Dezhi Ran , Jianwei Cheng , Yejiao Liu , Qiang Fu , Zhiyuan Ma , Jing Mei
{"title":"Experimental validation and mechanistic elucidation of crack division and two-phase flow-mediated sealing in coalbed methane extraction boreholes","authors":"Dezhi Ran , Jianwei Cheng , Yejiao Liu , Qiang Fu , Zhiyuan Ma , Jing Mei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.106021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.106021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coalbed methane (CBM) has emerged as a key clean fuel. The efficient recovery of CBM heavily relies on the materials used to seal cracks in gas drainage boreholes. This study divides the range of cracks into different single width cracks. A method of using two-phase particle mucus sealing material (PMSM) based on the “Liquid-Sealing-Gas (LSG)\" principle is proposed to address the limitations of traditional “Solid-Sealing-Gas (SSG)\" methods. The method involves the use of modified bentonite as the basis mucus material and a combination of flexible and rigid particles as the sealing materials. A mathematical model of graded particles' multi-level width cracks is established, and corresponding calculation software is developed. Through experiments on single crack sealing, range crack sealing, and investigations of the effects of various factors such as grouting pressure, surface roughness, crack location, and borehole angle and the sealing performance are analyzed. The results show that the best particle mucus show performance with an leakage amount (LA) of 12.29 g and an sealing time (ST) of 3.7 s. At 0.4 MPa, LA is around 7 g and ST is 6.7 s. Regarding surface roughness, the rough crack model has a 10 mm smaller slurry diffusion distance than the smooth one. For crack location, ST and leakage volume (LV) are smallest at 180°. In borehole angle tests, in upward boreholes, ST and LV increase with angle, while in downward ones, they decrease. The sealing performance of the new material is superior to that of traditional cement materials. The new particle sealing material has a maximum average negative pressure of 98 kPa and the time required to restore to the original air pressure is five times that of cement materials. Finally, the mechanism of particle sealing cracks is summarized, including three function: blocking, supporting, and filling. This study advances the theory of particle and complex crack sealing, offering novel insights for enhancing CBM extraction research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106021"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142990458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermo-hydro-mechanical calibration modelling of the full-scale emplacement experiment and sensitivity analyses","authors":"Ruiping Guo, Scott Briggs","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To understand the mechanism of the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processes in a repository, many laboratory or in-situ experiments have been carried out. One of these experiments is the Full-scale Emplacement Experiment (FE-Experiment) at the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory. The FE-Experiment simulated the construction, waste emplacement, backfilling and early post-closure evolution of a spent fuel/vitrified high-level waste disposal tunnel according to the Swiss repository concept. The FE tunnel was excavated between November 2010 and May 2011, and following a ventilation period, three heaters (simulant waste canisters) were installed in the FE tunnel during 2014. The heaters sat on pedestals made of bentonite blocks and the remainder of the tunnel was filled with a granular bentonite mixture (GBM). In this paper, a fully coupled THM COMSOL model was built and used to calibrate the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical parameters based on the measurements in the FE-Experiment. A set of thermal, hydraulic and mechanical parameters was obtained through this calibration and the mechanism of the coupled processes in the FE-Experiment was explained using this model. The couped THM model was also used to perform sensitivity studies. A sensitivity study examined the influence of assumptions regarding the heater representation in the model (geometry, thermal properties, application of the heat load) and proved that these assumptions had a significant influence on the heater temperatures, the temperature of the placement tunnel sealing material but not in the Opalinus clay (OPA) rock surrounding the placement tunnel. A second sensitivity study proved that the initial pore water pressure in the Opalinus clay had a significant influence on the pressure accumulation over time. A third study confirmed that using as-placed (unsaturated) thermal conductivity for the bentonite sealing material can give conservative thermal results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106031"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143049656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fanbao Meng , Lu Shi , Stephen Hall , Patrick Baud , Teng-fong Wong
