{"title":"Edge Computing and IoT Data Breaches: Security, Privacy, Trust, and Regulation","authors":"David Kolevski;Katina Michael","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3372605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3372605","url":null,"abstract":"Edge computing is an emerging computing paradigm representing decentralized and distributed information technology architecture \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000. The demand for edge computing is primarily driven by the increased number of smart devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) that generate and transmit a substantial amount of data, that would otherwise be stored on cloud computing services. The edge architecture enables data and computation to be performed in close proximity to users and data sources and acts as the pathway toward upstream data centers \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000. Rather than sending data to the cloud for processing, the analysis and work is done closer to where the source of the data is generated (\u0000<xref>Figure 1</xref>\u0000). Edge services leverage local infrastructure resources allowing for reduced network latency, improved bandwidth utilization, and better energy efficiency compared to cloud computing.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10496887","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140546504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sustainability in the Built Environment: The Galapagos Experience","authors":"Analia Lourdes Pastran","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3363784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3363784","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2020, residents of cities, especially the poor and vulnerable, have been disproportionately affected by the social, economic, and political consequences of the COVID pandemic and other global crises.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10496890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140546412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supporting the Measurement of Sustainable Development Goals in Africa: Geospatial Sentiment Data Analysis","authors":"Hossein Masoumi Karakani","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3377459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3377459","url":null,"abstract":"In 2015, the United Nations (UN) launched an ambitious set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Achieving these far-reaching goals requires effective tracking of progress across 169 targets and over 230 indicators. Furthermore, adopted in 2015, Africa Agenda 2063 is a strategic framework developed by the African Union (AU) to optimize the use of the continent’s resources for sustainable and inclusive growth. It aims to deliver on key aspirations shared by African nations including a high standard of living, well-educated citizens, good governance, strong cultural identity, and Africa’s strong voice in global affairs. Built around 20 goals and seven priority areas, Agenda 2063 provides a shared vision and roadmap for socioeconomic transformation in Africa over the next 50 years. However, numerous countries in Africa face considerable challenges in collecting, timely, granular, high-quality data to adequately monitor SDG metrics. Traditional data sources like surveys and administrative records often have gaps, especially at subnational levels. As a result, national statistics offices, particularly in Africa, lack the data needed to properly inform SDG-related policies and interventions.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140550175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3375173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3375173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10496878","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140546474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Apurva Kulkarni;Chandrashekar Ramanathan;Vinu E. Venugopal
{"title":"Toward Sustainable Data Practices: Integrating Open Data With SDG-Based Data Lake Frameworks","authors":"Apurva Kulkarni;Chandrashekar Ramanathan;Vinu E. Venugopal","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3365591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3365591","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) necessitates the adoption of sustainable policies, which entails a crucial task of policy formulation. Policymakers must consider multiple factors, such as the present development status, which can be assessed using diverse data points, as well as the policy’s impact and an action plan outlining its implementation \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000. These data points typically originate from various sources, primarily governmental bodies encompassing statistics, budgets, legislation, public services, and geospatial data (maps, satellite imagery), along with domain users comprising individuals, organizations, and governments \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000. The SDGs are intricately crafted, taking into account a multitude of factors and pinpointing key indicators that influence these factors. These factors typically span across diverse data points sourced from various sectors. For instance, in assessing the student dropout rate, it is imperative to consider factors such as the availability of transportation facilities, basic hygiene amenities, access to drinking water, and the effectiveness of government-organized schemes in utilization and impact. Employing an open data framework coupled with advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models has the potential to facilitate in-depth exploration and analysis, providing valuable insights into the complex interplay of these factors and contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of SDG-related challenges and opportunities.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140546508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mackenzie Jorgensen;Madeleine Waller;Oana Cocarascu;Natalia Criado;Odinaldo Rodrigues;Jose Such;Elizabeth Black
