Shu-Zhong Yue, Wei Shao, Xiao Ding, Xi Cheng, Li-Ye Xiao
{"title":"Semisupervised Generative Model for Design of Polarization Conversion Metasurfaces","authors":"Shu-Zhong Yue, Wei Shao, Xiao Ding, Xi Cheng, Li-Ye Xiao","doi":"10.1155/mmce/1829555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/mmce/1829555","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a semisupervised generative model for unit cell sample generation to design polarization conversion metasurfaces (PCMs). This model obtains new unit cell structures and corresponding electromagnetic (EM) responses from simple probability distributions in the latent space to achieve better results. The semisupervised scheme combines supervised learning and unsupervised learning by sharing their respective weights of the encoders and decoders, reducing the number of labeled samples required to half the total number of samples. To improve the design freedom of unit cell structure, nonparametric modeling is introduced with binary images. To verify the proposed semisupervised generation model, a quasi-I–shaped pattern is selected as the basic unit cell structure for validation. After the trained generative model generates the optimal unit cell, a chessboard ultrawideband PCM with dimensions of 240 × 240 mm is designed, and the monostatic radar cross section is reduced by 10 dB from 10.2 to 18 GHz under the far-field normal incidence. The proposed model expands the freedom of the unit cell structure and improves the PCM performance using only a small number of labeled samples. Furthermore, compared with traditional generative models using the same training set, it shows significant improvements in both unit cell structure image generation and EM response prediction. This research provides an efficient new method for the intelligent design of microwave metasurfaces and supports their subsequent engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":54944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/mmce/1829555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiaxuan Su, Haibin Qin, Xiaoou Ding, Yusi Yang, Hongzhi Wang
{"title":"An Entropy-Guided Search Algorithm for Key Factor Combination Analysis in RF/Microwave CAD","authors":"Jiaxuan Su, Haibin Qin, Xiaoou Ding, Yusi Yang, Hongzhi Wang","doi":"10.1155/mmce/5656170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/mmce/5656170","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Key influencing factor analysis aims to identify influential patterns in interrelated variables. This paper proposes an anytime entropy-guided factor-combination analysis method for discovering feasible multifactor combinations in large discrete or discretized design spaces. The method uses negative factor removal entropy to prioritize dimensions and a best-first search strategy to return valid combinations under a user-specified time budget while preserving multidimensional interactions beyond linear projection methods. It targets engineering datasets in which discrete design choices jointly affect continuous responses, making it suitable for data-driven RF, microwave, and millimeter-wave computer-aided design tasks such as antenna, circuit, and subsystem optimization. Experiments on real-world and synthetic datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach can efficiently produce high-quality factor combinations, achieving fast discovery on moderate-scale data and maintaining practical efficiency on larger-scale settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":54944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/mmce/5656170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bhawna Tiwari, Vipin Balyan, Sindhu Hak Gupta, Mukesh Kumar Ojha
{"title":"An Approach to Classify Human Finger Gestures Based on UWB Antenna Parameters","authors":"Bhawna Tiwari, Vipin Balyan, Sindhu Hak Gupta, Mukesh Kumar Ojha","doi":"10.1155/mmce/8836225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/mmce/8836225","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The recognition and classification of human finger gestures hold significant interest due to their wide-ranging applications in human–computer interaction, human–machine communications, virtual control, interactive gaming, and the management of handheld devices. Our approach focuses on classifying these gestures based on the antenna parameters of body-worn ultrawide band (UWB) antennas. Each finger gesture alters the electromagnetic field strength in a unique way, leading to distinct variations in the scattering parameters of the antenna. These variations can be harnessed to recognize and classify finger movements. In our experimental work, we implemented two sets of transmitting and receiving compact UWB antennas using FR4 and denim substrate materials. Datasets were collected from on-body antennas placed at three different locations on human subjects, capturing 10 distinct left-hand and right-hand finger gestures. The convolutional neural network (CNN) along with the crow search algorithm (CSA) technique and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) are explored for presented finger gestures recognition and classification. The performance of the classification model and the effect of antenna placement locations have been evaluated. The results demonstrate that the superior classification performance was achieved by the proposed CNN-CSA with XGB model that possess 97.4% accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":54944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/mmce/8836225","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatma Zohra Hamrioui, Rachida Touhami, Mohamad Al Sabbagh, Mustapha C. E. Yagoub
