Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research最新文献

{"title":"Collective Belief Revision","authors":"T. Aravanis","doi":"10.1613/jair.1.15745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.15745","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we study the dynamics of collective beliefs. As a first step, we formulate David Westlund’s Principle of Collective Change (PCC) —a criterion that characterizes the evolution of collective knowledge— in the realm of belief revision. Thereafter, we establish a number of unsatisfiability results pointing out that the widely-accepted revision operators of Alchourrón, Gärdenfors and Makinson, combined with fundamental types of merging operations —including the ones proposed by Konieczny and Pino Pérez as well as Baral et al.— collide with the PCC. These impossibility results essentially extend in the context of belief revision the negative results established by Westlund for the operations of contraction and expansion. At the opposite of the impossibility results, we also establish a number of satisfiability results, proving that, under certain (rather strict) requirements, the PCC is indeed respected for specific merging operators. Overall, it is argued that the PCC is a rather unsuitable property for characterizing the process of collective change. Last but not least, mainly in response to the unsatisfactory situation related to the PCC, we explore some alternative criteria of collective change, and evaluate their compliance with belief revision and belief merging.","PeriodicalId":54877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139146750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competitive Equilibria with a Constant Number of Chores","authors":"J. Garg, Patricia C. McGlaughlin, Martin Hoefer, M. Schmalhofer","doi":"10.1613/jair.1.15260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.15260","url":null,"abstract":"We study markets with mixed manna, where m divisible goods and chores shall be divided among n agents to obtain a competitive equilibrium. Equilibrium allocations are known to satisfy many fairness and efficiency conditions. While a lot of recent work in fair division is restricted to linear utilities and chores, we focus on a substantial generalization to separable piecewise-linear and concave (SPLC) utilities and mixed manna. We first derive polynomial-time algorithms for markets with a constant number of items or a constant number of agents. Our main result is a polynomial-time algorithm for instances with a constant number of chores (as well as any number of goods and agents) under the condition that chores dominate the utility of the agents. Interestingly, this stands in contrast to the case when the goods dominate the agents utility in equilibrium, where the problem is known to be PPAD-hard even without chores.","PeriodicalId":54877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139151929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Resource Allocations by Sharing in Pairs","authors":"Robert Bredereck, A. Kaczmarczyk, Junjie Luo, Rolf Niedermeier, Florian Sachse","doi":"10.1613/jair.1.15001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.15001","url":null,"abstract":"Given an initial resource allocation, where some agents may envy others or where a different distribution of resources might lead to a higher social welfare, our goal is to improve the allocation without reassigning resources. We consider a sharing concept allowing resources being shared with social network neighbors of the resource owners. More precisely, our model allows agents to form pairs which then may share a limited number of resources. Sharing a resource can come at some costs or loss in utility. To this end, we introduce a formal model that allows a central authority to compute an optimal sharing between neighbors based on an initial allocation. Advocating this point of view, we focus on the most basic scenario where each agent can participate in a bounded number of sharings. We present algorithms for optimizing utilitarian and egalitarian social welfare of allocations and for reducing the number of envious agents. In particular, we examine the computational complexity with respect to several natural parameters. Furthermore, we study cases with restricted social network structures and, among others, devise polynomial-time algorithms in path- and tree-like (hierarchical) social networks.","PeriodicalId":54877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139170294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A General Model for Aggregating Annotations Across Simple, Complex, and Multi-Object Annotation Tasks","authors":"Alexander Braylan, Madalyn Marabella, Omar Alonso, Matthew Lease","doi":"10.1613/jair.1.14388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.14388","url":null,"abstract":"Human annotations are vital to supervised learning, yet annotators often disagree on the correct label, especially as annotation tasks increase in complexity. A common strategy to improve label quality is to ask multiple annotators to label the same item and then aggregate their labels. To date, many aggregation models have been proposed for simple categorical or numerical annotation tasks, but far less work has considered more complex annotation tasks, such as those involving open-ended, multivariate, or structured responses. Similarly, while a variety of bespoke models have been proposed for specific tasks, our work is the first we are aware of to introduce aggregation methods that generalize across many, diverse complex tasks, including sequence labeling, translation, syntactic parsing, ranking, bounding boxes, and keypoints. This generality is achieved by applying readily available task-specific distance functions, then devising a task-agnostic method to model these distances between labels, rather than the labels themselves.