Journal of Applied Geophysics最新文献

{"title":"Integrated geophysical assessment of engineering site and subsurface structures: A case study in Kocaeli-Yazlık region, Türkiye","authors":"Suhaib Qasem,&nbsp;Bülent Oruç,&nbsp;Ertan Pekşen,&nbsp;Mustafa Abdalrazig,&nbsp;Doğukan Durdağ,&nbsp;Elnur Gasimov","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study applied three geophysical methods to delineate the lithology, velocities, elastic moduli of the shallow subsurface layers, classify the site, and assess the geophysical parameters with depth of the engineering site in the Kocaeli-Yazlık region of Türkiye. The applied methods included 2D Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT), 1D multichannel surface wave analysis (MASW), and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). A nearby borehole data revealed a three-layer structure: a 15 m thick alluvial layer of clay, silt, and sand; an intermediate claystone unit (Aslanbey Formation) between 15 and 35 m; and a deeper volcanic basement (Sarısu volcanics) beyond 35 m. The 2D SRT and MASW velocity models showed a strong correlation with this stratigraphy. In the upper 15 m, low P-wave (750–975 m/s) and S-wave (160–180 m/s) velocities indicated saturated, unconsolidated alluvium, consistent with the borehole. Between 15 and 35 m, both P- and S-wave velocities increased (to 1600–2100 m/s and 250–290 m/s), reflecting the transition to compacted claystone, again aligning with the borehole log. The <span><math><msub><mi>Vs</mi><mn>30</mn></msub></math></span> m values of the 1D MASW ranged from 203.5 to 314.6 m/s, confirming the presence of weak, heterogeneous near-surface materials. According to NEHRP (<span><span>BSSC, 2020</span></span>) and <span><span>TBEC (2018)</span></span>, the site is classified as D (medium stiff soil) and ZD (medium stiff to stiff rock), further supported by borehole correlations. The calculated elastic moduli and geotechnical parameters revealed an increasing material competence with depth, characterized by higher stiffness and bearing capacity in deeper layers, consistent with the claystone and volcanic basement observed in the borehole. The ERT results also supported this model, showing low resistivity values (1–25 Ω.m for Wenner configuration and 1–40 Ω·m for Schlumberger configuration) down to ∼30–34 m, typical of saturated alluvium and clay. These resistivity values closely align with the seismic velocities, reinforcing the presence of unconsolidated, water-rich deposits. Across all methods, the borehole data provided essential validation, confirming that the integrated geophysical approach reliably characterized the subsurface layers and their geotechnical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing seismic fault segmentation for geological and engineering applications using the Boundary Deformable Convolutional Network","authors":"Xiaotian Wang ,&nbsp;Zhijiang Zheng ,&nbsp;La Ta ,&nbsp;Dongzhuo Xu ,&nbsp;Haitao Zhou ,&nbsp;Wenlong Liu ,&nbsp;Yanqiang Wu ,&nbsp;Guangqi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seismic fault interpretation is essential for understanding subsurface structures and has significant applications in resource exploration and earthquake assessment. Traditional methods rely on manual delineation or handcrafted seismic attributes, which are time-consuming and prone to subjective bias. Recent deep learning models, particularly CNNs, have improved fault segmentation but struggle with long-range dependencies and boundary continuity. To address these issues, we propose BDCNet, a novel Boundary Deformable Convolutional Network, which pioneers the Boundary Deformable Convolution and Mixed Boundary Loss as its key innovations. The Boundary Deformable Convolution dynamically adjusts convolutional sampling positions using a boundary-aware directional attention mechanism, improving the ability to capture long-range dependencies and refine fault boundaries. Mixed Boundary Loss integrates Binary Cross-Entropy loss, Dice loss, and a Boundary Aware loss, enhancing the sensitivity of the model to subtle fault structures and preserving boundary continuity. We validate BDCNet on publicly available seismic datasets and conduct extensive experiments. Results demonstrate that BDCNet outperforms widely used models such as U-Net, U-Net++, and DeepLabV3+, achieving superior performance in IoU, Dice, Precision, and Recall. By effectively capturing fault structures while preserving boundary continuity, BDCNet provides a robust and automated solution for seismic fault interpretation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106014"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of dielectric response in composite media based on Maxwell-Garnett theory and development of a multiphase dielectric model","authors":"Hao Hu ,&nbsp;Shizhen Ke ,&nbsp;Hongwei Shi ,&nbsp;Yuhang Zhang ,&nbsp;Hu Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Maxwell-Garnett theory, a classical model for rock electrical properties, is widely used in interpreting formation dielectric characteristics and well-log responses. It enables inversion of key reservoir parameters such as water saturation and pore structure from dielectric logging data. However, its assumption of isolated inclusions may break down under conditions of high porosity or complex internal structures, leading to non-negligible prediction errors that could in turn affect the accuracy