Helminthologia最新文献

{"title":"First record of <i>Neobenedenia girellae</i> (Monogenea: Capsalidae) as the cause of mortality of yellow snappers, <i>Lutjanus argentiventris</i>, farmed in artisanal cages in the Urías Estuary, Mazatlán, Mexico.","authors":"J A G López-Ceseña, L Andrade-Gómez, B Mendoza-Garfias, G Pérez-Ponce DE León, M I Grano-Maldonado","doi":"10.2478/helm-2026-0008","DOIUrl":"10.2478/helm-2026-0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A parasitic outbreak of capsalid monogeneans occurred in May 2023 in artisanal cages where yellow snappers (<i>Lutjanus argentiventris</i>) are farmed. Cages are set at the entrance to the Urías Estuary in Mazatlán, northwestern Mexico. The outbreak resulted in the loss of 8,890 fish from an initial stock of 10,000. Twenty fish specimens were examined to determine the cause of death. Massive tissue damage was observed in the hosts' skin, and a severe infection with capsalid monogeneans was detected. The capsalid was initially identified morphologically as a member of the genus <i>Neobenedenia</i>; however, due to long-standing taxonomic confusion between <i>N. girellae</i> and <i>N. melleni</i>, we further corroborated the identification using ribosomal (28S rRNA) and mitochondrial (cytb) DNA sequences, analyzing sequence divergence values and phylogenetic interrelationships. Photomicrographs of processed specimens, as well as scanning electron photomicrographs, were obtained. The monogenean was identified as <i>Neobenedenia girellae</i> and is reported for the first time as a parasite of farmed <i>L. argentiventris</i>. The monogenean reached very high infection levels, with a prevalence of 100 ^¢%, and a mean intensity of 68.2 parasites per infected host. To more accurately describe the effect of this highly pathogenic monogenean on the host, we assessed the body condition factor of the hosts (1.22 ± 0.05). We compared it with the standard value reported in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":55061,"journal":{"name":"Helminthologia","volume":"63 1","pages":"72-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13268608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148267143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing hydatid cysts diagnosis utilizing cell-free DNA as a sensitive biomarker for <i>Echinococcus</i> spp.","authors":"S F Shaban, S A Al-Azizz, M F Abdulhameed, F H Ahmed","doi":"10.2478/helm-2026-0007","DOIUrl":"10.2478/helm-2026-0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Echinococcosis is an important zoonosis that leads to significant health problems and economic losses in livestock. The study aimed to detect cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from hydatid cysts in blood-derived samples and to determine the species/strains of <i>Echinococcus</i>. Hydatid cysts were initially collected from slaughtered sheep and tested for their viability using an eosin stain. Twenty-five rats were injected with 3000 protoscolices into the peritoneal cavity, and after a two-month observation period, they were autopsied. The Casoni test was performed to assess the hypersensitivity reaction to hydatid antigens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to identify <i>Echinococcus</i> spp. from multiple samples, including the cysts, sera, and plasma. The NADH dehydrogenase genes (nd1) of <i>E. granulosus</i> were targeted at 657 bp, and partial mitochondrial DNA sequences were obtained. The majority of the cysts (80%) were considered actively fertilized/viable. According to the molecular test, all studied samples were related to <i>E. granulosus</i>. The study concluded that <i>E. granulosus</i> is a common species in sheep populations in Basrah. Using cfDNA in plasma is a more efficient method for detecting hydatids than serum and faecal samples. This method is considered highly accurate and feasible for evaluating hydatid cysts in the intermediate hosts, which is critical for the control and therapy of parasitic infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":55061,"journal":{"name":"Helminthologia","volume":"63 1","pages":"61-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13268671/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148267207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fasciolosis: Analytical approaches to post-treatment liver enzyme activity changes in cattle.","authors":"Ľ Burcáková, A Königová, M Babják, Z Kostecká, M Várady","doi":"10.2478/helm-2026-0006","DOIUrl":"10.2478/helm-2026-0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study investigated the applicability of three different analytical approaches for assessing post-treatment changes in liver enzyme activity following anthelmintic therapy over a 21-day period in cattle naturally infected with fasciolosis. A total of 48 animals were allocated into four groups of 12 cows each: one untreated control group and three treatment groups. Treated cattle received the following anthelmintic combinations: ivermectin plus clorsulon (IVM+CLOR), levamisole plus oxyclozanide (LEV+OXY), and albendazole (ABZ). Biochemical assessments were performed using standardized kinetic and colorimetric methods in accordance with the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) guidelines. Pre- and post-treatment