and close porosities. The role of closed and open porosities on the pressure dependence of thermal conductivity and elastic moduli is discussed. For the first time, we experimentally observed the difference of the influence of the open and closed porosities on the thermal conductivity and elastic properties of sandstones. It was experimentally confirmed that the effect of closed porosity on the thermal conductivity of sandstones is significantly greater than that of open porosity by 15 to 20%. The obtained results show that it is of great importance to study the changes in the thermal properties of the sandstones under pressure at realistic reservoir conditions for geothermal studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 103195"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining vegetation index with mineral identification for detection of high-geothermal-potential zones using hyperspectral satellite data","authors":"Taiki Kubo ,&nbsp;Hiroaki Gonnokami ,&nbsp;Arie Naftali Hawu Hede ,&nbsp;Katsuaki Koike","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geothermal energy represents a large-output, high-capacity, and sustainable energy source for electric power generation, with critical implications for the transition toward a low-carbon society; hence, it is crucial to accurately explore and assess geothermal resources. Many areas rich in geothermal resources are located in non-arid, densely vegetated regions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a method, applicable at the first stage of regional resource exploration, using hyperspectral remotely-sensed images to detect surface geothermal manifestations with high reliability in densely vegetated areas. The Patuha geothermal field in West Java, Indonesia, was selected as the study area given the availability of accumulated survey data to validate our proposed method. A single satellite image acquired by the Hyperion sensor was used for the case study. Two vegetation indices were defined to detect spectral features of stressed vegetation: a blue shift of the red edge and an increase in shortwave-infrared reflectance. These indices were suitable to detect vegetation stress under soil acidification conditions caused by ascending geothermal water and gases. After normalization to a zero mean and unit standard deviation, these indices were combined into a single vegetation index considering blue shift and shortwave-infrared reflectance (VIBS). The advantage of the VIBS over the normalized difference vegetation index was demonstrated by better correspondence with geothermal manifestations and better consistency along major faults. By further combining the VIBS values (in vegetated areas) with mineral weights calculated by linear spectral unmixing for kaolinite (in non-vegetated areas), we proposed a new index, the geothermal manifestation potential (GMP). General matching between high-GMP zones and geothermal manifestations or fault traces demonstrated the usefulness of this index; this was confirmed by field survey measurements of reflectance spectral features characterizing vegetation under geothermal stress. Additionally, the highest-GMP zones were located near surface water possessing high sulfate concentrations and above a deep vapor-dominated underground reservoir.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 103194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of surface and subsurface anomaly linkage in geothermal resource evaluation: A case study of the Corbetti geothermal prospect, main Ethiopian rift","authors":"Simeneh Wassihun ,&nbsp;Abera Alemu ,&nbsp;Wubamlak Nigussie ,&nbsp;Kevin Mickus ,&nbsp;Melak Desta Workie ,&nbsp;Habtamu Wuletawu ,&nbsp;Shimels Wendwesen ,&nbsp;Esubalew Yehualaw","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Corbetti geothermal prospect (CGP) represents a rapidly uplifting, dynamically deforming volcanic region and a seismically active zone within the central Main Ethiopian Rift. Beyond its fundamental role in understanding rift evolution, the Corbetti caldera complex hosts multiple active volcanoes that serve as potential heat sources for generating geothermal energy. While the influence of tectonic and volcanological structures on the occurrence of these geothermal resources is well known, understanding how subsurface heterogeneous structures govern the availability of geothermal fluid reservoirs remains a challenge An integrated analysis of thermal infrared remote sensing data and gravity and magnetic within the CGP was used to identify anomalous temperature areas, delineate subsurface geological structures, and investigate their connection with geothermal resources. The highest concentrations of high surface temperature regions were observed at the Shala volcanic complex and north of the Corbetti caldera complex, while the lowest surface temperatures were identified in the southern and southeastern parts of the Wondo Genet. The analysis of the gravity and magnetic anomaly maps, along with 2D gravity/magnetic models and a 3D conceptual model, provided insights into subsurface magma plumbing systems and to the presence of deep-seated geothermal heat sources within the CGP. The groundwater outflow from Lake Awasa towards Lake Shala interacts with the intrusive heat under the Corbetti caldera complex at the middle of the two lakes which enhances the occurrence of geothermal resources. The existence of faults and fractures determined from geological mapping and gravity and magnetic derivative analyzes likely facilitate the migration of melt from deep intrusions to shallow magma reservoirs, acting as conduits for groundwater and ultimately manifesting as thermal anomalies at the surface beneath the Corbetti caldera and southern shore of Lake Shala.