International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Finite element-based analysis of blasting rock fragmentation using a digital sieving algorithm","authors":"Kaiwen Song ,&nbsp;Xin Wei ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Wei ,&nbsp;Yi Luo ,&nbsp;Dengxing Qu ,&nbsp;Tingting Liu ,&nbsp;Xinping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fragmentation serves as a critical blasting quality indicator in hydropower engineering, directly influencing rock extraction efficiency, operational quality, and economic costs. This study introduces a simulation method based on finite element digital sieving to address the limitations of traditional finite element methods (FEM) in predicting fragmentation. The method integrates finite element results with damage mechanics theory, employing a calibrated damage threshold (<em>D</em>₀₎ to differentiate high-damage element (HDE) from slow-damage element (SDE). Fragment size distribution is determined through damage-size correlation mapping and a maximum Feret diameter algorithm, establishing quantitative connections between numerical simulations and actual fragmentation patterns. Validation through Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) testing at Tongcheng Pumped Storage Power Station enabled precise calibration of critical simulation parameters. The results demonstrate reliable prediction of fragmentation distributions, providing an effective computational framework for practical engineering implementation. The conforming-to-dynamite mass ratio (CDR) metric demonstrates that insufficient decoupling coefficients compromise detonation efficiency, whereas excessive values promote oversized fragment generation, providing valuable insights for optimizing blasting design in practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 106141"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143907653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying different classes of geoacoustic events using machine learning","authors":"Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Yujun Zuo ,&nbsp;Longjun Dong ,&nbsp;Xianhang Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microseismic monitoring is widely used to detect instability hazards. Specifically, the quick and effective identification of microseismic events, such as noise, explosions, and drilling activities, is critical for determining mine stability and safety. This study employed features including the mean and standard deviation of frequencies extracted by short-time Fourier transform (STFT), short-term energy, total energy, and waveform length as multivariate parameters for event classification. These features were then standardized and integrated, and techniques such as KMeansSMOTE and OneSidedSelection were used to balance the dataset distribution through oversampling and undersampling. K-fold cross-validation combined with an advanced retention network deep neural network architecture was used to generate a comprehensive geoacoustic event classification model (GSEC) to classify different types of geoacoustic events, such as microseisms, blasts, drilling, and noise. In-depth comparisons were then performed using common deep-learning models, such as a convolutional neural network, long short-term memory network, residual network, dense network, and transformer. The proposed GSEC model outperformed the baseline models in terms of key performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and the F1 score. Thus, the developed GSEC model represents a new and effective tool for improving mine safety management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 106144"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143903976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel XRF and machine learning-based method for predicting weathered rock strength","authors":"Tong Ye ,&nbsp;Zhuang Chen ,&nbsp;Chunshun Zhang ,&nbsp;Congying Li ,&nbsp;Wei Wei ,&nbsp;Jie Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional rock mechanics testing faces significant limitations, including destructive testing conditions, time-intensive procedures, the inability to directly observe internal plastic zone expansion, and limited generalization capability. To overcome these challenges, this study uses granite with varying weathering grades as a case study, establishing a connection between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS)/Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) test results and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) data through a particle swarm optimization-backpropagation neural network (PSO-BPNN). Numerical parameters are further optimized and redistributed by integrating weight factors using a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO) to model weathered rock numerically. This approach successfully reproduces the three stages observed in UCS/BTS tests during loading: the elastic stage, plastic stage, and fracture stage. The numerical results show good agreement with experimental findings, revealing that the mineral composition of weathered rock exhibits distinct patterns corresponding to varying weathering degrees. As the weathering degree increases, the rock failure pattern transitions from single shear plane failure to crushing damage. The proposed method enables database construction with minimal pre-testing, facilitating rapid calibration and prediction of numerical parameters for diverse weathered rocks based on XRF field test