changes in hepatic enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase - AST, alanine aminotransferase - ALT) and cholestatic enzymes (alkaline phosphatase - ALP, gamma-glutamyl transferase - GGT) were evaluated. The analyses demonstrated comparable applicability and reliability of quantifying post-treatment enzyme changes when referenced either to pre-treatment or to the control group at the group level, rather than at the individual level. Among the enzymes assessed, all three analytical approaches showed agreeing results of significantly decreased GGT activity by 3.8 - 32.4 % and 21.6 - 47.5 % across treatment groups on Day 7 and 21, respectively, following flukicide administration. These findings underscore the importance of quantifying liver enzyme changes and highlight the relevance of GGT post-treatment alterations. The observed associations between flukicide therapy and biochemical liver profiles may provide a foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the impact of treatment on clinic-biochemical patterns and the potential for liver recovery following the resolution of chronic fasciolosis in naturally infected cattle.</p>","PeriodicalId":55061,"journal":{"name":"Helminthologia","volume":"63 1","pages":"79-86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13268668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148267200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ectoparasites and Endoparasites of the Clark's Lizard, <i>Darevskia clarkorum</i> (Squamata, Lacertidae), Collected from Different Provinces of the Black Sea Region of Türkiye.","authors":"Y Civil, H S Yildirimhan, A M Redhwan, U Bülbül, S Sarikurt, A A Hassan","doi":"10.2478/helm-2026-0001","DOIUrl":"10.2478/helm-2026-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A total of 61 specimens (26♀♀, 31 ♂♂, and 4 juveniles) of <i>Darevskia clarkorum</i> (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), collected between 2000 and 2005 from five provinces of Türkiye (Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Rize, and Artvin) and archived as museum material, were subjected to helminthological examination. As a result of the examinations conducted, 2 Cestoda (<i>Nematotaenia tarentolae, Oochoristica tuberculata</i>), 4 Nematoda (<i>Strongyloides darevskyi, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Skrjabinodon medinae, Agamospirura</i> sp.), and 1 Acanthocephala (<i>Centrorhynchus</i> sp. larvae) species were identified in the host. In addition, an ectoparasite species in the arthropod belonging to the order Ixodida (<i>Ixodes ricinus</i>) was encountered. Except for <i>Ixodes ricinus</i>, all parasite species have been recorded for the first time in <i>D. clarkorum</i> in the literature. In this respect, the study makes an important contribution to both the species' parasite fauna and the herpetofauna of Türkiye.</p>","PeriodicalId":55061,"journal":{"name":"Helminthologia","volume":"63 1","pages":"21-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13126057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating morphological and deep learning approaches for the identification of economically important nematode genera in vineyards: <i>Mesocriconema</i> and <i>Xiphinema</i>.","authors":"L Öztürk, B Şin","doi":"10.2478/helm-2026-0002","DOIUrl":"10.2478/helm-2026-0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate identification of plant-parasitic nematodes is fundamental to effective crop protection and the maintenance of soil ecosystem integrity. This study integrates morphological characterization with deep learning-based object detection to enhance diagnostic accuracy for economically important nematode genera, <i>Xiphinema</i> and <i>Mesocriconema</i>, associated with vineyards. Three advanced YOLO architectures [YOLO-NAS, YOLOv11, and Roboflow 3.0 (YOLOv8 architecture)] were trained and evaluated on a high-resolution annotated microscopic image dataset consisting of 961 images and 1.034 bounding-box annotations. Although the target nematode genera display considerable morphological variability and genetic divergence among populations, the present investigation focused on genus-level detection of <i>M. xenoplax</i> and <i>X. pachtaicum</i>. These two major ectoparasitic nematodes cause significant damage to grapevine root systems. Among the models tested, YOLOv11 achieved the highest detection accuracy, with a precision of 95.7 % and an mAP@50 of 93.2 %. YOLO-NAS exhibited comparable performance (mAP@50 = 92.7 %, precision = 93.1 %, recall = 84.9 %), while Roboflow 3.0 (YOLOv8 architecture) yielded satisfactory results (mAP@50 = 89.4 %), indicating its applicability for real-time diagnostic workflows. This integration of taxonomic expertise with deep learning represents a new methodological framework for nematode identification. All models exhibited rapid convergence and stable learning dynamics during training. The findings underscore the potential of YOLO-based frameworks as efficient, scalable, and reproducible tools that complement classical morphological and molecular identification, contributing to precision agriculture and sustainable nematode management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":55061,"journal":{"name":"Helminthologia","volume":"63 