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 103191"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurements and simulations of high temperature borehole thermal energy storage in Drammen, Norway - evaluation of thermal losses and thermal barrier","authors":"K.H. Kvalsvik ,&nbsp;R.K. Ramstad ,&nbsp;H. Holmberg ,&nbsp;J. Kocbach","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High temperature borehole thermal energy storages (HT-BTESs) have a huge potential in enabling green cities by storing and supplying a large share of the required heating/cooling demand in buildings and industry. A new concept to minimize losses is the use of a thermal barrier ring of boreholes around the inner boreholes. The barrier is charged with low temperature heat to reduce heat losses from the inner boreholes to the surrounding ground. An HT-BTES with this concept has been built at Fjell Primary School, Drammen, Norway, and temperature profiles in some of the boreholes have been measured for periods of up to 13 months during three years using distributed temperature sensing (DTS). The HT-BTES consists of 100 boreholes, 36 in the barrier ring and 64 inside it, and is charged at ≈50–60 °C starting in April 2020.</div><div>DTS measurements from inside the HT-BTES have been used to calibrate a Comsol Multiphysics model. The model shows good qualitative agreement with measurements. The calibrated simulations show that after three years more than half of the injected thermal energy is stored in or extracted from the HT-BTES while the remainder is lost to and stored in the surroundings. The HT-BTES reduces yearly costs by 1.8–43.8 kNOK (155–3800 EUR) compared to a low temperature BTES, and additionally provides cooling and reduction of electricity peak demand. The thermal barrier leads to 88 MWh (76–112 MWh) additional thermal energy stored in the HT-BTES, giving a ∼2.5 °C (1.8–3.2 °C) higher average storage temperature. The thermal barrier increases the amount of stored thermal energy after the first three years of operation by 20 %. The cost of the barrier is still too high to make it economically viable in Norway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 103192"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The source and differential enrichment mechanisms of lithium in Gudui geothermal field: Constraints from enrichment and dilution processes of geothermal-type lithium","authors":"Rui Cao ,&nbsp;Yiming Yan ,&nbsp;Ji Dor ,&nbsp;Qijun Liu ,&nbsp;Yongqiang Cai ,&nbsp;Shuangshuang Wan ,&nbsp;Defan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a typical high-temperature geothermal system in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the Gudui geothermal field (GDGF) shows notably high lithium content. Compared with other Li-rich geothermal fields, GDGF exhibits differential enrichment of lithium. Furthermore, few studies have focussed on investigation of the depletion of lithium during the ascent of geothermal fluids. Therefore, this study investigated the source, mechanism of differential enrichment of lithium and depletion mechanism of lithium. The δ_D and δ18O plot and the two-endmember modeling of Sr isotope indicate that geothermal fluids in GDGF were affected by magmatic water and mixing ratios are range from 0.8 to 12 %. Furthermore, the Li isotope mass balance model shows that the leucogranite distributed near GDGF is the primary source of lithium in geothermal fluids. The correlations between Na, K, Li and Cl concentrations indicate that the geothermal waters in eastern and western region originate from different parent geothermal fluids. The δ_D-Cl plot and enthalpy-chloride diagram reveals that the geothermal water in WGDGF was mainly formed by mixing with shallow surface water, and multiple boiling processes took place in EGDGF. In addition, Lithium in the geothermal fluids might be absorbed by the clay minerals widely distributed in the EGDGF, which causes the depletion in the rise process. In conclusion, the differential enrichment model of lithium in GDGF was constructed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 103190"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental assessment of inter-well reinjection in standing column wells by analysis of transfer functions obtained from non-stationary deconvolution","authors":"Louis Jacques,&nbsp;Philippe Pasquier,&nbsp;Gabriel Dion,&nbsp;Gabrielle Beaudry","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Standing column wells are semi-open-loop ground heat exchangers that can achieve highly efficient thermal exchange rates through the strategic control of the pumping and bleed flow rates. The management of groundwater discharges associated with bleed use remains a challenge. A solution is inter-well reinjection, which proposes to imbalance the return flow rates between the standing column wells. This approach has been shown to be more efficient than fully balanced recirculation, although a direct comparison with a conventional bleed operation has not yet been conducted. To provide a robust evaluation of inter-well reinjection performance, a 35-day-long experiment is conducted on five standing column wells connected to a real building. The experimental transfer functions representing the operating modes tested (full recirculation, bleed, and