International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology最新文献

{"title":"Structure and function of the atypical orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner.","authors":"Yong-Soo Lee,&nbsp;Dipanjan Chanda,&nbsp;Jeonggu Sim,&nbsp;Yun-Yong Park,&nbsp;Hueng-Sik Choi","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(07)61003-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)61003-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The small heterodimer partner (SHP; NROB2) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and is classified as an \"orphan\" subgroup, as its ligand has not yet been identified. SHP lacks the classical DNA-binding domain found in most nuclear receptors and functions as a transcriptional coregulator by directly interacting with nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. SHP regulates the transcription of a variety of target genes and controls a variety of physiological functions. For the past 10 years, great progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanism of action of SHP and the regulation of SHP gene expression. Many of the results imply that SHP has a variety of roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding of the structure, expression, and function of the orphan nuclear receptor, SHP.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"261 ","pages":"117-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)61003-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26768806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New technologies used in the study of human melanoma.","authors":"Armando Felsani,&nbsp;Anna Maria Mileo,&nbsp;Vittoria Maresca,&nbsp;Mauro Picardo,&nbsp;Marco G Paggi","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(07)61006-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)61006-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The amount of information on tumor biology has expanded enormously, essentially due to the completion of the human genome sequencing and to the application of new technologies that represent an exciting breakthrough in molecular analysis. Often these data spring from experimental procedures, such as a serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and DNA microarrays, which cannot be defined as hypothesis-driven: it may appear to be a \"brute force\" approach through which no information can be directly generated concerning the specific functions of selected genes in a definite context. However, interesting results are fruitfully generated, and thus it is important to consider the enormous potential these new technologies possess and to learn how to apply this novel form of knowledge in the emerging field of molecular medicine. This review, after a limited outline regarding several classic aspects of human cutaneous melanoma biology, genetics, and clinical approaches, will focus on the proficient use of up-to-date technologies in the study of the neoplastic disease and on their capability to provide effective support to conventional approaches in melanoma diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"261 ","pages":"247-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)61006-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26768809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of gradient detection: a comparison of axon pathfinding with eukaryotic cell migration.","authors":"Anne von Philipsborn,&nbsp;Martin Bastmeyer","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(07)63001-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)63001-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The detection of gradients of chemotactic cues is a common task for migrating cells and outgrowing axons. Eukaryotic gradient detection employs a spatial mechanism, meaning that the external gradient has to be translated into an intracellular signaling gradient, which affects cell polarization and directional movement. The sensitivity of gradient detection is governed by signal amplification and adaptation mechanisms. Comparison of the major signal transduction pathways underlying gradient detection in three exemplary chemotaxing cell types, Dictyostelium, neutrophils, and fibroblasts and in neuronal growth cones, reveals conserved mechanisms such as localized PI3 kinase/PIP3 signaling and a common output, the regulation of the cytoskeleton by Rho GTPases. Local protein translation plays a role in directional movement of both fibroblasts and neuronal growth cones. Ca(2+) signaling is prominently involved in growth cone gradient detection. The diversity of signaling between different cell types and its functional implications make sense in the biological context.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"263 ","pages":"1-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)63001-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26911465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights into the macronuclear development in ciliates.","authors":"Stefan A Juranek,&nbsp;Hans Joachim Lipps","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(07)62005-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)62005-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During macronuclear differentiation in ciliated protozoa, most amazing \"DNA gymnastics\" takes place, which includes DNA excision, DNA elimination, DNA reorganization, and DNA-specific amplification. Although the morphological events occurring during macronuclear development are well described, a detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and the regulation of this differentiation process is still missing. However, recently several models have been proposed for the molecular regulation of macronuclear differentiation, but these models have yet to be verified experimentally. The scope of this review is to summarize recent discoveries in different ciliate species and to compare and discuss the different