{"title":"Investigating the Legality of Bias Mitigation Methods in the United Kingdom","authors":"Mackenzie Jorgensen;Madeleine Waller;Oana Cocarascu;Natalia Criado;Odinaldo Rodrigues;Jose Such;Elizabeth Black","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3341465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3341465","url":null,"abstract":"Algorithmic Decision-Making Systems (ADMS) \u0000<xref>1</xref>\u0000 fairness issues have been well highlighted over the past decade \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, including some facial recognition systems struggling to identify people of color \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000. In 2021, Uber drivers filed a claim with the U.K. ’s employment tribunal for unfair dismissal resulting from automated facial recognition technology by Microsoft \u0000<xref>[3]</xref>\u0000. \u0000<italic>Bias mitigation methods</i>\u0000 have been developed to reduce discrimination from ADMS. These typically operationalize fairness notions as \u0000<italic>fairness metrics</i>\u0000 to minimize discrimination \u0000<xref>[4]</xref>\u0000. We refer to ADMS to which bias mitigation methods have been applied as “mitigated ADMS” or, in the singular, a “mitigated system.”","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Words, Acronyms, Languages, and Perceptions: The Human Mind, Life, and Semantics Interoperability","authors":"Luis Kun","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3340229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3340229","url":null,"abstract":"From the time I imigrated to the United States, I have always been very surprised by the constant use of acronyms in schools, industries, and government. In November 1978, I started my first full-time job with International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) after finishing my doctorate at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). I was to be part of a national team that tried to understand and define the computer requirements of faculty, particularly researchers at Caltech, University of Southern California (USC), and UCLA, on how they would use computers. Because of my biomedical engineering (BME) background, I was assigned to the healthcare/hospital marketing team. During my first week, I overheard a team member say: “Just came back from the LA County-USC Medical Center and there is a problem in the CCU. ”","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deceptive AI and Society","authors":"Ştefan Sarkadi","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3340232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3340232","url":null,"abstract":"Deceptive artificial intelligence (AI) is a heavily loaded term. Its semantic load has become exponentially heavier in a very short period of time. Perhaps, most of this semantic load, at least in the recent public sphere, has been placed on it because of the deployment of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT. Deceptive AI is very multifaceted. Different AI approaches give rise to different types of AI technologies, or, in some cases, autonomous agents. Some of these technologies already exist in practice, others exist in theory, some are transitioning between theory to implementation, and, finally, some are still only fictions of our shared imagination \u0000<xref>[62]</xref>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arezo Bodaghi;Benjamin C. M. Fung;Ketra A. Schmitt
{"title":"Technological Solutions to Online Toxicity: Potential and Pitfalls","authors":"Arezo Bodaghi;Benjamin C. M. Fung;Ketra A. Schmitt","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3340235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3340235","url":null,"abstract":"Social media platforms present a perplexing duality, acting at once as sites to build community and a sense of belonging, while also giving rise to misinformation, facilitating and intensifying disinformation campaigns and perpetuating existing patterns of discrimination from the physical world. The first-step platforms take in mitigating the harmful side of social media involves identifying and managing toxic content. Users produce an enormous volume of posts which must be evaluated very quickly. This is an application context that requires machine-learning (ML) tools, but as we detail in this article, ML approaches rely on human annotators, analysts, and moderators. Our review of existing methods and potential improvements indicates that neither humans nor ML can be removed from this process in the near future. However, we see room for improvement in the working conditions of these human workers.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strange Frequencies: The Extraordinary Story of the Technological Quest for the Supernatural—Peter Bebergal (New York, NY, USA: Penguin Random House, 2022, 256 pp.)","authors":"A. David Wunsch","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3329898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3329898","url":null,"abstract":"For over 40 years, starting in 1954, Popular Electronics Magazine was the major American publication for electrical hobbyists. The last years of the magazine saw it renamed Computers and Electronics. This is an unremarkable history but, as explained by Peter Bebergal about 3/4th of the way through his fascinating book Strange Frequencies, there is an issue from October 1995 that proposes experiments that deviate from the magazine’s usual gadgetry. The magazine is easily read at this website \u0000<uri>https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Poptronics/90s/95/PE-1995-10.pdf</uri>\u0000. The cover features a middle-aged man hunched over a reel-to-reel tape recorder. Behind him, he is haunted by a trio of faded ghost-like figures. The cover story is captioned, “Ghost voices: Are the dead trying to contact us through electronic means? Try these experiments and see for yourself” The article begins with a discussion of two electronic voice phenomena (EVP) experimenters of the 1950s: Frederich Jurgenson and Konstantin Raudive who claimed that with electronics they have communicated with the dead and that they have recordings of those voices preserved on tape. During his lifetime, Raudive asserted that he captured about 70,000 such communications.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}