inter-well reinjection) are evaluated using a non-stationary deconvolution algorithm and their adequacy with the conceptual site model is verified by comparison with numerical transfer functions obtained in a Monte-Carlo experiment. The results indicate that inter-well reinjection leads to a 10% higher thermal efficiency in the scenarios tested compared to full recirculation, albeit with a slightly reduced performance compared to typical bleed use. This confirms the potential of inter-well reinjection for boosting the efficiency of thermal exchange in SCWs while facilitating groundwater management and avoiding the installation of costly injection facilities. The methodology used to evaluate the experimental transfer functions is also found to be robust, as it allowed the reproduction of the measured temperatures with a root mean square error of 0.04 <span><math><mrow><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span>. Lastly, comparison of the experimental transfer functions with the Monte-Carlo experiment suggests that the accuracy of the conceptual model could be improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 103184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The certainty matrix for fault data and interpretations","authors":"D.C.P. Peacock","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces an approach for expressing certainty in the analysis and interpretation of faults, using a modification of the risk matrix commonly used in risk assessment. The <em>certainty matrix</em> uses qualitative or semi-quantitative analyses of both the data used and an interpreted characteristic of individual faults or fault systems. These characteristics may include the existence of faults, the certainty of trace lengths, the age of faults, or the influence of faults on sub-surface fluid flow. This approach improves the ability to make justifiable interpretations and decisions about faults and fault-affected areas, including about issues relevant to geothermal energy exploration or the underground storage of radioactive waste. The use of this approach is illustrated using three faults from Somerset, UK.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 103197"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of radiogenic heat production in granites of the Goiás Tin Province, Central Brazil","authors":"A.L. Carvalhêdo ,&nbsp;A.C. Carmelo ,&nbsp;J.P.D. Lima ,&nbsp;N.F. Botelho ,&nbsp;A. Chornobay","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study defines the radiogenic heat production of A-type granites in the Goiás Tin Province (GTP), Central Brazil, using airborne gamma-ray spectrometry. Pedra Branca Massif and Serra Dourada Granite are rich in tin, rare earth elements, and they exhibit anomalous radiogenic heat (5.5–15 µW/m³). They are therefore classified as high heat production granites (HHPG). By integrating radiogenic heat data, RGB imaging, magnetometry, density model and geological information, we associated anomalous radiogenic heat with mineralized regions present in the granites found in the GTP. Our methodology was validated using geological information, density model and other granites worldwide. It proved to be effective for targeting HHP granites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 103183"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of ground source heat exchanger operation modes on multi-borehole mid-deep ground source heat pump system performance","authors":"Zuohai Wang ,&nbsp;Jian Ding ,&nbsp;Mingzhi Yu ,&nbsp;Yudong Mao ,&nbsp;Ke Zhu ,&nbsp;Wenke Zhang ,&nbsp;Ping Cui ,&nbsp;Zhaoyi Zhuang ,&nbsp;Shiyu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The operation economy of mid-deep ground source heat pump (MGSHP) system is significantly influenced by the operation mode of multi-borehole mid-deep borehole heat exchangers (MMBHE). However, as to now, the understanding about it is very limited and far from enough. This study explores the effects of the MMBHE different operating modes on the performance of MGSHP system, and the factors such as full boreholes operation arrangement, circulating water flow rate variation of individual boreholes, and building heating load variations during the heating season. The study analyzed the circulating water temperature variation, underground temperature field distribution and evolution, heat pump unit COP, coefficient of system performance (CSP), heat extraction of MMBHE, reverse heat transfer depth of MBHE, and power consumption. The results indicate that the operation mode of letting all boreholes operate throughout the whole heating season and reducing circulating water flow rate when the heating load is small and increasing it while the load is large is much better than other operation modes. With this kind of operation mode, the MGSHP system has the lowest power consumption. Even though the overall borehole extracts heat from the ground, the upper section of the borehole sometimes injects heat. The length of the heat release section can be effectively shortened by reducing the circulating water flow rate and decreases as the operation time extends. The reduction is most significant when all boreholes are put into operation. Reducing the circulating water flow rate when the load is small and increasing it when the load turns large can result in a reduction of &gt;50 % in the fifth year compared to that in the first year.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 103186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}