1","pages":"38-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13126056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updated morphological description and molecular analysis of <i>Neoechinorhynchus</i> (<i>Neoechinorhynchus</i>) <i>iraqensis</i> (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from <i>Planiliza abu</i> (Heckel) (Mugilidae) in Iraq.","authors":"O M Amin, A Chaudhary, M E Caracciolo, A H Ali, N Y Rubtsova, M H Al-Kuraizy, H S Singh, W DE Souza","doi":"10.2478/helm-2026-0004","DOIUrl":"10.2478/helm-2026-0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The original description of <i>Neoechinorhynchus</i> (<i>N</i>.) <i>iraqensis</i> Amin, Al-Sady, Mhaisen, Bassat, 2001, from <i>Planiliza abu</i> (Heckel) in the Euphrates River, Iraq, is updated and completed, for the first time, using ocular microscopy and SEM, despite its repeated discovery by various observers in Iraqi waters. No descriptive accounts were provided in these earlier reports. Structures originally described in line drawings are currently demonstrated considerably more clearly in life-like 3-dimensional forms. New morphological features constituting partial revision are reported herein for the first time. Proboscis hooks, anterior trunk topography, reproductive structures organization, and egg anatomy were particularly emphasized. The DNA sequence of the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (<i>18S</i>) was used to substantiate its morphological distinction. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses were performed, which showed that <i>Neoechinorhynchus</i> (N.) <i>iraqensis</i> formed a clade with strong bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probability.</p>","PeriodicalId":55061,"journal":{"name":"Helminthologia","volume":"63 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13126055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation and molecular detection of <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i> in Duhok Governorate.","authors":"L H Hussein, S A Al-Muffti","doi":"10.2478/helm-2026-0005","DOIUrl":"10.2478/helm-2026-0005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cystic hydatid disease, caused by <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i>, is a major zoonotic infection with significant public health and economic impact in endemic regions, including Iraq. This study aimed to detect the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in <i>E. granulosus</i> and to characterise hydatid cysts based on morphological and pathological features, including cyst wall layers, cyst type, and organ involvement, in Duhok Governorate, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). In this study, characterisation refers to the classification of hydatid cysts by type (fertile, infertile, or calcified) and organ involvement. Of the 58 hydatid cyst samples collected, 17 were from humans, and 41 were from sheep. Cysts were classified according to organ involvement and cyst type (fertile, infertile, or calcified). Among sheep samples, 75.6 % were fertile, 21.9 % infertile, and 2.4 % calcified, whereas human samples showed 82.4 % fertile, 5.9 % infertile, and 11.8 % calcified cysts. Molecular detection using PCR targeting the COI gene confirmed the presence of <i>E. granulosus</i> DNA in 40 sheep and 15 human samples. Nineteen PCR-positive samples were selected for sequencing, resulting in 13 high-quality sequences (three human and ten sheep isolates) that were successfully submitted to GenBank. Statistical analysis showed no significant association between host type and host gender, infection type, or PCR positivity (p > 0.05). However, significant associations were observed between cyst type and organ involvement, cyst type and PCR results, and PCR results and affected organs (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings support the usefulness of COI-based PCR for molecular detection of <i>E. granulosus</i> and highlight the value of integrating cyst characterisation with molecular approaches to improve epidemiological understanding and support control strategies in endemic areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":55061,"journal":{"name":"Helminthologia","volume":"63 1","pages":"12-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13126054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entomopathogenic nematodes targeting the control of the corn leafhopper, <i>Dalbulus maidis</i> (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), under laboratory conditions.","authors":"A C DE Oliveira, V Andaló, M L DA Mota, F J Carvalho, L S DE Faria, O J Marques","doi":"10.2478/helm-2026-0003","DOIUrl":"10.2478/helm-2026-0003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The corn leafhopper, <i>Dalbulus maidis</i> (DeLong & Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), was considered a secondary pest in Brazilian corn crops. However, from 2015 onwards, there was a significant increase in its population and a high incidence of both pale and red wilt diseases. This species transmits these phytopathogens, elevating its status to a major agricultural pest. It has a high dispersal capability, significant reproductive potential, and adapts to adverse conditions, result in damage to crops by inhibiting plant growth and decreasing yield, leading