models proposed. Results obtained in these studies are not only relevant for our understanding of nuclear differentiation in ciliates, but also for cellular differentiation in eukaryotic organisms in general as well as for other disciplines such as bioinformatics and computational biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"262 ","pages":"219-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)62005-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26830902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zebrafish gastrulation: cell movements, signals, and mechanisms.","authors":"Laurel A Rohde,&nbsp;Carl-Philipp Heisenberg","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(07)61004-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)61004-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrulation is a morphogenetic process that results in the formation of the embryonic germ layers. Here we detail the major cell movements that occur during zebrafish gastrulation: epiboly, internalization, and convergent extension. Although gastrulation is known to be regulated by signaling pathways such as the Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway, many questions remain about the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Key factors that may play a role in gastrulation cell movements are cell adhesion and cytoskeletal rearrangement. In addition, some of the driving force for gastrulation may derive from tissue interactions such as those described between the enveloping layer and the yolk syncytial layer. Future exploration of gastrulation mechanisms relies on the development of sensitive and quantitative techniques to characterize embryonic germ-layer properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"261 ","pages":"159-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)61004-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26768807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adhesion molecules and other secreted host-interaction determinants in Apicomplexa: insights from comparative genomics.","authors":"Vivek Anantharaman,&nbsp;Lakshminarayan M Iyer,&nbsp;S Balaji,&nbsp;L Aravind","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(07)62001-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)62001-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apicomplexa have developed distinctive adaptations for invading and surviving within animal cells. Here a synthetic overview of the diversity and evolutionary history of cell membrane-associated, -secreted, and -exported proteins related to apicomplexan parasitism is presented. A notable feature in this regard was the early acquisition of adhesion protein domains and glycosylation systems through lateral transfer from animals. These were utilized in multiple contexts, including invasion of host cells and parasite-specific developmental processes. Apicomplexans possess a specialized version of the ancestral alveolate extrusion machinery, the rhoptries and micronemes, which are deployed in invasion and delivery of proteins into host cells. Each apicomplexan lineage has evolved a unique spectrum of extruded proteins that modify host molecules in diverse ways. Hematozoans, in particular, appear to have evolved novel systems for export of proteins into the host organelles and cell membrane during intracellular development. These exported proteins are an important aspect of the pathogenesis of Plasmodium and Theileria, being involved in response to fever and in leukocyte proliferation respectively. The complement of apicomplexan surface proteins has primarily diversified via massive lineage-specific expansions of certain protein families, which are often coded by subtelomeric gene arrays. Many of these families have been found to be central to immune evasion. Domain shuffling and accretion have resulted in adhesins with new domain architectures. In terms of individual genes, constant selective pressures from the host immune response has resulted in extensive protein polymorphisms and gene losses. Apicomplexans have also evolved complex regulatory mechanisms controlling expression and maturation of surface proteins at the chromatin, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. Evolutionary reconstruction suggests that the ancestral apicomplexan had thrombospondin and EGF domain adhesins, which were linked to the parasite cytoskeleton, and played a central role in invasion through formation of the moving junction. It also suggests that the ancestral parasite had O-linked glycosylation of surface proteins which was partially or entirely lost in hematozoan lineages.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"262 ","pages":"1-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)62001-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26830898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular basis of vertebrate endoderm development.","authors":"Aaron M Zorn,&nbsp;James M Wells","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)59002-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)59002-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The embryonic endoderm gives rise to the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory systems and organs such as the thyroid, lungs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Studies in Xenopus, zebrafish, and mice have revealed a conserved molecular pathway controlling vertebrate endoderm development. The TGFbeta/Nodal signaling pathway is at the top of this molecular hierarchy and controls the expression of a number of key transcription factors including Mix-like homeodomain proteins, Gata zinc finger factors, Sox HMG domain proteins, and Fox forkhead factors. Here we review the function of these molecules comparing and contrasting their roles in each model organism. Finally, we will describe how our understanding of the molecular pathway governing endoderm development in