\u0000This article presents a unified treatment of our prior work on complex annotation modeling and extends that work with investigation of three new research questions. First, how do complex annotation task and dataset properties impact aggregation accuracy? Second, how should a task owner navigate the many modeling choices in order to maximize aggregation accuracy? Finally, what tests and diagnoses can verify that aggregation models are specified correctly for the given data? To understand how various factors impact accuracy and to inform model selection, we conduct large-scale simulation studies and broad experiments on real, complex datasets. Regarding testing, we introduce the concept of unit tests for aggregation models and present a suite of such tests to ensure that a given model is not mis-specified and exhibits expected behavior.\u0000Beyond investigating these research questions above, we discuss the foundational concept and nature of annotation complexity, present a new aggregation model as a conceptual bridge between traditional models and our own, and contribute a new general semisupervised learning method for complex label aggregation that outperforms prior work.","PeriodicalId":54877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymptotics of K-Fold Cross Validation","authors":"Jessie Li","doi":"10.1613/jair.1.13974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.13974","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the asymptotic distribution of the K-fold cross validation error in an i.i.d. setting. As the number of observations n goes to infinity while keeping the number of folds K fixed, the K-fold cross validation error is √ n-consistent for the expected out-of-sample error and has an asymptotically normal distribution. A consistent estimate of the asymptotic variance is derived and used to construct asymptotically valid confidence intervals for the expected out-of-sample error. A hypothesis test is developed for comparing two estimators’ expected out-of-sample errors and a subsampling procedure is used to obtain critical values. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the asymptotic validity of our confidence intervals for the expected out-of-sample error and investigate the size and power properties of our test. In our empirical application, we use our estimator selection test to compare the out-of-sample predictive performance of OLS, Neural Networks, and Random Forests for predicting the sale price of a domain name in a GoDaddy expiry auction.","PeriodicalId":54877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosing AI Explanation Methods with Folk Concepts of Behavior","authors":"Alon Jacovi, Jasmijn Bastings, Sebastian Gehrmann, Yoav Goldberg, Katja Filippova","doi":"10.1613/jair.1.14053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.14053","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate a formalism for the conditions of a successful explanation of AI. We consider “success” to depend not only on what information the explanation contains, but also on what information the human explainee understands from it. Theory of mind literature discusses the folk concepts that humans use to understand and generalize behavior. We posit that folk concepts of behavior provide us with a “language” that humans understand behavior with. We use these folk concepts as a framework of social attribution by the human explainee—the information constructs that humans are likely to comprehend from explanations—by introducing a blueprint for an explanatory narrative (Figure 1) that explains AI behavior with these constructs. We then demonstrate that many XAI methods today can be mapped to folk concepts of behavior in a qualitative evaluation. This allows us to uncover their failure modes that prevent current methods from explaining successfully—i.e., the information constructs that are missing for any given XAI method, and whose inclusion can decrease the likelihood of misunderstanding AI behavior.","PeriodicalId":54877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134992188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to Tell Easy from Hard: Complexities of Conjunctive Query Entailment in Extensions of ALC","authors":"Bartosz Bednarczyk, Sebastian Rudolph","doi":"10.1613/jair.1.14482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.14482","url":null,"abstract":"It is commonly known that the conjunctive query entailment problem for certain extensions of (the well-known ontology language) ALC is computationally harder than their knowledge base satisfiability problem while for others the complexities coincide, both under the standard and the finite-model semantics. We expose a uniform principle behind this divide by identifying a wide class of (finitely) locally-forward description logics, for which we prove that (finite) query entailment problem can be solved by a reduction to exponentially many calls of the (finite) knowledge base satisfiability problem. Consequently, our algorithm yields tight ExpTime upper bounds for locally-forward logics with ExpTime-complete knowledge base satisfiability problem, including logics