to financial losses for farmers due to challenges in its control. Accordingly, the study aimed to evaluate the virulence of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes belonging to the <i>Heterorhabditis</i> and <i>Steinernema</i> genera against adult <i>D. maidis</i>, as well as the lethal concentration (LC50), compatibility with insecticides and herbicides used in corn cultivation, and the nematode life cycle within the insect. There was no significant difference between the isolates, and they displayed a mortality rate exceeding 50%. The lethal concentration for <i>H. amazonensis</i> MC01 was 75 IJs adult^-1, and for S. feltiae IBCB 47, it was 25 IJs adult^-1. No phytosanitary product was found to be harmless to <i>H. amazonensis</i> MC01. The herbicide tembotrione did not affect the viability and infectivity of <i>S. feltiae</i> IBCB 47. The <i>H. amazonensis</i> MC01 and <i>S. feltiae</i> IBCB 47 isolates completed their life cycle in <i>D. maidis</i> adults, with the <i>S. feltiae</i> IBCB 47 isolate showing a longer life cycle than <i>H. amazonensis</i> MC01.</p>","PeriodicalId":55061,"journal":{"name":"Helminthologia","volume":"63 1","pages":"29-37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13126053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New data on the presence of <i>Sparicotyle chrysophrii</i> (Polyopisthocotyla: Microcotylidae) on the gills of <i>Sparus aurata</i> (Teleostei: Sparidae) in Tunisian coastal waters, with insights into the genetic structure and phylogenetic analysis.","authors":"S Farjallah, P Merella, Osama B Mohammed, N Amor","doi":"10.2478/helm-2025-0039","DOIUrl":"10.2478/helm-2025-0039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study represents the first integrated epidemiological and molecular characterisation of the monogenean <i>Sparicotyle chrysophrii</i> in wild and farmed gilthead seabream <i>Sparus aurata</i> populations across seven Tunisian localities. Prevalence in the different localities ranged 37.5 % - 63.6 % in wild fish and 29.4 % - 90.0 % in farmed fish. Population genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships were inferred by incorporating novel and existing haplotype data from various Mediterranean regions, using the structural ribosomal RNA (rRNA) for the large subunit (28S) and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rDNA sequences revealed a monophyletic group with a distinct clade closely related to <i>Microcotyle</i>. The haplotype network exhibited a star-like pattern, supporting recent demographic expansion across the Mediterranean Sea. This expansion was reflected in genetic diversity indices, which showed high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity. Negative neutrality test values further suggested a recent population expansion. Phylogenetic analysis of COI sequences revealed no significant phylogenetic differentiation, with samples from various Mediterranean regions clustering into a monophyletic clade. The mismatch distribution for Tunisian samples displayed a unimodal pattern, confirming this demographic expansion. Genetic distances based on COI sequences revealed a 1.15 % divergence between Tunisian and Algerian samples, with the lowest pairwise FST value, suggesting a shared evolutionary history, as supported by the haplotype network. AMOVA analysis of Tunisian samples revealed that 92.77 % of the variance was attributed to individual differences, with a moderate FST value, indicating the absence of significant genetic structuring within populations. The presence of shared haplotypes confirmed the potential for pathogen transfer between wild and farmed fish populations. Overall, the COI data suggested that host biological characteristics play a significant role in shaping the genetic structure of <i>S. chrysophrii</i> populations, as evidenced by the lack of significant phylogenetic divergence across the Mediterranean Sea.</p>","PeriodicalId":55061,"journal":{"name":"Helminthologia","volume":"62 4","pages":"352-364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12951159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147349556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular and orbital dirofilariasis: A case series from Sisak-Moslavina County.","authors":"A Prpić, M Gromača-Grgić, S Vukelić, M Vidić, T Milašinović Iveković, R Iveković","doi":"10.2478/helm-2025-0035","DOIUrl":"10.2478/helm-2025-0035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ocular and orbital dirofilariasis, though rare, can mimic common eye infections or other conditions and lead to misdiagnosis. We present a series of four patients with ocular and orbital dirofilariasis in Sisak-Moslavina County of Croatia, emphasizing the variable clinical presentations and diagnostic challenges. Ocular dirofilariasis should be considered in patients with unexplained symptoms, particularly in endemic or rural areas. Detailed anamnesis and timely surgical intervention are essential for accurate diagnosis and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":55061,"journal":{"name":"Helminthologia","volume":"62 4","pages":"365-368"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12951153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147349545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}