embryos is being used to differentiate embryonic stem cells in vitro along endodermal lineages, with the ultimate goal of making therapeutically useful tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"259 ","pages":"49-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)59002-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26658927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell proliferation in pathogenesis of esophagogastric lesions in pigs.","authors":"Milijana Knezević,&nbsp;Sanja Aleksić-Kovacević,&nbsp;Zoran Aleksić","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)60001-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)60001-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Esophagogastric ulcer is an independent disease in swine that is characterized by ulcerous autodigestion of the cutaneous mucosa, which does not exhibit a tendency to recover, but, on the contrary, a tendency toward severe hemorrhaging, with a predominantly lethal outcome. Since it develops in the part of the stomach that is morphologically and functionally different from other glandular mucosa, it was questioned earlier whether it could be a peptic ulcer based on its nature. Spontaneous ulcers, usually of the stomach, commonly occur in many domestic animals. Some of these lesions are chronic and they may occur in either the glandular or squamous-lined regions of the stomach. As with the human disease, the pathogenesis in domestic animals is multifactorial, poorly understood, and variable between and within species. Environmental stress and dietary factors are very important in the ulcer disease in swine. It has been shown that the Helicobacter spp. is strongly associated with naturally occurring ulcer and preulcer lesions of the pars esophagea in swine, which raises the possibility that Helicobacter spp. is an important factor in the pathogenesis of these lesions. The dynamics of the development of esophagogastric ulcers imply hyperplastic lesions (parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis), keratolysis, erosions, peptic necrosis, and the development of ulcers with all the characteristics of peptic ulcerations in other localities. In addition, K6 is expressed in association with the mucosal changes. The pattern of the intermediate filaments of keratin suggests that epithelial proliferation, which leads to visible hyperkeratosis, constitutes the essence of gastric ulcers in swine.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"260 ","pages":"1-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)60001-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26706293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of growth factors on testicular morphogenesis.","authors":"Sarah Mackay,&nbsp;Robert A Smith","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)60003-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)60003-X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the discovery of the sex-determining gene Sry in 1990, research effort has focused on the events downstream of its expression. A range of different experimental approaches including gene expression, knocking-out and knocking-in genes of interest, and cell and tissue culture techniques have been applied, highlighting the importance of growth factors at all stages of testicular morphogenesis. Migration of primordial germ cells and the mesonephric precursors of peritubular myoid cells and endothelial cells to the gonad is under growth factor control. Proliferation of both germ cells and somatic cells within the gonadal primordium is also controlled by cytokines as is the interaction of Sertoli cells (with each other and with the extracellular matrix) to form testicular cords. Several growth factors/growth factor families (e.g., platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor family, TGFbeta family, and neurotrophins) have emerged as key players, exerting an influence at different time points and steps in organogenesis. Although most evidence has emerged in the mouse, comparative studies are important in elucidating the variety, potential, and evolution of control mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"260 ","pages":"113-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)60003-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26706295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolism and metabolomics of eukaryotes living under extreme conditions.","authors":"Andreas P M Weber,&nbsp;Robin J Horst,&nbsp;Guillaume G Barbier,&nbsp;Christine Oesterhelt","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(07)56001-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)56001-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treatises on extremophiles are frequently focused on organisms belonging to the Archaea and Eubacteria kingdoms. However, a significant number of eukaryotes, both unicellular and multicellular, have evolved to live and thrive in extreme environments. Although less is known about eukaryotic life in extreme environments in comparison to prokaryotic extremophiles, advances in genomics and in comprehensive, high-throughput metabolic profiling techniques have provided new insight into the metabolic adaptations of eukaryotes living under extreme conditions. In this review, we will provide an overview of extremophilic life forms with emphasis on eukaryotes and we will compare metabolic adaptations in different eukaryotic extremophiles to identify generalities and specializations in adaptation to life under extreme conditions. Special emphasis will be devoted to the thermoacidophilic unicellular red alga Galdieria sulphuraria (Cyanidiaceae) as one example of a eukaryotic extremophile.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"256 ","pages":"1-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(07)56001-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26504213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}