{"title":"Onset of pore collapse and dilatancy in porous sandstone under true triaxial compression: Experimental observation and micromechanical modeling","authors":"Fanbao Meng , Lu Shi , Stephen Hall , Patrick Baud , Teng-fong Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present new true triaxial compression data obtained in the ductile regime on Bleurswiller sandstone. The deformed samples show a range of failure modes qualitatively similar to what was reported by earlier experimental studies performed in conventional conditions (axisymmetric compression). In particular, visual inspection and X-ray Computed Tomography imaging reveal compaction localization in all our deformed samples. The pore collapse model of Zhu et al.( 2010) <sup>1</sup> is extended to include the role of the intermediate principal stress and our new data for the onset of shear-enhanced compaction are in basic agreement with this extended model that includes three stress invariants. Published true triaxial data obtained in the brittle regime highlights the impact of the intermediate principal stress on the onset of dilatancy. The predictions of the conventional sliding wing crack model extended to true triaxial conditions are in poor agreement with these data. Another energetic approach pioneered by Wiebols & Cook shows a better agreement with the experimental results. Our new data and analysis will help the interpretation of inelastic deformation under polyaxial compression in various geotechnical and tectonic settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 105983"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Zhou , Wenjun Lv , Bo Li , Qinyuan Liang , Shaoqi Wang
{"title":"A realistic 3D grain-based modeling approach for reproducing the mechanical and failure behavior of brittle granites","authors":"Yu Zhou , Wenjun Lv , Bo Li , Qinyuan Liang , Shaoqi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploring cracking behavior from mineral-scale do good help to understand the failure mechanism of rock materials. The present study proposes a realistic three-dimensional grain-based modeling (3D-GBM) method considering the actual distribution, geometry and mesoscopic mechanical properties of different minerals in granite samples. The geometrical characteristic and distribution were captured based on high-precision computed tomography (CT) scanning and polarized microscopy. The mesoscopic mechanical properties were measured using nanoindentation combined with the scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy scanning (SEM-EDS). The results indicate that the established model can realistically reproduce the mechanical and failure behavior of granite subjected to unconfined compression in terms of stress-strain curves, failure mode, crack evolution, and force transmission. Investigating crack propagation at mineral-scale shows that the relative damage degree is greater at weak boundaries (i.e., boundary related to mica) and relatively soft minerals (i.e., mica) than that of strong boundaries (i.e., quartz-quartz and quartz-feldspar) and stiffer minerals (i.e., quartz and feldspar). Grain boundaries and soft mica minerals play an important role in guiding and deflecting the crack propagation path due to the mismatch in elasticity and strength compared with the stiffer and harder minerals (i.e., quartz and feldspar).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 105981"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuanxun Nie , Xishu Wang , Bisheng Wu , Guangqing Zhang , Ranjith Pathegama Gamage , Shiyuan Li , Li Zhang
{"title":"Influences of the stress ratio and local micro mineral aggregates on small fatigue crack propagation in the shale containing bedding planes","authors":"Yuanxun Nie , Xishu Wang , Bisheng Wu , Guangqing Zhang , Ranjith Pathegama Gamage , Shiyuan Li , Li Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the existence of bedding planes in shale oil reservoirs, the complexity of crack networks created by conventional hydraulic fracturing (HF) technology is limited, resulting in low oil production. In this paper, a fatigue loading method was proposed to increase the complexity of the cracking network. The propagation behaviors of small cracks were investigated and compared under both monotonic and fatigue loading conditions by using SEM <em>in-situ</em> three-point bending tests. In addition, the influences of local micro mineral aggregates and stress ratios (<em>R</em> = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5) on the propagation behavior of small fatigue cracks (SFCs) in shale were quantitatively evaluated. The SEM <em>in-situ</em> fatigue tests demonstrated the effectiveness of fatigue loading in enabling SFC to propagate through the bedding plane and increase crack network complexity from a micro perspective. A fitting exponential formula of the stress intensity factor range threshold Δ<em>K</em><sub>th</sub> and stress ratio <em>R</em> was obtained. This study assists us in deeply understanding the influence of micro mineral aggregates and stress ratio on the SFC propagation mechanism and its implications for HF design in shale oil reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 105980"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanical characterization of intact rock under polyaxial static-dynamic