of inversion. This study employs Monte Carlo simulations to compute the effective permittivity of composite media consistent with the Maxwell-Garnett geometric assumptions and systematically analyzes the factors influencing model error and applicability. A Multiphase Iterative Maxwell-Garnett (MIMG) model is then proposed for media containing multiple types of inclusions. Results show that when inclusion permittivity exceeds that of the matrix, prediction errors increase markedly with volume fraction and permittivity contrast. In contrast, errors remain low when inclusion permittivity is lower. Regarding shape effects, errors increase with aspect ratio for oblate inclusions, while for prolate inclusions they either decrease then increase or decrease monotonically, depending on the permittivity contrast. Multiphase systems generally exhibit higher overall prediction errors than single-phase mixtures, indicating error accumulation. By iteratively introducing inclusions in a prescribed sequence, the MIMG model produces effective permittivity estimates more consistent with Maxwell-Garnett assumptions, thereby reducing prediction errors in multiphase systems and extending the theory's applicability in formation evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106020"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistivity characteristics of dense non-aqueous phase liquids contaminated clay and methods for modifying the Archie's model","authors":"Yinhe Guo ,&nbsp;Dingwen Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanmin Qi ,&nbsp;Wenli Lin ,&nbsp;Zimeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Haoming Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The assessment of pollutant concentrations in organic contaminated sites is essential for effective remediation. This study first investigates the resistivity characteristics of contaminated clay and subsequently presents an enhanced methodology for the Archie's model, aimed at quantifying pollutant contents in the soil. Using perfluoroisobutyl methyl ether (HFE-7100) to simulate dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL), resistivity tests are conducted considering soil porosity, volumetric water content, and volumetric DNAPL content. Results demonstrate that the resistivity of contaminated clay is influenced by the synergistic effects of porosity and water content. As the volumetric water content decreases, the effect of variations in porosity on resistivity becomes increasingly pronounced. Resistivity increases linearly with volumetric pollutant content at constant water content, whereas it demonstrates a decreasing trend following a power function as water content increases at a constant pollutant content. The study introduces a pollutant impact coefficient and corrected porosity to refine the Archie resistivity model, yielding a modified version suitable for DNAPL-contaminated clay: the saturation index can be expressed as a product of functions related to volumetric water content and porosity; the pollutant impact coefficient can be derived from a quantitative analysis of the relationship between resistivity and variations in volumetric water content and volumetric pollutant content, with this study finding it to be 0.6268; the tortuosity factor exhibits a segmented linear variation with the increase in volumetric water content. These results lay a foundation for the quantitative analysis of the transport and distribution of DNAPL within clay, employing electrical resistivity imaging techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145419989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microgravimetric and GPR surveying for the detection of building foundations: the case of the “Basilica dello Spirito Santo” in Naples (Italy)","authors":"Maurizio Milano ,&nbsp;Luigi Bianco ,&nbsp;Mauro La Manna ,&nbsp;Maurizio Fedi ,&nbsp;Valentina Russo","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study shows that microgravity investigation can be a successful strategy to detect deep buried foundation in an urban context. Specifically, we focused on the challenging archaeological and engineering case of the “Basilica dello Spirito Santo” in Naples (Italy) where the foundation system was debated in last centuries due to its complex historical development. Here we show that microgravity data, processed through the Depth from Extreme Points (DEXP) transformation, inferred a quadrangular pattern consistent with the expected foundation reinforcements. Modelling indicates that the structure is located at ∼5 m depth, shallower than originally designed. Further geophysical investigations employing Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) reveal numerous shallow voids, interpreted as crypts and burial sites, although they did not yield conclusive evidence regarding the foundation structures. This would be likely due to weak permittivity contrasts with surrounding soils. Moreover, the data suggest the presence of a deeper elongated anomaly of uncertain origin, which could represent either a geological channel-like feature or an undocumented structure. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of multimethodological approaches in complex urban archaeological contexts, providing crucial information for both cultural heritage knowledge and restoration planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106010"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145419992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DG-TSEM: A discontinuous Galerkin tetrahedral spectral element method for elastic wave propagation in complex geological models","authors":"Naixing Feng ,&nbsp;Shuai Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhixiang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precise modeling of elastic wave propagation in complex geological media is essential for applications including seismic exploration and geophysical simulations. Traditional numerical approaches, including the Finite Difference Method (FDM) and Finite Element Method (FEM), encounter difficulties in managing complex geometries and computational efficiency, especially for high-accuracy simulations on unstructured meshes. While hybrid hp-FEM enhances convergence properties, the costs associated with adaptive refinement and matrix inversion are still prohibitively high. Spectral Element Methods (SEM) using hexahedral meshes exhibit exponential convergence rates yet struggle to handle geometrically sharp features effectively. Tetrahedral Spectral Methods (TSEM) achieve high precision and improved geometric flexibility, yet retain the costly mass matrix inversion issue inherent to FEM. In this work, we introduce a discontinuous Galerkin tetrahedral spectral element method (DG-TSEM) to overcome these constraints. This approach integrates DG’s localized mass matrix benefits with TSEM’s high precision and geometric versatility, leverages generalized Vandermonde matrices for computationally efficient integration-free operations, and adopts Warp-Blend (WB) node arrangements to suppress Runge oscillations. Additionally, we develop a perfectly matched layer (PML) to minimize elastic wave boundary reflections and employ Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallelization to enhance computational efficiency. Numerical experiments demonstrate DG-TSEM’s superior accuracy, computational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and the effectiveness of the PML implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106006"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-lapse self-potential signals from CO2 diffusion in solution: A laboratory perspective","authors":"Warda Yousaf ,&nbsp;Yi-an Cui ,&nbsp;Idrees Khan ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Jing Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming caused primarily by anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, poses a severe threat to this planet. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is considered a reliable solution addressing this problem. However potential CO₂ leakage requires effective monitoring. Self-potential is a cost-effective method for detecting CO₂-induced electrochemical changes at CCS sites. This study investigates SP responses to CO₂ injection in fresh water and saline environments using a hypothesis driven approach that integrates theoretical modeling, numerical simulations and laboratory experimentation. A cylindrical theoretical model predicted SP anomalies governed by ionic mobility (H⁺, HCO₃⁻), showing dipole-like signal decay (∝1/r²). Laboratory experiments validated these trends using a Plexiglas cylinder filled with saturated sand equipped with Ag-AgCl electrodes. Contrasting trends were observed in experiments 1 and 2 where, CO₂ injection into tap water led to an increase in the SP values (up to 16 mV). Chemical analysis revealed that, acidification and an increase in H⁺ ions are the reasons for this rise. This demonstrates that the microscopic process of ion mobilization drives the macroscopic geophysical response measured as the SP anomaly. Whereas, decline in SP values in saline solution is attributed to the disruption of pre-existing ionic equilibrium and the buffering capacity of NaCl, which in-turn affected “double layer” potential at the sand-solution interface. An attempt is made to highlight the sensitivity of SP measurements towards changing ionic strength, pH and ion mobility, making them effective for distinguishing CO₂ intrusion pathways in saline vs fresh water aquifers. This work enhances understanding of electrochemical changes vital for CCS reservoirs integrity and presents SP as a real-time monitoring tool for environmental risk mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional shear-wave velocity structure of the longnan geothermal field in the Central Jiulianshan uplift derived from seismic ambient noise tomography","authors":"Ronghua Xu ,&nbsp;Juzhi Deng ,&nbsp;Cheng Li ,&nbsp;Huajian Yao ,&nbsp;Yang Gao ,&nbsp;Zequn Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jiulianshan Uplift in Jiangxi Province, China, represents a typical mountainous convective-type geothermal metallogenic belt, where the origins of plentiful geothermal resources and the prospects for deep hot dry rock (HDR) reservoirs have attracted heightened scientific attention. This study examines the Longnan Geothermal Field in the central segment of the uplift, deploying a dense array of 195 three-component nodal seismometers to form a planar array. Utilizing seismic ambient noise tomography, a 3D shear-wave velocity structure for the upper 3 km of the crust within the study area was obtained. The imaging results were rigorously validated by integrating them with magnetotelluric and gravity inversion models, demonstrating the efficacy of ambient noise tomography