between ALC and µALCHbregQ (and more), as well as ALCSCC with global cardinality constraints, for which the complexity of querying remained open. Moreover, to make our technique applicable in future research, we provide easy-to-check sufficient conditions for a logic to be locally-forward based several versions of the on model-theoretic notion of unravellings. Together with existing results, this provides a nearly complete classification of the “benign” vs. “malign” primitive modelling features extending ALC, missing out only the Self operator. We then show a rather counter-intuitive result, namely that the conjunctive entailment problem for ALCSelf is exponentially harder than for ALC. This places the seemingly innocuous Self operator among the “malign” modelling features, like inverses, transitivity or nominals.","PeriodicalId":54877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135086677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Graph Representation Learning Methods","authors":"Ijeoma Amuche Chikwendu, Xiaoling Zhang, Isaac Osei Agyemang, Isaac Adjei-Mensah, Ukwuoma Chiagoziem Chima, Chukwuebuka Joseph Ejiyi","doi":"10.1613/jair.1.14768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.14768","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a lot of activity in graph representation learning in recent years. Graph representation learning aims to produce graph representation vectors to represent the structure and characteristics of huge graphs precisely. This is crucial since the effectiveness of the graph representation vectors will influence how well they perform in subsequent tasks like anomaly detection, connection prediction, and node classification. Recently, there has been an increase in the use of other deep-learning breakthroughs for data-based graph problems. Graph-based learning environments have a taxonomy of approaches, and this study reviews all their learning settings. The learning problem is theoretically and empirically explored. This study briefly introduces and summarizes the Graph Neural Architecture Search (G-NAS), outlines several Graph Neural Networks’ drawbacks, and suggests some strategies to mitigate these challenges. Lastly, the study discusses several potential future study avenues yet to be explored.","PeriodicalId":54877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135216046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Crossing Anonymous MAPF for Tethered Robots","authors":"Xiao Peng, Olivier Simonin, Christine Solnon","doi":"10.1613/jair.1.14351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.14351","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the anonymous multi-agent path finding (MAPF) problem for a team of tethered robots. The goal is to find a set of non-crossing paths such that the makespan is minimal. A difficulty comes from the fact that a safety distance must be maintained between two robots when they pass through the same subpath, to avoid collisions and cable entanglements. Hence, robots must be synchronized and waiting times must be added when computing the makespan. We show that bounds can be efficiently computed by solving linear assignment problems. We introduce a variable neighborhood search method to improve upper bounds, and a Constraint Programming model to compute optimal solutions. We experimentally evaluate our approach on three different kinds of instances.","PeriodicalId":54877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134973337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Select and Augment: Enhanced Dense Retrieval Knowledge Graph Augmentation","authors":"Micheal Abaho, Yousef H. Alfaifi","doi":"10.1613/jair.1.14365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.14365","url":null,"abstract":"Injecting textual information into knowledge graph (KG) entity representations has been a worthwhile expedition in terms of improving performance in KG oriented tasks within the NLP community. External knowledge often adopted to enhance KG embeddings ranges from semantically rich lexical dependency parsed features to a set of relevant key words to entire text descriptions supplied from an external corpus such as wikipedia and many more. Despite the gains this innovation (Text-enhanced KG embeddings) has made, the proposal in this work suggests that it can be improved even further. Instead of using a single text description (which would not sufficiently represent an entity because of the inherent lexical ambiguity of text), we propose a multi-task framework that jointly selects a set of text descriptions relevant to KG entities as well as align or augment KG embeddings with text descriptions. Different from prior work that plugs formal entity descriptions declared in knowledge bases, this framework leverages a retriever model to selectively identify richer or highly relevant text descriptions to use in augmenting entities. Furthermore, the framework treats the number of descriptions to use in augmentation process as a parameter, which allows the flexibility of enumerating across several numbers before identifying an appropriate number. Experiment results for Link Prediction demonstrate a 5.5% and 3.5% percentage increase in the Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) and Hits@10 scores respectively, in comparison to text-enhanced knowledge graph augmentation methods using traditional CNNs.","PeriodicalId":54877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135218524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}