stress states","authors":"Babak Khadivi , Hossein Masoumi , Amin Heidarpour , Qianbing Zhang , Jian Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate assessment of mechanical behaviour of rock is essential for safe and efficient design of structures on or within rock mass particularly under harsh in-situ stress conditions. Insights from rock engineering practices have revealed that rockbursts can occur at various scales and at any time during mining activities. These violent failure phenomena can be triggered by quasi-static stress redistribution resulting from mining activities as well as dynamically induced loads from seismic events. Moreover, the mechanical behaviour of rock has proven to differ under static and dynamic stress conditions, showing rate-dependent characteristics. Hence, this study aims to thoroughly investigate the triggers that can lead to rockburst events and provide insights into the brittle fracturing process under various stress conditions. To achieve this, a comprehensive set of static and dynamic laboratory tests was conducted on coal samples. The static experiments were conducted under uniaxial and triaxial conditions where the samples were tested at the confining pressures up to 20 MPa. For the dynamic tests, the samples were first pre-stressed uniaxially, biaxially and polyaxially at different ranges of static stresses up to 30 MPa hydrostatically and non-hydrostatically. Then, the high impact velocity up to 21.5 m/s was applied along the maximum stress direction to provide dynamic loading. The influences of loading condition, strain rate and confinement on the mechanical behaviour of coal were investigated. The fracturing process of samples based on their uniaxial, biaxial and polyaxial pre-stressing conditions and various strain rates were analysed to confirm the significant role of loss of confinement and strain rate in severe high-energy fragmentation of coal or so-called “rockburst” under both static and dynamic loadings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 105977"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongxin Xie , Heping Xie , Zetian Zhang , Qiangling Yao , Zhiguo Cao , Heng Gao , Changhao Shan , Zhiwei Yan , Rongjie Yin
{"title":"Fatigue fracture behaviors and damage evolution of coal samples treated with drying–wetting cycles investigated by acoustic emission and nuclear magnetic resonance","authors":"Hongxin Xie , Heping Xie , Zetian Zhang , Qiangling Yao , Zhiguo Cao , Heng Gao , Changhao Shan , Zhiwei Yan , Rongjie Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Constructing pumped-storage power stations using underground reservoirs in mines offers a promising method for large-scale energy storage. Watertight coal pillars have the potential to destabilize under the mine-shock cyclic dynamic loading and the drying–wetting cycles (DWCs). Understanding the fatigue damage mechanism and failure precursors in watertight coal pillars under cyclic dynamic loading disturbances in overburdened rock strata has become challenging. This study investigated the fatigue fracture behavior and precursor information of coal samples under acoustic emission (AE) monitoring over 1–7 DWC times. We analyzed the effects of DWC and fatigue cycles on the dynamic parameters and AE response, investigated crack spatial extension behaviors and the tensile-shear cracking evolution law, and analyzed the fatigue damage evolution law and failure precursor with energy and <em>b</em>-value. The results demonstrated that fatigue loading produced a strengthening effect on the DWC coal samples, and DWC promoted plastic softening damage to the specimens and increased the percentage of the elastic phase. The average dynamic fatigue strength and life of the specimens decreased exponentially under 7 DWC times. The average dynamic axial stiffness decreased by 15.67 %, the axial deformation increased by 6.1 × 10<sup>−4</sup> in a single cycle, and the dynamic elasticity modulus of the fatigue damage instant decreased by 8.86 %. The greater the number of DWC, the smaller the <em>b</em>-value and the larger the fluctuation amplitude at fatigue failure of the specimen. A large short-term increase or decrease in the <em>b</em>-value can be regarded as a precursor to fatigue failure. This study provides a reference for the stability monitoring and forewarning of underground pumped-storage facilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 105976"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianfeng Liu , Yang Wu , Junjie Liu , Yongyi He , Xuesong Shen , Yingjie Du , Bole Sun