in probing mountainous convective-type geothermal systems. The findings reveal widespread concealed magmatic intrusions in the top crust of the study area, spatially coupled with NE trending deep fault systems. The overlying caprocks along these faults exhibit sufficient thickness to form a characteristic HDR reservoir system defined by “basement heat source - fault conduction - caprock sealing - reservoir heat accumulation.” This discovery clarifies the deep-seated control mechanisms of the Jiulianshan geothermal system and provides novel technical methodologies and critical geological references for HDR exploration in South China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106028"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geophysical sub-surface characterization and development of SPT (N) value and shear wave velocity (Vs) correlation: A case study of Bahraich Tehsil, U.P., India","authors":"Neelu Patel,&nbsp;Md Naseem Ahamad,&nbsp;V.P. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.106029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seismic site characterization is crucial for evaluating how local soil conditions influence earthquake ground-motion and contribute to surface damage. The Bahraich district, situated in the Indo-Gangetic Basin near the Himalayan foothills lies in Seismic Zone IV as per the Indian seismic code, and is highly vulnerable to seismic hazards due to its stratigraphy, geology, and shallow water table. In this study seismic site characterization and correlation of corrected SPT values (N₁)₆₀ with shear wave velocity (<em>Vs</em>) have been developed based on 45 borehole profiles and 15 Multi Channel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) tests. A National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Programme (NEHRP) based seismic site classification map has been prepared from average shear wave velocity within 30 m depth (Vs₃₀) using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation in ArcGIS. The interpolation uncertainty remains a subject for future scope. Results show that the southern Bahraich tehsil corresponds to NEHRP class DE (loose to medium-dense sand/soft to stiff clay), while the northern part corresponds to NEHRP class D (medium dense to dense sand/stiff clay). Cross-validation with lithological logs confirmed consistency, highlighting the strength of integrating MASW and borehole data. A region-specific non-linear correlation between shear wave velocity <em>(Vs)</em> and SPT (N₁)₆₀ values were developed for both sandy soil (<em>V</em>_<em>s</em> = 83.23(N₁)₆₀^0.351, R² = 0.891, RMSE = 12.31 m/s) and mixed soil (<em>V</em>_<em>s</em> = 83.04(N₁)₆₀^0.350, R² = 0.889, RMSE = 12.41 m/s). The developed correlations were validated using various graphical validation techniques and compared with a range of established Indian and International empirical models. The results confirm their reliability and applicability in regional geotechnical practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 106029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of centimetre- to decimetre-scale lithological heterogeneity in reservoir models through stochastic seismic inversion and seismic facies probabilities","authors":"Seyed Ahmad Mortazavi ,&nbsp;Achyut Mishra ,&nbsp;Julie Dickinson ,&nbsp;Ralf R. Haese","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.105992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.105992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lithological heterogeneities on centimetre to decimetre scale can significantly control the preferential migration of fluids such as CO₂. However, it is challenging to model such thin layers in the area between the wells due to coarse seismic data resolution. This study employs stochastic seismic inversion to enhance seismic attribute resolution by combining them with wireline log data. This allows for representing centimetre (cm)-scale lithological heterogeneity in the inter-well regions along with the uncertainty in petrophysical property distribution as multiple equiprobable scenarios are generated in contrast to deterministic inversion. High-resolution seismic porosity generated from seismic inversion was subsequently used to derive maps of likely seismic facies distributions using supervised classification. By considering the seismic facies probabilities as trends for Sequential Indicator Simulation and including wireline log data, we developed detailed facies models for Parasequence-2 of the Paaratte Formation in the Otway Basin, as part of a field experiment on geological CO₂ storage. The facies models indicate that about 60 % of the reservoir section is comprised of proximal mouth bar facies while the carbonate-cements form about 15 % of the reservoir volume. The results obtained from the application of the approach were validated against well log and power spectrum data where a strong match between predicted and acquired seismic sections was observed from threshold value of −6 dB. The methodology significantly improves representation of fine layers with a thickness of a few 10s of centimetres in geological models and can be applied to highly heterogeneous reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54882,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 105992"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145419908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}