{"title":"Wideband Single Notch Band-Pass Filter for 5G Applications Based on Inverted Symmetry Grounded Patch Resonator","authors":"Fatma Zohra Hamrioui, Rachida Touhami, Mohamad Al Sabbagh, Mustapha C. E. Yagoub","doi":"10.1155/mmce/4367857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/mmce/4367857","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, a novel wideband band-pass filter with a single notch is presented. Designed to cover the LTE 4G band (2.50–2.69 GHz), the 5G N77 (3.30–4.20 GHz), and N78 (3.30–3.80 GHz) bands, as well as the upper 6 GHz band (6.425–7.125 GHz), the proposed filter uses a grounded patch etched with meander line resonators exhibiting inverted symmetry. Unlike conventional symmetrical resonators, this design introduces a coupled, inverted-symmetry resonator configuration integrated with a grounded patch. This proposed mechanism efficiently achieves a dual-band response by incorporating a notch band and enhances the upper stop-band rejection through the generation of two transmission zeros (TZs). The notch band of the proposed filter is allocated at 5.54 GHz to block the existing interference of the 5 GHz WI-FI, with an insertion loss of 35.1 dB and 10-dB notched fractional bandwidth of 17.33% (i.e., 4.93–5.89 GHz). This notch separates the wide bandwidth into two sub passbands, the first of which is allocated at 3.38 GHz with a 3 dB bandwidth of 68.63% (2.22–4.54 GHz) and the second sub passband, on the other hand, is assigned at 6.67 GHz with a 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 14.39% (6.05–7.01 GHz). Additionally, two TZs are detected in the upper stop band at 8.83 and 9.46 GHz, respectively. Note that, because of its close proximity with the 5 GHz WI-FI, the 5G N79 band (4.40–5.00 GHz) was not initially targeted. However, the compact designed filter is also covering part of it as well, making it an attractive device for 5G communication systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":54944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/mmce/4367857","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"All-Textile Monopole Antenna With AMC Reflector for WBAN and WLAN Applications","authors":"Yotrawee Hengroemyat, Wanwisa Thaiwirot, Prayoot Akkaraekthalin, Akkarat Boonpoonga, Nonchanutt Chudpooti","doi":"10.1155/mmce/6112850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/mmce/6112850","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a low-profile all-textile monopole antenna integrated with a dual-band artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) reflector for wireless body area network (WBAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The proposed antenna is designed to operate at 2.4 and 5.2 GHz bands, covering the ISM and WLAN bands. The antenna is fabricated on a felt substrate with a compact size of 30 × 50 mm<sup>2</sup>, ensuring wearability and comfort. To achieve dual-band performance and enhance antenna radiation, a 3 × 3 AMC array is employed beneath the textile monopole antenna. The overall size of the AMC reflector is 91.5 × 91.5 mm<sup>2</sup>, which is sufficiently large to act as an effective reflecting surface for both operating frequencies at 2.4 and 5.2 GHz. Each AMC unit cell is composed of an inner square patch and an outer square loop, designed to provide in-phase reflection characteristics at the two frequency bands. The measured impedance bandwidths of the proposed antenna are 10.66% (2.31–2.57 GHz) and 20.7% (4.46–5.49 GHz), with maximum gains of 7.24 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 7.12 dBi at 5.2 GHz. Moreover, the performance under bending is evaluated. The simulated specific absorption rate (SAR) of the proposed antenna with AMC reflector remains below the safety limit of 1.6 W/kg averaged over 1 g of tissue and 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue, confirming its safety for on-body operation. With its compact size, flexibility, and low-profile configuration, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for practical WBAN and WLAN applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":54944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/mmce/6112850","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Compact Integrated Microwave and Millimeter Wave Antenna for 5G Applications","authors":"Syeda Shafaq Karim, Muhammad Abdul Basit","doi":"10.1155/mmce/7502992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/mmce/7502992","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter presents the design of a compact integrated antenna operating across both FR1 and FR2 frequency ranges for 5G applications. The proposed structure, with overall dimensions of 0.58<i>λ</i><sub>G</sub> × 0.66<i>λ</i><sub>G</sub> × 0.01<i>λ</i><sub>G</sub>, employs a common aperture shared by a slot antenna and a patch antenna. In the microwave band, the slot-based radiator exhibits a bidirectional radiation pattern, which is well suited for wide-area and orientation-independent connectivity in 5G IoT and sub-6 GHz communications. At millimeter wave frequencies, the patch radiator generates a broadside radiation pattern with moderate gain, enabling high-data-rate directional links such as device-to-device communication and vehicular communications. The proposed dual-band antenna achieves peak gains of 5.6 dBi in the microwave band and approximately 10.2 dBi in the millimeter wave band. The antenna provides wide fractional impedance bandwidths of 74% (3.3–7.2 GHz) and 23.8% (24–30.5 GHz), effectively covering several key 5G bands. Owing to its novel integrated structure, an isolation better than 30 dB is achieved in both bands. Furthermore, frequency-dependent beam scanning is observed in both operating bands. A prototype was fabricated, and the measured results show close agreement with simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/mmce/7502992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamad Farran, Mervat Madi, Jihan Salah, Antonio-D Capobianco, Stefano Boscolo, Karim Y Kabalan, Obada Al-Khatib