results. Consequently, this method quantitatively correlates microscopic mineral composition with macroscopic mechanical behavior, surpassing traditional classification methods based on empirical estimation. It also provides a robust framework for accurately determining numerical parameters of weathered rocks, thereby enhancing the safety assessment of weathered rock formations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106130"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on mechanical properties and macro–mesoscale damage evolution of coal following true triaxial dynamic impact","authors":"Xiayan Zhang ,&nbsp;Enyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Rongxi Shen ,&nbsp;Zhoujie Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During deep coal mining, the coal mass inevitably suffers damage under three-dimensional stress due to dynamic loads. This damage renders the coal highly susceptible to instability and failure under static loads, thereby posing a threat to engineering safety. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate coal affected by true triaxial dynamic damage. This study aims to elucidate the mechanical properties and damage mechanisms of coal after true triaxial dynamic impact. True triaxial dynamic impact tests were conducted on coal specimens under varying deviatoric stresses and impact velocities. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests were performed before and after impact to examine changes in pore structure, followed by uniaxial quasi-static loading tests on the impacted coal samples. The results indicate that as deviatoric stress increases, the coal's dynamic elastic modulus, dynamic peak stress, elastic modulus, and uniaxial compressive strength decrease, while dynamic peak strain, strain rate, static peak strain, and crack compaction strain increase. Higher impact velocities elevate dynamic mechanical parameters but simultaneously deteriorate static mechanical characteristics. Additionally, with increasing deviatoric stress and impact velocity, the number of internal pores rises, the proportion of micropores declines, the proportion of meso-macropores rises, the multifractal dimension of the pore structure diminishes, pore connectivity improves, permeability increases, and damage severity intensifies. This study elucidates the fundamental mechanism by which internal pore structure damage in coal leads to the degradation of macroscopic mechanical properties and proposes a quantitative characterization of this deterioration process based on porosity evolution. By incorporating this damage mechanism, a novel statistical damage constitutive model has been developed that accurately describes the mechanical behavior of coal under true triaxial dynamic impact and reloading conditions. These findings deepen the understanding of the complex damage evolution of coal under intricate stress states, offering critical insights for safety control and stability assessment in deep mining operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106142"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the influence of cutterhead cone angle on rock breaking by double disc cutters in shaft boring machines","authors":"Yiqiang Kang ,&nbsp;Renshu Yang ,&nbsp;Liyun Yang ,&nbsp;Chaoyang Sun ,&nbsp;Chenxi Ding ,&nbsp;Fei Ma ,&nbsp;Lei Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development and utilization of deep earth resources have become a strategic scientific and technological issue that humanity must address. Shafts serve as the vital passage to the deep earth, and full-face shaft boring machines (SBMs) are crucial for mechanized shaft construction. In this study, the inefficiency of rock-breaking with disc cutters was investigated by analyzing the SBM's unique conical cutterhead. Specifically, a mechanical model accounting for the cutterhead cone angle parameter <em>β</em> was developed with a flat-edged cutter as an example. The contact area pressure distribution was precisely analyzed to derive the analytical solution for the pressure distribution on rock surfaces under different <em>β</em> angles. This model was employed to trace the evolution of the asymmetrical Von Mises stress distribution within the rock. Through numerical simulations and penetration tests, the symmetrical breaking mechanisms and characteristics of rocks under conical cutterheads were revealed regarding stress, strain, and fracture fields. The results specify that a marked asymmetry in rock failure occurred under double disc cutter penetration. Additionally, the rock breakage region on the left of the cutter axis was larger than that on the right, especially around the lower disc. As the angle <em>β</em> increased, asymmetry became more pronounced, and the total rock breakage area decreased rapidly. An increase in <em>β</em> from 0° to 60° brought about a decrease in the rock breakage area and the specific energy consumption by 53 % and 18 %, respectively. However, the reduction in energy consumption was significantly less than that of the breakage area. Thus, cutterhead design should minimize <em>β</em> to within an angle of 60° while maintaining effective rock chip removal. These research results lay a theoretical foundation for the design of the cutterhead structure of shaft boring machines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106127"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure mechanism of deep TBM tunnels subjected to dynamic disturbance under true triaxial