{"title":"Acoustic emission evolution and fracture mechanism of rock for direct tensile failure","authors":"Jianfeng Liu , Yang Wu , Junjie Liu , Yongyi He , Xuesong Shen , Yingjie Du , Bole Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The failure mechanisms of engineering rock masses primarily involve tensile and shear failure. Differentiating between the acoustic emission (AE) signals generated during the tensile and shear damage processes in rock can provide a scientific basis for the classification of acoustic signals in field rock fracture monitoring. This paper presents a study on acoustic emission monitoring during the direct tensile testing of granite, proposing a method for classifying AE signals based on the damage and failure processes of the samples. Additionally, the classification of tensile and shear AE signals is explored. The main conclusions are as follows. The proportion of low-frequency signals (frequency <200 kHz) and high-frequency signals (frequency >200 kHz) in all AE signals was found to be 81.6 % and 19.4 %, respectively. Based on an integrated classification and statistical method for AE signals in rock tensile failure, which involves steps such as “denoising the raw waveform, time-frequency domain data transformation, fuzzification processing, extraction of dominant frequency and corresponding amplitude, and identification of secondary dominant frequencies,” the AE signals were categorized into two types, A and B. Type A signals accounted for an average of 7.6 %, while Type B signals made up 92.4 %. Based on the polarity determination method, the focal mechanisms of AE (Acoustic Emission) events were identified. In tensile events, the average proportion of Type A signals was 8.34 %, while the average proportion of Type B signals was 91.66 %. The Brazilian splitting test also yielded classification results similar to those obtained from direct tensile testing. Thus, it was preliminarily concluded that Type A signals, characterized by the presence of both a primary and secondary frequency, correspond to shear signals, whereas Type B signals, which only exhibit a primary frequency without a secondary frequency, correspond to tensile signals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 105974"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of ring test with reference to deformation rate and specimen geometry in assessing the tensile behaviors of granite","authors":"Manali Sarkar, Arindam Basu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ring test for indirect tensile strength measurements utilizes disc specimens with a hole at the center of the disc. Such specimens are found to limit the stresses at the specimen-platen contact and transfer the tensile stress to the upper- and lower-hole boundaries in ring specimens. Researchers observed that the tensile strength of a ring specimen tends to decrease as the ratio of the hole-radius to the disc-radius (ρ) increases. However, there has been no research on how the tensile strength derived from ring specimens varies when loaded under different quasi-static strain rates or deformation rates. The strain analysis in case of ring tests also does not seem to have gained attention. In this study, ring specimens of Malanjkhand granite (India) with varying ρ (0.13, 0.17, 0.21 and 0.25) were quasi-statically loaded at 0.5 mm/min, 1.5 mm/min and 5.5 mm/min corresponding to strain rates of 1.75 × 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, 5.26 × 10<sup>−4</sup> and 1.93 × 10<sup>−3</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The combined effect of the deformation rate and specimen geometry (ρ) on the indirect tensile strength and deformation behavior was investigated. The Ring Tensile Strength (RTS) is found to be higher than the Brazilian Tensile Strength (BTS). RTS shows dependency on both the geometry of the ring specimen as well as the deformation rate. The tensile Tangent Deformation Modulus (D<sub>v</sub>) and the ratio of the horizontal strain to vertical strain, coined as Ring Strain Ratio (RSR), were estimated in this study from the tensile stress and vertical-horizontal strain data. A numerical finite element analysis was also performed in Abaqus to observe the stress distribution in both ring and Brazilian discs, where the results were found to be broadly conformable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 105973"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental analysis of rock mass transport during dolomite and gas outburst","authors":"Katarzyna Kozieł , Norbert Skoczylas","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the problem of transporting rock material deep into the working is addressed. In the case of coal, literature reports indicate that sorbed gas is responsible for coal mass transport. As a result of laboratory tests, the marginality of sorption phenomena occurring in dolomite was confirmed. Transport of rock material during rock and gas outburst takes place in several stages. In the first stage, the post-outburst masses by gravity onto the bottom of the excavation and gas is released from the cavern which, after reaching a critical speed, entrains the accumulated material. A study was carried out to estimate the minimum start-up speed for grain transport. On the basis of analyses of the occurring gas-geodynamic phenomena and the conducted experimental tests, it can be concluded that on the basis of the size of the post-throw cavity and the length of the retention of the post-outburst masses, the work of transporting the post-outburst masses can be estimated. Finally, an energy balance of the rock-gas outburst phenomenon was performed based on the rock-gas system parameters estimated after two outbursts in dolomite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 105969"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}