{"title":"A Compact Low-Profile Multilayer Log-Periodic Metasurface Patch Antenna With Broadside Radiation","authors":"Mohamad Farran, Mervat Madi, Jihan Salah, Antonio-D Capobianco, Stefano Boscolo, Karim Y Kabalan, Obada Al-Khatib","doi":"10.1155/mmce/4011464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/mmce/4011464","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A multilayer log-periodic metasurface patch antenna (LPMPA) operating in the 4–9-GHz frequency range with broadside radiation is presented. This antenna array is characterized by its compact size and low profile. Each element of the LPMPA consists of a 2-D periodic structure of 4 × 4 square patches, which can be viewed as a metasurface. The array is excited through aperture coupling in the ground plane beneath the radiators. The proper phase progression of the currents for a broadside radiation of the LPMPA′s elements in the active region is obtained by increasing the length of the feed line placed between adjacent radiators. The structure′s stop-band caused by the excess of length between radiators is eliminated by increasing the characteristic impedance of the feed line to 70 Ω in the proximity of each slot. A prototype of the proposed antenna, consisting of four 2-D periodic structures, is fabricated and tested. The obtained results show a 76% fractional bandwidth with gain ranges between 8 and 13 dB.</p>","PeriodicalId":54944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/mmce/4011464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Matching Layer Loaded Absorber Using Screen-Printed Resistive Meandering Square Ring and Line Structure With Wide-Angle Stability","authors":"Shixing Yu, Tingli Rao, Yingmeng Zhang","doi":"10.1155/mmce/1210893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/mmce/1210893","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, we propose a broadband and wide-angle stable absorber based on screen-printing resistive film (SPRF) and impedance matching layer (IML). The proposed absorber consists of five layers: two IMLs, a lossy layer based on SPRF, a dielectric matching layer, and a metallic ground plane. Simulation and measurement results show that the reflection coefficient with |<i>S</i><sub>11</sub>| less than −10 dB ranges from 4.5 to 19.3 GHz and 3.11 to 25.6GHz under normal incidence, respectively. Furthermore, the absorption band can maintain good stabilities under both TE and TM polarizations within 60° of oblique incidences. The measured and simulated results agree well with each other, verifying the design principle and manufacturing process. The proposed SPRF-based and IML-loaded absorber with improved angular stabilities can be applied in stealth radome and interference suppression in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":54944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/mmce/1210893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148282344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Broadband GaN Doherty Power Amplifier With Integrated Unequal Wilkinson and λ/4 Phase Network for Midband 5G","authors":"Tugba Haykir Ergin, Ismail Sisman","doi":"10.1155/mmce/8619355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/mmce/8619355","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents the design and implementation of a high-efficiency two-way Doherty power amplifier (DPA) for sub-6 GHz 5G New Radio (NR) applications, specifically targeting the n78 band (3.3–3.8 GHz). The proposed gallium nitride (GaN)-based DPA delivers a peak output power of 42.5 dBm, a gain of 13.3 dB, and a maximum power-added efficiency (PAE) of 83% at 3.5 GHz with <i>V</i><sub><i>D</i><i>D</i></sub> = 28 V under a 50-Ω matched load. Both amplifier branches employ CG2H40010F GaN HEMTs configured in Class AB (carrier) and Class C (peaking) modes to achieve efficient load modulation across the operating band. A key feature of the proposed design is an integrated input network based on an unequal Wilkinson power divider combined with a <i>λ</i>/4 phase-delay section, which is system-level optimized to provide appropriate power division, phase alignment, and impedance matching for Doherty operation without requiring additional hybrid couplers. This compact structure minimizes insertion loss, improves amplitude–phase balance, and enhances Doherty load modulation performance across the 3.3–3.8-GHz range. The DPA is implemented on a Rogers RO4003C substrate and incorporates <i>λ</i>/4 impedance inverters and a seventh-order postharmonic suppression network to achieve superior spectral purity, reducing harmonic components below −30 dBc. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations and experimental validations demonstrate strong agreement between measured and simulated results, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed architecture as a broadband, energy-efficient, and manufacturable solution for next-generation sub-6 GHz 5G base-station transmitters.</p>","PeriodicalId":54944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/mmce/8619355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md. Sadman Sakib Chowdhury Manjur, Muhammad Asad Rahman, Maodudul Hasan
{"title":"A High-Isolation Triband CPW-Fed MIMO Antenna With Wideband Performance for L-Band, Smart Home IoT, and Sub-6 GHz Wireless Systems","authors":"Md. Sadman Sakib Chowdhury Manjur, Muhammad Asad Rahman, Maodudul Hasan","doi":"10.1155/mmce/2526699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/mmce/2526699","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a tri-band CPW-fed two-element MIMO antenna designed for smart home Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The proposed antenna operates at 1.5, 2.4, and 5.8 GHz, with a wide upper-band response from 3.84 to 7.14 GHz, covering major IoT, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and sub-6 GHz wireless systems. The novelty of this work lies in the integrated antenna and compact decoupling design, which simultaneously achieves wideband operation, high isolation, and a small footprint. The antenna shows reflection coefficients better than −15 dB across all operating bands and interelement isolation below −28 dB, ensuring low mutual coupling. The design also provides low envelope correlation, a diversity gain close to 10 dB, and stable radiation characteristics. Measured and simulated results show good agreement. Owing to its compact size, strong isolation, and reliable MIMO performance, the proposed antenna is well-suited for next-generation smart home and IoT wireless devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":54944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/mmce/2526699","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}