unloading stress path","authors":"Biao Wang ,&nbsp;Ben-Guo He ,&nbsp;Junlong Shang ,&nbsp;Zihui Zhu ,&nbsp;Hejun Yu ,&nbsp;Xinzhong Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The peril posed by time-delayed rockburst significantly undermines the safety of deep-buried tunnel construction and operation, with dynamic disturbance recognized as a pivotal triggering factor. Vibration monitoring of critical Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) components and surrounding rock surfaces within TBM-constructed tunnels shows that low-frequency dynamic disturbance affects the failure behavior of excavated surrounding rock. However, the mechanism underpinning instability of hard rock under dynamic disturbance during stress adjustment in deep excavations remains elusive. To bridge this gap, multilevel dynamic disturbance experiments (<em>A</em> = 1 MPa, <em>f</em> = 20 Hz) under true triaxial loading and unloading paths were conducted. The results indicate that dynamic disturbances can accelerate the failure of granite, with its strength reduced by 10 %–12 % under the combined effects of high-stress unloading damage. These effects diminish the energy storage capacity of rock mass, thereby lowering the threshold for rockburst occurrence. The deformation rates of granite increase with each phase of <em>σ</em>₁ loading and <em>σ</em>₃ unloading. Based on real-time deformation rate observations at the final stage, critical instability characteristics are categorized into two types: stress adjustment and dynamic disturbance. With prolonged exposure to dynamic disturbance, a distinct acceleration-stabilization-acceleration (V-shaped) pattern appears in the strain rate of dynamic disturbance-induced failure. Acoustic emission monitoring demonstrates the degradation mechanism in hard rock subjected to dynamic disturbance, leading to the initiation of tensile cracks and accelerating the propagation of cracks across fracture surfaces. Ultimately, the effect of supporting stress was evaluated through comparative testing. A regulatory strategy was proposed for controlling the evolution process of dynamic disturbance-triggered rockbursts, entailing the construction of a three-dimensional wave-absorbed support system for the excavated rock surrounding deep-buried tunnels. These findings provide a valuable reference for understanding, early warning, and controlling the mechanisms underlying time-delayed rockbursts triggered by dynamic disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106128"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rock slope stability and hydromechanical coupling evaluation on the relay ramp-controlled failure mechanism in Mae Moh Mine, Thailand","authors":"Phopthorn Maneepong ,&nbsp;Cheowchan Leelasukseree ,&nbsp;Thirapong Pipatpongsa ,&nbsp;Photchara Sangkhaphan ,&nbsp;Thanakorn Maneewat ,&nbsp;Apipat Chaiwan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The complex tectonic history of the Mae Moh mine in Thailand created normal faults, which formed a relay ramp that controlled the failure mechanism of the massive block in the C1-west wall. Geotechnical monitoring data between 2021 and 2023 revealed that the slope deformation was predominantly influenced by mining activities and precipitations, resulting from the hydromechanical (HM) coupling process. A 3D-distinct element model was performed to calculate displacement and the factor of safety (FS) of the mine plans in 2023, 2034 and 2041. The modeling scenarios consisted of dry condition, water table with effective stress analysis, and HM coupling analysis. The numerical analysis revealed the failure mechanisms, including bi-planar compound block sliding, bi-planar rotational block sliding, and toe pushing-up influenced by the dipping of the relay ramp. The maximum displacement and FS obtained from the HM coupling analysis were found to be more critical than those derived from the traditional methods, particularly in 2041, where the excavation created a fully open-pit wall face. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis indicated the instability if the groundwater level reaches the critical value. The monitoring data and numerical model identified that disturbances from stress relaxation due to unloading led to increased permeability in discontinuities, causing slope stability sensitive to changes in the subsurface groundwater during mining activities. These findings emphasize the significant effect of the HM coupling process on slope stability and highly recommend integrating the HM coupling approach into slope design to achieve a more representative and conservative risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106132"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rate-dependent constitutive modelling of dynamic fracture in quasi-brittle materials","authors":"Ziyun Li ,&nbsp;Vinh T. Le ,&nbsp;Giang D. Nguyen ,&nbsp;Ha H. Bui","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic fracture of quasi-brittle materials, including rocks and concrete, is characterised by highly inhomogeneous deformation along localised cracking paths, exhibiting a significant rate-dependent effect that governs both fracture toughness and crack propagation trajectories. To capture the significant discontinuities of the localised fracturing band and its rate-dependent failure mechanisms, this study proposes a novel rate-dependent cohesive model integrated within a double-scale constitutive framework. The framework incorporates the localised failure mechanism as an intrinsic characteristic by using kinematic enrichment to account for the high deformation gradient across the localisation band. The proposed rate-dependent cohesive model distinctly incorporates the Dynamic Increase Factors (<em>DIF</em>) for both tensile and shear strength components to characterise mixed-mode dynamic fracture behaviour. Furthermore, by featuring a length scale intrinsically linked to the volume element size at the constitutive level, the size effects is naturally incorporated. The model's performance and promising features are demonstrated through its ability to capture dynamic fracture initiation, orientation and propagation under various impact load conditions. This opens the potential for understanding and simulating the complex dynamic fracture processes in quasi-brittle materials under high strain rate conditions, offering valuable insights for engineering applications involving impact load and dynamic structural integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106122"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation efficiency and acoustic efficiency in rock cracking: a new understanding from low and high frequency waveforms","authors":"Xu Li ,&nbsp;Daniel Dias-da-Costa ,&nbsp;Guangyao Si ,&nbsp;Sheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Ghislain Bournival ,&nbsp;Luming Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of acoustic emission (AE) techniques can capture the formation of discontinuities during crack propagation. Although the received waveforms exhibit significantly different frequency spectrum, the high and low frequency components are usually not separately examined and processed. In addition, the radiation efficiency and acoustic efficiency in acoustic radiation are not well analysed in brittle failure. This study proposed an AE waveform separation based on the frequency response. The acoustic radiation energy showed that P waves account for 0.0137 % and S waves 0.0433 % of the total input energy. However, the allocation of S wave energy between high and low frequency waveforms indicated the occurrence of shear microcracks in tensile crack propagation. The high frequency events were found to more likely be energetic events, featuring a similar profile to foreshocks before earthquakes. This likely results from energy dissipation due to shear microcracking friction The acoustic efficiency was observed to remain nearly independent of frequency and failure mechanisms, following a log-normal distribution. In conclusion, this study revealed a new relationship between acoustic emissions and crack propagation in brittle materials. The results suggest that the ground damage generated by a tensile earthquake could be more destructive than that by a same level shear earthquake owing to a higher percentage of energy radiation. This could be particularly important in the mine earthquake risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106129"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modeling of rock spalling around a tunnel using visco-plastic interface elements and a rock removal strategy","authors":"L. Crusat ,&nbsp;I. Carol ,&nbsp;D. Garolera ,&nbsp;P. Trinchero ,&nbsp;A. Idiart ,&nbsp;M. Calpe ,&nbsp;D. Mas-Ivars","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rock spalling is a brittle failure process that occurs around tunnels excavated in hard rock under high in-situ stress states. In nuclear waste disposal, spalling in fractured crystalline rock could create connected fractures, potentially providing pathways for radionuclides. Robust numerical models are therefore needed to evaluate the extent of rock spalling so that the design and layout of a prospective deep geological repository can be optimized and made fit for purpose. With this motivation in mind, this study proposes a methodology for the numerical analysis of rock spalling based on zero-thickness interface elements with a visco-plastic-fracture constitutive law, combined with a workflow for finite element removal/excavation. To simulate spalling, zero-thickness interface elements are pre-inserted along a sufficient number of mesh lines with random orientation within the rock mass. A uniform initial stress state is generated and the excavation of the circular tunnel is performed by removing the corresponding elements, which leads to stresses in excess of the elastic limit in some of the interfaces, and subsequent visco-plastic fracture openings. A criterion for excavation of the finite elements around the tunnel is established when a block which is totally surrounded by failed interfaces is totally detached or can slide off the mesh following a kinematically admissible path. The excavation of blocks causes a stress redistribution around the tunnel and this leads the need for new excavation steps, until a new equilibrium configuration is reached. The proposed methodology is applied to assess rock spalling in the Mine-by Experiment at the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited’s (AECL’s) Underground Research Laboratory in the massive Lac du Bonnet granite. The focus of the analysis is to understand the mechanisms and the influencing factors that lead to brittle failure, and to calibrate material properties to reproduce both the final stress state of the tunnel and its spalling depth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54941,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106096"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}